behaviour, .pptx

Dr. Devarakonda Krishna Prasad
M.Pharm., Ph.D., M.Sc.,(Psy)
Associate Professor

BODY MIND RELATIONSHIP (A.Ian Clement)
Dualistic and Monistic theories
Mind-body relationship in the context of human functioning can be viewed in
the following ways:
Body-Mind relationship and health
Psychosomatic and Somato- Psychological Factors
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR (Basheer Kutty)
BODY & MIND RELATIONSHIP
Philosophical Approach
Dualistic Theories & Monistic Theories
Psychoanalytic Approach
1. Conscious mind:
2. Subconscious mind
3. Unconscious mind:
Other Mind-Body connections
Physiological Studies and Mental Processes
Psychosomatic Problems
Biofeedback
Effect of mind on body
Effect of body on mind

 Human behaviour
 Understanding of the nervous system (help us to behave)
 Complex that no other species or machines can substitute it
 Behaviour is a product of biological structures and
processes, highly organized on multiple interconnected
levels.
 The biological involvement of behaviour can lead to
treatments for psychological disorders
 Capacity to learn such behaviors has a genetic basis
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOUR (BBB)

Human being
 Living material objects (Liquids, Solids and Gases)
 Humans are characterized (Mind (non-physical)
and
Body/Brain (physical).
Q: Are the mind and body separate or related?

 Thinking (having freedom of choice) is a mental event,
can cause behavior to occur (muscles move in response
to a thought).
 Thinking can therefore be said to make things happen,
“Mind Moves Matter (MMM)".
 Behaviorists believe – psychology concerned
(“Observable Actions", namely Stimulus and Response)
 Thought processes such as the mind cannot be studied
scientifically and objectively

BODY MIND RELATIONSHIP
 Body- Nervous system and endocrine system are responsible for
the way of feelings, attention, thinking and wishing. (Mind/mental)
 Think of the body without thinking of the mind. Lot of controversy
over the relationship between body and mind by philosophers,
physiologists and psychologist.
 Understand the concept of body-mind relationship. Philosophical
explanations by two theories,
1. Dualistic Theory
2. Monistic Theory.

 Dualistic Theory (Two different things mind and body)
Two different entities and were of different natures.
Mortal and subject to material laws?
Immortal and eternal?
Plato… (function of Mind ad Body)
Thought?
Other processes ?
“Body had only very little effect on the mind, at the same time,
mind had an enormous effect on body”
The body is more important or the mind, (or)
Which is primary and which is secondary.?

 Monistic theorists the monistic theorists believed that the body
and mind were not different entities and were of the same nature.
 Physical monism : activities and actions involved only the body,
there was other anything called mind
 Psychical monism: mind is the only entity and the body was not
real! According to monistic view mind and body are not separate
substances the mind was nothing more than a bodily function.

 Man has three distinct powers
1. Nutritive power, that man shares with plants and animals;
2. Sensation that man shares with animals;
3. Rational power is the highest faculty of the mind which places man
away from plants and animals and keep him above all organisms.
Above all were explained by Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes, Hegel
Russell, John Dewey,
According to them mind is dependent on brain activity for its existence,
and the controversy over mind-body problem was essentially
meaningless.

 Human functioning can be viewed in the following ways:
1. Uncritical dualism : Separation of mind and body from the
conceptualization of human functioning.
2. Exclusivism : Elimination of mind or body from the
conceptualization of human functioning.
3. Mind-body monism : Mind and body conceptualized as a single
holistic system.
The holistic researchers propose conceptualization of the mind-body
relationship

 Body-Mind relationship and health
 This relationship is Impact on physical health
 Determined health by T.E.A. (Thoughts, Emotions, Actions)
 World Health Organization (WHO, 2014) states that the health
is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity and is a
dynamic state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social
well-being.

