1. TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING
Definition
According to Brislin (1976: 1) translation is a general term referring to the transfer of
thoughts and ideas from one language to another, whether the language is in written or oral form,
whether the languages have established orthographies or not; or whether one or both languages is
based on signs, as with signs of the deaf. Translation takes place in writing and interpreting is its
oral counterpart. Written translation covers wide range of fields: sacred text (Bible&Vedas),
scientific text, legal, economic, medical and literary. Based on Catford (1965), translation is the
replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another
language (TL) and Newmark (1988: 5) defines translation is rendering the meaning of a text into
another language in the way that the author intended the text.
On the other hand, interpreting deals with oral translation in which the rendering of the
message is conducted immediately after the utterances delivered by the speaker, in special
communication, to bridge participants „gap in language between the addresser and the addressee
and the rendering is delivered by the help of an interpreting as a mediator. According to
Pohhacker (2004), interpreting is a form translation in which a first and the final rendition in
another language are produced on the basis of one time presentation of an utterance in a source
language. In addition to Setton (1999) notes that interpreting is a process by which spoken
language or utterances take place in one language which is intended or presumed to convey the
same meaning as previously existing utterances in another language.
The Differences between Translation and Interpreting
Interpreting and translation are two closely related linguistic disciplines. Both written
translation and interpreting are belonged to the field of translation studies but the focus of the
attention is different one another. Written translation covers the fields on the written text ranging
from scientific documents, legal, economic, sacred text, literary text and manual. Written
translation is not delivered directly but in certain time according to the need of the client and can
use the aid of dictionaries, team work and prove readers as well as the help of expert in which
type of the text is going to be translated. In term of time duration, written translation may acquire
more time before it is considered as a final work.

2. Interpreting (oral translation) focuses on the time of the rendering immediately after the
delivery of the utterances from the speaker, the interpreter renders the message of the speaker to
the hearer. Interpreting as an oral translation is delivered in communication situation, where the
need attention is focused on the message of the utterances of the SL and the transfer of the
message to the TL.
Types
There are several types of interpreting: simultaneous, consecutive, liaison
Simultaneous interpreting:
The interpreter starts to translate before the speaker has finished his/her utterance. Most
often used at large events such as conferences and carried out by panels of at least two
interpreters using special equipment. As this type of work is particularly tiring and stressful, the
rule of thumb is that an interpreter should be able to take a break after 45 minutes of continuous
work.
Liaison interpreting:
A generic name for business interpreting; also just interpreting for trade conventions and other
general business situations. Usually refers to the activities of a single interpreter who
accompanies an individual or delegation around.
Consecutive interpreting:
The interpreter starts to translate only after the speaker has finished his/her utterance. Often used
at smaller conferences etc., generally used in courtroom settings, speeches. Just one interpreter is
often enough.
Interpreting Process
In other to be able to interpret a text (presented orally), the interpreter must be able to
receive and understand the incoming message then express its meaning in the target language. To

3. accomplish this task, the interpreter must go though the overlapping series of cognitive
processing activity, i.e.
a. Attending the message
b. Concentrating on the task at hand
c. Remembering the message
d. Comprehending the meaning of the message
e. Analyzing the meaning for the message
f. Visualizing the message non verbally, and
g. Finally reformulating the message in the target language.
Selescovtch (1978) compresses these tasks into “the immediate and deliberate discarding
of the wording and retention of the mental representation of the message,” and interpreters often
refer to this as “dropping form”. By discarding the form (words, structure,etc) of the source text
the interpreter is free to concentrate on extracting and analyzing the meaning of the text, and
conceiving the strategies for formulating the message in the target language. She also points out
there is a practical reason for interpreter to discard the form of the source language text, as there
is only so much that a person can hold in their short term memory. If the interpreter receives the
source text the information passes initially through his/her short term memory. If the interpreter
does not do anything with this information it will soon disappear.
Smith (1985) notes that short term memory has a very short duration. We can remember
six or seven items only as long as we give all our attention to them. If an interpreter will be
quickly filled with an individual lexical item, which may not even compose a full sentence. As
the limitation of short term memory that interpreter is required to drop form and concentrate of
meaning.
Bothe Smith and Selescovitch propose that meaningful segment of a great size can be
placed into a long term memory and retrieved after. Of course, a chunk of information must be
understood in order to be meaningful.

4. Translation processes
The translation processes implies an entire process of how a translator produces
equivalences between a text and portions of a text into another language. The translation process
can be described as:
Decoding the meaning of the source text, and
Re-encoding or translating this meaning in the target language.
Behind this simple process lies various activities like checking grammar, syntax, idioms,
semantics, and the like of the source language and also the culture of its speakers. The translator
needs in depth knowledge in decoding and then re-encoding the meaning in the target language.
In many cases, it is necessary that the translator's knowledge of the target language is more
important than his knowledge of the source language.
The following is the process that is usually followed by all to ensure a well written, accurate
translation:
a) Original text (source language)
b) Analyzing
c) Drafting
d) Revising
e) Finalizing
f) Translation text (target language)