Chemistry Essays

Essay about Chemistry
The Battle Between Absorbency: Clay and Charcoal
Abstract
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are extremely dangerous to human and aquatic life
when presented in water. The removal of the PHAs are done by using absorbent material. In this
experiment we tested Bentonite clay and charcoal by finding the absorbency of both. The results we
came to is the clay is the better absorbent.
Introduction
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are 16 different pollutants together. Eight of these are
considered carcinogenic, while others can lead to mutations of wildlife that encounter them. Humans
can come into contact by swimming in water where they are present because of pollution, but mostly
it is from drinking water, which has PAH...show more content...
Absorbent
% Transmittance
Absorbance
Charcoal 1
11.2
0.950781977
Charcoal 2
11.8
0.928117993
Charcoal 3
12
0.920818754
Clay 1
14.6
0.835647144
Clay 2
14.4
0.841637508
Clay 3
14.2
0.847711656
There are several the problems with our results. For instance, at О»max the results from week two
show that the clay and charcoal have more absorption than the stock solution of .05 mM dye. This
was noticed during the lab, and we ran the stock solution by itself again, and got the transmittance to
be 17.2%, which is different than the18.4% that we got week one. This was found that the stock
solution is re–mixed daily and there was a variation of the actual concentration of the solution.

Also, there was error in the fact that our lab weighed the charcoal and then grinded, so we lost part
of the substance in the grinding part of lab. This could lead to the absorbance being faulted because
there was then less surface area to show to absorb.
By looking at the data, it would be suggested from our results that clay is the better absorbent
because it has the lesser of the absorbance. This is because charcoal absorbs differently than the
clay. The clay becomes a good absorbent because it takes the dye and keeps it between multiple
layers,
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Essay about Chemistry Lab
The purpose of this lab was to see which solutions are soluble and which are not. We were able to
see this by mixing certain solutions together and observing changes that occurred. The procedure for
this experiment included a few different steps. The first steps were to add the nitrate solutions into
the lettered parts of the 96–well plate. Once you were done with that, you were supposed to add the
sodium solutions to the numbered parts of the 96–well plate, so that the solutions were added
together. You were supposed to observe the different reactions occurring. Once you observed each
reaction take place, you needed to fill out your data table. Data Table: Solubility Rules Table|
Negative Ion (Anions)| Positive Ions (Cations)|...show more content...
C. Which anions generally form precipitates? What are exceptions? Silver salts, Phosphates,
Sulfides, Carbonates, Hydroxides. Exceptions include alkali metals. D. Which anions generally do
not form precipitates? What are the exceptions? Nitrates, Alkali metals, Ammonium salts, Halides,
and Acetates. The exceptions include those mentioned above that would form precipitates. E.
Which cations generally do not form precipitates? Na+ generally does not form precipitates. F.
Select 10 reactions that produce a precipitate, color change, or gas and write balanced chemical
equation and a net ionic equation for each. Remember, a reaction may be indicated by the formation
of a precipitate, color change, or the formation of gas. Record the well numbers of the precipitates
you chose for your equations.
(Co(No3)2+6H2O)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well A1
(Cu(NO3)2+3H2O )+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well B1
(Fe(NO3)3+9H2)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well C1
(Ba(NO3)2) )+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well D1
(Ni(NO3)2+6H2O)+(Na3PO4+12H2O)Well E1
(Co(No3)2+6H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well A5
(Cu(NO3)2+3H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well B5
(Fe(NO3)3+9H2)+(NaHCO3)Well C5
(Ba(NO3)2) )+(NaHCO3)Well D5
(Ni(NO3)2+6H2O)+(NaHCO3)Well E5 To wrap things up, I found this lab to be easy but
confusing at the same time. I am not sure my reactions were all correct because I thought there
were supposed to be some that were insoluble, however, I observed reactions occur every time. I
would suggest maybe providing better rules for the solubility