 There are three main aspects of this definition:
1. Health can be considered on a continuum of health - illness, and
the absence of disease may not necessarily make one healthy;
2. Health is a dynamic state, and is influenced by various factors;
3. Health consists of all the four aspects of physical, mental, social
and spiritual.
Psychological and social factors need to be considered along with
the biological factors to enable the person to deal with the illness
and disability.

 Mind and body human beings. are important for the health and
well-being of human beings.
 Thoughts, Emotions and Attitudes (TEA) are powerful tools
which can mediate perception and experience of illness in
significant ways.
Wellness which refers to Physical health
Well-being which indicates Mental health

Dalal and Misra (2011) : Health consists of three domains: (R.M.G.)
Restoration, Maintenance and Growth
 Restoration refers to recovery from the illness, and the medical
and non-medical interventions taken for this by the individual.
 Maintenance denotes a preventive approach where the individual
engages in various health promoting activities and behavior.
(e.g., exercise, balanced diet, adequate sleep, meditation, positive
thoughts etc.) to maintain good health.
 Growth includes not only physical but also social, mental and
spiritual aspects.

Psychoanalytic Approach: Sigmund Freud human behaviour is
controlled and directed by
conscious, subconscious and unconscious mind.
1. Conscious mind: The physical or bodily functions are controlled
and directed by the conscious mind. It helps to undertake not only the
present-day affairs, but to foresee the matters which are going to take
place in future on the basis of the past experiences.
2. Subconscious mind: Subconscious mind or preconscious mind
consists of thoughts and memories which were once at the level of
consciousness, but cannot be recalled at present. According to Freud,
subconscious mind also influences a person's behaviour, or physical
activities.

For example, certain physical discomforts can be avoided if certain
things are forgotten. Similarly, the remembered thoughts from the
subconscious mind influence the bodily processes in the form of
doing some work, meeting a person and so on.
3. Unconscious mind: According to Freud, the motivation behind
many of the bodily activities are due to the conflicts, desires, feelings
and impulses buried under the unconscious mind.
To preserve the balance between physical and mental activities,
many painful and scary memories are pushed down to the
unconscious mind.

Specific unconscious conflicts can produce psychological and
bodily disturbances such as conversion hysteria, sudden loss of
speech, hearing or sight, and muscular paralysis.
By explaining the three structures of mind and their functions, Freud
revealed the inseparable relationship between mind and body
Other Mind-Body connections
prove objective connections between body and mind.
Major ones are mentioned below

 Physiological Studies and Mental Processes
 Recent studies indicate that the nervous system, neurotransmitters,
hormones, and heart waves are integral links between body and
mind. So, the mind and the body cannot be set apart in the matters
of health and illness.
 Karl Lashley found out the location of memory in brain.
 James Papes and MacLean suggested that disruption to the limbic
system is linked to mood changes and perceptual disorders.
 A pathological reaction to alcohol known as Korsakoff's psychosis
involves the disturbance in Limbic system.

 The reticular formation in the brain is found to be linked with
hyperactivity, sleep disorders, psychotic behaviours, and autism.
 Similarly, digestive discomfort leads to irritability and depression,
and hormonal changes results in emotional reaction.
 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) indicate that we use left side
of the brain for language, mathematical work, and judging time.
 The right hemisphere is involved in recognizing shapes objects and
visual patterns, distinguishing musical tones, and expressing
emotions.

 Psychosomatic Problems:
 Mental stresses and problems create or contribute to physical
symptoms that are not associated with any physiological disease.
 The most common are pain disorder, hypochondriasis,
somatization disorder and conversion disorder.
 Mental stressors can cause or worsen physical symptoms such as
migraines, tension headaches, sexual dysfunction, hypertension
and gastrointestinal problems.
psychosomatic problems also reveal the mind-body connection.

