cloning: objectives. creation of transgenic animals- other developments in cloning. human cloning. ethics of cloning

1. CLONING: OBJECTIVES. CREATION OFCLONING: OBJECTIVES. CREATION OF
TRANSGENIC ANIMALSTRANSGENIC ANIMALS-- OTHEROTHER
DEVELOPMENTS IN CLONING. HUMANDEVELOPMENTS IN CLONING. HUMAN
CLONING. ETHICS OF CLONINGCLONING. ETHICS OF CLONINGCLONING. ETHICS OF CLONINGCLONING. ETHICS OF CLONING
SOORYA M SSOORYA M S
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SS--117/18117/18

2. INTRODUCTION
 Cloning: Creating copies of living matter
 In biology, cloning is the process of producing similar populations of
genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms
such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually.
 The term clone (from the Greek word klōn, meaning “twig”) had already The term clone (from the Greek word klōn, meaning “twig”) had already
been in use since the beginning of the 20th century in reference to plants
 Clones have identical genetic makeup
 Abundant in nature
 Used by scientists to generate organisms with valuable traits

3. OBJECTIVES OF CLONING
1. Cloning in Animals
 To generate animals with desirable traits
 To bolster endangered species.

4. 2. Industrial Perspective
 Production of bacteria which can clean up environmental
contamination
 Animals which can produce commercial ingredients e.g. protein.
3. Importance for Humans
 Promises great advances in medicine
 Biomedical scientists plan to create animals with human diseases,
so that cures can be experimented safely

5.  There are 3 different types of cloning:
1. Gene cloning1. Gene cloning
2. Reproductive cloning
3. Therapeutic cloning

6. GENE CLONING
• A term used to describe a collection of DNA fragments derived
from the genome of an organism and cloned randomly into
suitable cloning vectors (plasmids, phages).suitable cloning vectors (plasmids, phages).
• The term genomic DNA clone or chromosomal DNA clone
then refers to an individual cell carrying a cloning vector with
one of the cellular DNA fragments or to a phage isolate with a
specific DNA insert.

8. REPRODUCTIVE CLONING
• Reproductive cloning is the production of a genetic
duplicate of an existing organism. A human clone
would be a genetic copy of an existing person.
• Some oppose reproductive cloning because of
safety considerations. Animal cloning is seldom
successful, and many scientists believe that
reproductive cloning can never be made safe.
• Human reproductive cloning would also threaten
the psychological well-being of cloned children,
open the door to more powerful genetic
manipulation technologies, and raise other social
and ethical concerns.

9. Dolly defied scientific convention. With her
birth on 5th July 1996, her makers had done
the impossible - cloned an animal from a cell
taken from an adult mammal.taken from an adult mammal.
When Dolly was announced to the world on
22ndFebruary 1997 she became global front
pagenews.

10. Embryo Cloning
 Also called therapeutic cloning which refers to
the production of human embryos for research
purposes
 To yield stem cells to study human evolution and To yield stem cells to study human evolution and
disease treatments
 Stem cells are extracted in the blastocyst stage of
development, which can practically generate any
type of cells in the human body
 Stem cells are used to replace degenerating cells.
In Alzheimer’s disease, cancer etc.

12. ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGESDISADVANTAGES
OF CLONING

13. this can provide new ways to treat diseases like
cancer and Alzheimer’s.
Cloning also offers hope to persons needing
organ transplants. People requiring organ
transplants to survive an illness often wait yearstransplants to survive an illness often wait years
for a suitable donor.
Helping infertile couples Cloning offers couples
dealing with fertility the chance to have a child
of their own.

14.  Protecting Endangered Species. Despite the best efforts of
conservationists worldwide, some species are nearing
extinction. The successful cloning of Dolly represents the first
step in protecting endangered wildlife.
 Improving food supply. Cloning could provide a means of Improving food supply. Cloning could provide a means of
cultivating plants that are stronger and more resistant to
diseases, while producing more.
 The same could happen to livestock as well where diseases
such as foot and mouth disease could be eradicated.Cloning
could therefore effectively solve the world’s food problem and
minimize or possible eadicate starvation.