 Psychosomatic and Somato- Psychological Factors
(‘psyche refers to mind and soma refers to body).
Psychosomatic illness is defined as any illness that is caused,
exacerbated, or perpetuated either fully or partially by psychological
factors; which do not have any adequate medical explanation and
cause significant distress or impairment in functioning.
 Psychological factors contributing to, that is, causing or
aggravating physical diseases are known as psychosomatic factors
(e.g., anxiety to perform on stage leads to stomach upset);
 Physical factors causing or aggravating mental disorders refer to
somato-psychological factors (e.g., chronic illness can lead to
depression).

Both indicate the dynamic ways of interacting between the mind and
body, and affecting our health.
Somatic factors as well as psychological variables influence the
symptoms and contribute to mental and physical health problems
respectively.
 Psychosomatic illness,
 The psychological factors : Stress, depression, anxiety etc.
can manifest into physical symptoms and cause physical illness
 The physiological factors : headache, back pain, neck pain,
lowered immunity, stomach pain, bloating, changes in psychological
(eating and sleep pattern, lethargic sense etc. )

 The emotional distress and pain inside the individual is expressed
in the form of physical symptoms and illness
 There may not be any medical explanation of the symptoms.
 It is very important to remember that bottling up of emotions can
lead to health problems
 Managing stress starts with identifying the triggers of stress so that
one can take timely action to prevent stress.
 One needs to learn proper ways of coping - focusing on
acceptance-oriented and solution-oriented coping strategies,
planning leisure time, relaxation, letting go, support groups etc.

 Biofeedback:
 Biological functions such as brainwave patterns
gastric secretions, B.P and skin temperature can be psychologically
controlled a machine is used to provide a person with feedback or
knowledge about any functioning of the body.
Through this, one can learn to control the body processes
 In the medical field to bring heart rhythms, B.P., body temperature,
brain waves, etc. under control.
 The findings on Electromyography (EMG), Electro Encephalogram
(EEG) and even Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) indicate the
integrated functioning of body and mind.

All these evidences strongly support the inevitable
nature of body and mind.
Mind and body are the differing aspect of the same whole,
similar to the head and tail of a coin, thoroughly entwined
and inseparable.

Effect of bodily conditions on mental functioning
 Increase B.P Mental excitement, tension, irritability
 Severe pain reduces concentration level
 Chronic illness causes depression, Constipation causes irritability and
depression
 Malfunctions of endocrine glands may exert full influence on ones
Personality In lethargy, nervous tension
 Physical fatigue affects our mood and reduces our motivation, interest,
concentration
 Brain injury affects many psychological function / mental process suffer
 Hyperthyroidism leads to restless mental activities and at times over
excitability . Hypothyroidism leads to lethargy and low intelligence

Effect of mental /mind conditions on bodily functioning
 Unpleasant emotions like fear, anger cause irritability, insomnia, headache
 Motivation leads to many physical activity
 Deep thinking and concentration can cause physical stress and anxiety
 Unconscious motivation, Emotional conflicts are responsible for peptic
ulcer, colitis
 Unpleasant Feeling worry, jealousy and aggression are expressed through
nervous system and causes hypertension, indigestion, insomnia, lack of
appetite and cardiac diseases
 Emotions leads to many physical changes like increased B.P respiration,
sweating, and muscular tensions

Overall
 Positive motivation, ---
build positive energy
 Conflict (negative emotions/feelings/unpleasant) ---
physical illness

GENETICS AND BEHAVIOUR
Genetics
Behavior
Behavioral Genetics
Chromosomes and Genetics‘
Genetics - Environment correlations
Three ways of explaining genetics.
environment correlations
1. Passive gene-environment correlations
2. Evocative gene-environment correlations
3. Active gene-environment correlations
The Influence of genetics on behaviour
1. Behavioral genetics
2. Classical Genetics
The influence of behaviour on genetics
1. Drugs and Alcohol
2. Temperature
3. Light
4. Nutrition
INHERITANCE OF BEHAVIOUR
Inheritance
Behaviour
Inherited Behavior
Theories related to behaviour
1. Nature Versus Nurture
2. 2. Twin Studies
3. 3. Genetics and Mutation
GENETICS AND BEHAVIOUR
Heredity
INHERITANCE OF
BEHAVIOUR
Environment

 GENETICS AND BEHAVIOUR
Genetics: The study of heredity is called genetics
Q: How this influences physical and behavioural
characteristic?
Behaviour is the series of actions of events that together
show how things normally happens or done via
organism.
Behavioral Genetics is concerned with the genetic
transmission of traits that give rise to patterns of
behavior (or) it's the study of relative influence of
genetic and environment on behavior.
Heredity is the passing of traits from the parents or
ancestors to offspring.

Unique creation (Physically/Psychologically)
 Conception (mother womb / conceiving / getting
characteristic / acquires the characteristics of the
parent organism) which is in fact the beginning of
life.
 Zygote (fertilized- the male gamete the spermatozoa,
and the female gamete the ova)
 Cytoplasm and nucleus (chromosomes – genes-
DNA & RNA – Proteins (expression))

Zygote the starting single cell structure of a new life.
Chromosomes possess a thread like structure in small
units called gene/histone proteins/structural proteins
The composition of genes has determined in terms of
DNA been (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid).
DNA is a basic chemical substance primarily responsible
for genetic inheritance (colour/height/behaviour)
RNA acts as an active assistant to DNA for carrying out
the genetic code massage from parent to child.

 Human chromosomes (23 pairs) are divided into
two types
1. Autosomes (22 pairs-XX (F))
2. Sex Chromosomes (1 pair-XY (M))
(Developed characteristically and demonstrated)
These 23 pairs of chromosomes work together to
create the person

Many chromosomal abnormalities are of psychological
importance, with substantial impacts on mental processes;
Down syndrome can cause mild to moderate intellectual
disabilities.
Chromosomal abnormalities can occur during foetal
development if something goes wrong during the replication
of the cells.
 Down syndrome (caused by an extra chromosome #21),
 Klinefelter syndrome (caused by an extra X chromosome),
 Turner syndrome (caused by a missing X chromosome).

 Genetics - Environment correlations
Genetic expression can be influenced by
1. Social factors,
2. Environmental factors

Genetics - Environment correlations
 Genetic expression can be influenced by various social
factors, as well as environmental factors, (light and
temperature to exposure to chemicals.) can changes in
genetic expression.
 The environment in which a person is raised can trigger
the expression of behaviour for which a person is
genetically predisposed, while the same person raised in a
different environment may exhibit different behaviour.

For example, sunlight exposure has a much
stronger influence on skin cancer risk in fair-
skinned humans than in individuals with an
inherited tendency for darker skin.
The colour of a person's skin is largely
genetic, but the influence of the environment will
affect these genes in different ways.

Three ways of explaining genetics. environment
correlations
1. Passive gene-environment correlations
2. Evocative gene-environment correlations
3. Active gene-environment correlations
1. Behavioral genetics
1. Drugs and Alcohol
2. Temperature
3. Light
4. . Nutrition

Three ways of explaining genetics. environment (SS)

1. Behavioural genetics
 Behavioural genetics studies heritability of behavioural
traits, and it overlaps with genetics, psychology, and
ethology (the scientific study of human and animal
behaviour).
 Genetics plays a large role in when and how learning,
growing, and development occurs.

 The environment has an effect on the walking
behaviour of infants and toddlers, children are
unable to walk at all before an age that is
predetermined by their genome.
 The genetic makeup of a child determines the age
range for when he or she will begin walking,
environmental influences determine how early or
late within that range the event will actually occur.

Classical, or Mendelian, genetics examines how genes are
passed from one generation to the next, as well as how the
presence or absence of a gene can be determined via
sexual reproduction.
Gregor Mendel is known as the father of often leading to
cognitive impairment and the field of genetics,
Genes can be manipulated by selective breeding, which
can have an enormous impact on behaviour.