15.  Reverse the aging process. Cloning is being touted as a
future answer to reverse the effects of aging.The
antiaging market is a prime target becuase it is alreay a
multibillion industry

16. 1. The Element of Uncertainty
 While the cloning of Dolly was seen as a success story,
many embryos weredestroyed before the desired result was
achieved. Dolly was the single successful outcome.
Regardless of success in other
2. Inheriting diseases
 Cloning creates a copy of the original. A human clone Cloning creates a copy of the original. A human clone
would therefore inherit the genetic traits of its predecessor.
This includes genetic abnormalities and Diseases.
 Dolly the sheep for example exhibited signs of what some
suggested, were premature aging, although this was firmly
denied by her ‘developers’.
3. The Potential for Abuse

17. CREATION OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS-
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN CLONINGOTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN CLONING

18. INTRODUCTION
 A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been
deliberately inserted into its genome.
 Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up of genes takes Transgenesis is the process by which mixing up of genes takes
place.
 Foreign genes are inserted into the germ line of the animal, so it
can be transmitted to the progeny.
 Transgenic technology has led to the development of fishes, live
stock and other animals with altered genetic profiles which are
useful to mankind.

19.  First transgenic animal was a ‘Supermouse’ created by
 Ralph Brinster (U Pennsylvania) and Richard Palmiter (University of
Washington) in 1982.
 It was created by inserting a human growth hormonegene in mouse genome.
 The offspring was much larger than the parents.
 Mouse – common transgenic expt.
 Other animals include pig, goat, cow, sheep, fish etc.

20. PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
INCLUDES 4 STEPS;
1. Construction Of A Transgene1. Construction Of A Transgene
2. Introduction of foreign gene into the animal
3. Screening for transgenic positives
4. Further animal breeding is done to obtain maximal expression

21. PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
- THE METHADOLOGY
 Step 1 – Construction Of A Transgene
◦ Transgene made of 3 parts:
1. Pomoter
2. Gene to be expressed
3. Termination sequence
 Step 2 – Introduction of foreign gene into the animal
1. Pronuclear microinjection method
2. Embryonic stem cell method.

22. MICROINJECTION METHOD
 A female animal is superovulated and eggs are collected.
 The eggs are fertilized in vitro.
 The transgene containing solution is injected into
the male pronucleus using a micropipette.the male pronucleus using a micropipette.
 Eggs with the transgenes are kept overnight in an incubator to develop to a 2 cell
stage.
 The eggs are then implanted into the uterus of a pseudo - pregnant female (female
which has been mated with a vasectimized male the previous night)

23. EMBRYONIC STEM CELL METHOD
 Transgenic animals can be created by manipulating embryonic stem cells.
 ES cells are obtained from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst.
 Transgene is incorporated into the ES cell by
1. Microinjection
2. By a retro virus2. By a retro virus
3. By electroporation
 Transgenic stem cells are grown in vitro.
 Then they are inserted into a blastocyst and implanted into ahost’s uterus to grow
normally.

24.  Step 3: Screening for transgenic positives
1. Transgenic progenies are screened by PCR to examine the site of
incorporation of the gene
2. Some transgenes may not be expressed if integrated into a transcriptionally2. Some transgenes may not be expressed if integrated into a transcriptionally
inactive site.
 Step 4: Further animal breeding is done to obtain maximal expression.
1. Heterozygous offsprings are mated to form homozygous strains.

26. PROBLEMS
 Multiple insertion – too much proteins Multiple insertion – too much proteins
 Insertion into an essential gene – lethality
 Insertion into a gene leading to gene silencing
 Insertion into a different area can affect the gene regulation

27. SOME EXAMPLES OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
TRANSGENIC FISH
Superfish
 Increased growth and size
 Growth hormone gene inserted into fertilized egg.
 Transgenic salmon grows about 10 – 11 times faster
than normal fish.
Glo fish
 GM freshwater zebra fish (Danio rerio)
 Produce by integrating a fluorescent protein gene from
jelly fish into embryo of fish.

28. TRANSGENIC MOUSE
Alzheimer’s mouse
 In the brain of Alzheimer’s patients, dead nerve cells are entangled in a protein
called amyloid.
 Mouse made by introducing amyloid precursor gene into fertilized egg of mice.
OncomouseOncomouse
 Mouse model to study cancer
 Made by inserting activated oncogenes.
Smart mouse
 Biological model engineered to overexpress NR2B receptor in the synaptic
pathway.
 This makes the mice learn faster like juveniles throughout their lives.

29. TRANSGENIC PIG
Enviro pig
 Pigs have trouble fully digesting a compound known as phytate found
in many cereal grains used to feed them.
 Transgenic pigs are created by introducing phytase gene of E.coli.
 Phytase enzyme is thus produced in the salvary gland of pig It Phytase enzyme is thus produced in the salvary gland of pig It
degrades indigestible phytate with the release of phosphate that is
readily digested by pigs.
Pig for organ transplant
 Pigs with human genes, in order to decrease the chance of organ
rejection by human body.