1.Drugs and Alcohol
2.Temperature
3.Light
4.Nutrition

 Drugs and Alcohol
 The most serious consequences of prenatal
exposure to drug or alcohol, effect on a growing
foetus.
 The most serious consequences of prenatal drug
or alcohol exposure involve new born addiction
and foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

 Foetal alcohol syndrome affects both physical and mental
development, damaging neurons within the brain and
often leading to cognitive impairment below-average
weight.
 Exposure to drugs and alcohol can also influence the
genes of children and adults. Addiction is thought to have
a genetic component, which may or may not be caused by
a genetic mutation resulting from drug or alcohol use.

2. Temperature
Temperature exposure can affect gene expression
Ex: In Himalayan rabbits, the genetic expressions of
fur, skin, and eyes are regulated by temperature. In
the warm areas of the rabbits' bodies, the fur lacks
pigment due to gene inactivity and turns white. On
the extremities of the rabbits' bodies (nose, ears and
feet) the gene is activated and therefore pigmented
(usually black).

3. Light
 Light exposure also influences genetic
expression. Thomas Hunt Morgan performed an
experiment in which he exposed some
caterpillars to light and kept others in darkness.
 Those exposed to certain light frequencies had
corresponding wing colours when they became
butterflies (for example, red produced vibrant
wing colour, whereas blue led to pale wings).

 Darkness resulted in the palest wing colour,
leading him to conclude that light exposure
influenced the genes of the butterflies.
 In this manner a caterpillar's behaviour can
directly affect gene expression; a caterpillar that
actively seeks out light will appear different as a
butterfly than one that avoids it.

4. Nutrition
 Lack of proper nutrition in early childhood is
yet another factor that can lead to the alteration
of genetic makeup. Human children who lack
proper nutrition in the first three years of life
tend to have more genetic problems later in life,
such as health issues and problems with school
performance.

Inheritance Of Behaviour
 Inheritance
 Behaviour
 Inherited Behaviour
1. Nature Versus Nurture
2. Twin Studies
3. Genetics and Mutation

Inheritance
 The transmission of a gene from parent to child.
 The pattern of inheritance is the manner in which
a gene is transmitted.
For example, the pattern of inheritance may be as
an autosomal dominant trait that is transmitted from
father or mother to son or daughter.

 Genes carry genetic material including
that of behavioural traits, which are
inherited from parents to offspring.
Gregory Mendel, (father of genetics)
1. Dominant genes 2. Recessive genes.
“Different versions of a gene are called alleles. Alleles
are described as either dominant or recessive depending
on their associated traits”

 Dominant and recessive genes refer to how traits are
inherited from parents and expressed in offspring.
 A dominant gene is a gene that is always expressed in
the phenotype, even if there is only one copy of the
gene in the genotype.
In other words, if an individual inherits a dominant allele
from one or both parents, the corresponding trait will be
expressed.
Examples: Brown eyes, curly hair, and the ability to roll
one's tongue.

 A recessive gene is a gene that is only expressed in the
phenotype if an individual inherits two copies of the
gene (one from each parent). If an individual inherits
only one copy of a recessive allele, the corresponding
trait will not be expressed in the phenotype, but the
individual will still be a carrier of the gene.
Examples : Blue eyes, straight hair, and the ability to taste
the chemical PTC (Phenylthiocarbamide) as bitter.

Some common examples of dominant and recessive genes in
humans include:
Dominant: brown eyes, widows peak hairline, dimples, freckles,
attached earlobes
Recessive: blue eyes, straight hairline, no dimples, no freckles,
detached earlobes
It's important to note that the inheritance of traits is often more
complex than simply dominant or recessive, and can involve
multiple genes and environmental factors.