30. TRANSGENIC LIVESTOCK
 Bioreactors whose cells have been engineered to synthesis marketable proteins.
 More economical than producing desired protein in cell culture.
Transgenic cattle
 Transgenic cows are made to produce proteins lactoferrin and interferons in their milk.
 Prion free cows resistant to mad cow disease.
Transgenic sheep
 For good quality wool production.
Transgenic goat
 Goats that could express tissue plasminogen activator, anti thrombin III, spider silk etc
in milk.

31. Transgenic rabbit
 Alba, the EGFP (Enhanced Green Flurescent protein) bunny
 Created in 2000 as a transgenic artwork.
Transgenic monkey
 ANDi was the first transgenic monkey, born in 2000.
 “ANDi” stands for “inserted DNA” spelled backwards.
 An engineered virus was used to insert the harmless gene for green
fluorescence protein (GFP) into ANDi’s rhesus genome.
 ANDi proves that transgenic primates can be created, and can
express a foreign gene delivered into their genome.

32. IMPORTANCE OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
 Medical importance
◦ Disease model
◦ Bioreactors for pharmaceuticals
◦ Xenotransplantation
 Agricultural importance
◦ Disease resistant animals
◦ For improving quality and quantity of milk, meat, eggs and wool production.
 Industrial importance
◦ Toxicity sensitive transgenic animals to test chemicals.
◦ Spider silk in milk of goat

33. ISSUES RELATED TO TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY
 Blurring the lines between species by creating transgenic
combinations.
 There may be health risks associated with transgenics. There may be health risks associated with transgenics.
 There may be long term effects on the environment when
transgenic animals are released into the field.
 Various bioethicist argue that it is wrong to create animals that
would suffer as a result of genetic alteration.

34. Human cloning

35. What human cloning is
1. The creation of a genetically identical human,
human cell, or human tissue
2. Cloning is creating an exact genetic copy of an
organism

36. History of cloning
1. In 1996 a sheep named Dolly was the first animal cloned
2. Other animals have also been cloned since Dolly
3. No documented cases of human cloning have ever been
recorded.

37. Benefits of human cloning
1. Humans can achieve more work
2. No death, a human could just be replaced
3. Sickness can be cured3. Sickness can be cured
a) genetic diseases can be removed.
b) cures for debilitating diseases
4. Clones can be produced with lower or higher mental capacity
5. Conduct research on human diseases.

38. Benefits
1. “Be a blessing to offspring”
2. Better to be born than not2. Better to be born than not
3. Genetically matched tissue for transplantation.

39. Disadvantages
1. “Morally wrong”
2. Offspring maybe treated badly.
3. “Cloning is unnatural”
4. Safety
a) Risks to mother
b) offspring die quickly.
5. Ethical issues
6. Interference with nature
7. Interference with God
8. There are bans in many countries

40. Laws on Human Cloning
In the United States there are not any laws that ban
cloning completely
Illegal in the U.S. to use federal funds to create a clonedIllegal in the U.S. to use federal funds to create a cloned
human embryo, but you can use private funds

41. ETHICAL ISSUES OF HUMAN CLONING
1. Religious issues
 Some people believe that cloning is similar to playing
God. They believe that God should be the creator of all
living and natural things.
 It is believed that a human has the right for the full
human development in a natural environment and that
the human embryo should be left alone after the 14th
day of fertilization.
 Some religious people believe that if you clone a human
being it has no soul.
 People believe human cloning takes away from an
Individual being unique and stresses Psychological and
social development.

42. 2.MEDICAL ISSUES
 Technically, human gene grows older with age. It’s feared that the
cloned individual would retain the age of the donor’s genes.
 Cloned animals that do survive tend to be much bigger at birth than
their natural counterparts. Clones with LOS(Large Offspringtheir natural counterparts. Clones with LOS(Large Offspring
Syndrome)have abnormally large organs. This can lead to breathing,
blood flow and other problems. .

43. BIOETHICAL ISSUES REGARDING HUMAN
CLONING
 1. Technical and medical safety
 2. Undermining the concept of reproduction and family
 3. Ambiguous relations of a cloned child with the progenitor
 4. Confusing personal identity and harming the psychological
development of a clonedevelopment of a clone
 5. Concerns about eugenics (idea that one can improve the human
race by careful selection of those who mate and produce offspring)
 6. Promoting trends towards designer babies and human
enhancement
 7. Contrary to Human Dignity