 Each pair of genes is donated by one of the
parents. Thus, a child may be found to derive a
gene pair in one of the following forms:
1. A dominant gene from one of the parents and
recessive gene from the other
2. Dominant genes from both the parents
3. Recessive genes from both the parents

 The role of genes
1. The physical features
2. The psychological features
Which are found in the parents and their children, as well
as within the children of the same parents.
 Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes (Body structure)
and 1 pair of sex chromosomes or allosomes
(Iindividual's sex and other sex- linked characteristics
male or female).

 Inheritance plays a major role in determining
The physical characteristics such as height, weight,
complexion.
 The psychological aspects such as cognitive
function, emotional expression in humans.
 It also carries the genetic loading of both
physical and mental diseases and disabilities.

Environment (outside factors)
It influences an individual from the time of conception.
It can be categorized into two
1. Internal environment
2. External environment.
 Internal environment is within the womb of the mother
from conception till the baby's birth.
 The physical and mental health of a mother affects the
growth of the child in the womb.

The external environment can be divided into two
1. Physical environment
2. Socio-cultural environment.
 The surroundings like earth, mountain, rivers and
climatic conditions fall under physical environment.
 Family members, neighbours, classmates, members of
the community, clubs, libraries, and institutions can all
be considered under social environment.

 The environment influences each individual every
moment of his life, and can create either comfort or
discomfort in biological and psychological processes.
 Even though the controversy between heredity (nature)
and environment (nurture) still continues, most of the
modern scientists assert that both are essential in the
development of a person. Similarly, genetic studies
suggest that both physical and psychiatric disorders have
predisposed causes.

 It has been proved that susceptibility to mental
disorders is high, if individuals have heredity
disposition and adverse environment.
 Similarly, studies related to environment indicate the
influence of faulty life-style for the development and
vulnerability for the development of many disorders.

Behaviour
 One's behaviours greatly influence his life. One usually
think of the behavior as something that he has complete
control over. That's true to an extent, but changing a
behavior can be difficult-especially when it's an inherited
behavior.
 Evolutionary psychologists study how the minds work
based on certain processes that benefit the human
species.

Evolutionary psychologists divide behaviour into two main
groups
1. Inherited behaviour
2. Learned behaviour.
 Inherited behaviour: (behaviors that are passed down
genetically)
 Genes control things like hair type and color, our eye
color, and our height- but usually no one thinks of them
controlling our behavior.

 That's partly because most of the behaviours are learned,
rather than inherited.
 some behaviors are so beneficial to the human species
that the ancient peoples that mastered them were able to
survive-living long enough that they could then pass
those traits down to their offspring.
 These are our inherited behaviors. While most scientists
agree that some behaviors are controlled by genetics
single gene determines a single physical characteristic.
However, with behavior it's more complex.

 More common is a multitude of genes working
together to determine the strength of a trait.
1.Nature Versus Nurture
2.Twin Studies
3.Genetics and Mutation

1.Nature Versus Nurture
 The behavior is learned or inherited, but as the
scientific community has largely accepted the
inheritance of some behaviours.
 It is now more a question of which behaviours are
learned or inherited, and to what degree.

 The idea of twins-two humans sharing identical genes-
has long fascinated us.
 The idea of twin studies as a way of separating learned
from inherited traits was initially proposed by Galton.
2. Twin Studies

3. Genetics and Mutation
 It is perceived that the genetics that a person is born
with are more or less carved in stone. However, recent
research has shown that trauma can change a person's
DNA.
 This means a lot in terms of the inherited behaviour
versus learned behaviour debate.

 Learned behaviour:
 It is the things that are taught by
parents, teachers, and members of the community,
or behaviours that teach self.

PSYCHOLOGY AND SENSATION SENSORY PROCESS
(Normal and Abnormal)
 Sensory process
 Reception
 Transduction (Small paras)
 Encoding and transmission of sensory information
 Sensory processing disorder (Abnormal sensory
process)
 Symptoms of Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)
 Common triggers of SPD include:

 Types of SPD
The major categories of SPD includes:
 Sensory Modulation Disorder
 Sensory Discrimination Disorder
 Sensory- Based Motor Disorder

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