Chemistry In Chemistry
Chemistry is used in a lot of things in modern day. Chemistry is used to make medicine and drugs
and it is used to make food that we consume each day. Using chemistry these days is vital because
drugs are used to cure people and the food we eat should be germ free. Also Chemistry is used for
advancement of technology. Chemistry can be used in physics while our own body is made up of a
lot of elements which has to deal with chemistry.
Chemistry is used in making drugs because it is the foundation of medicine. Human beings use
chemical reactions to create medication for a broad spectrum of illness and they utilize medicinal
plants and animals. Chemical reactions take place in plants and animals, this result in the formation
of substances in some plants and animals that can be used to treat illness. Chemistry is important to
everyday life, because it provides medicine. A lot of people would be dying right now if chemistry is
not used to create medications. Also chemistry can be used to talk about the substances. Like
analytical chemistry which uses instruments and any method used to separate, identify, and quantify
matter. It consists of using classical qualitative methods for separation such as precipitation,
distillation, and extraction. After such methods are used the qualities of a given substance may be
identified based on differences in color, the odor it gives, the melting point, the boiling point, and the
radioactivity or reactivity of that substance. Classical

Chemistry
1."The energy for life comes from the sun."
Outline the role of the photosynthesis process to explain what is meant by this statement. (3
marks)chlorophyll
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + energy пѓ C6 H12 O6 (aq) + 6O2(g) 2830 kJ glucose
Photosynthesis is the process in which plants use the sun's light energy to convert carbon dioxide and
water into carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, starch and cellulose.
Carbohydrates are high energy compounds because when they react with oxygen, they produce large
amounts of energy. Plants make their own food by using the glucose they produces as an energy
source for growth, reproduction, repairing damaged tissues... Animals cannot carry out...show more
content...
(2 marks)
Ignition temperature is the minimum temperature required for the gas or mixture to spontaneously
combust.
Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy reactant molecules must possess in order to
form products.
The greater the activation energy, the higher is the ignition temperature.
7.Milk kept at room temperature can sour in as little as a day, but can be kept in a refrigerator. Use
energy profile and molecular kinetic energy distribution diagrams to explain these observations. (4
marks)
The temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the reacting particles. The increase
in temperature also changes the distribution of molecular kinetic energies. Not all reactant particles
have the same kinetic energy at the same temperature. At a higher temperature, there are greater
proportions of molecules that have kinetic energy more than activation energy.
Therefore, increasing temperature will result in greater number of reactant molecules with kinetic
energy greater than the required activation energy, which results in more successful collisions.
The souring of milk is a chemical reaction, so the rate of chemical reaction increases with heat. As
the heat increases, the average kinetic energy also increases, meaning that particles collide more
often and thus react more often.
8.(6 marks)
a)Explain why the flash point for pentane (– 49В°C) is much lower than its ignition temperature

Chemical Element Essay
Element: Lithium
Lithium and Its Basic Characteristics
The chemical element Lithium (Li) has an atomic number 3and is the first member of the Alkali
metal family. This element is also the least dense of all the metals– about half of the density of
water. Lithium is a very soft silvery metal that has a melting point of 180.54Лљc and a boiling point
of 1,335Лљc. This is an active element but nit as active as the other Alkali metals. This element
reacts slowly on a water having a room temperature and rapidly at high temperatures. Also, lithium
reacts with most acids that gives off hydrogen gas but does not react with oxygen. Under conditions,
lithium is combined with sulfur, hydrogen, nitrogen and halogens. There are two naturally occurring
isotopes;...show more content...
In his studies, he could not identify 10% of the mineral. He then concluded that the missing 10%
must be a new element. He called the element "Lithium", from the greek word Lithos which means
stone. He was not able to produce lithium. About a year later, however, Swedish chemist William
Thomas Brande (1788–1866) and English chemist Sir Humphry Davy (1778–1829) were both able
to extract the pure metal from its compounds.
Occurrence or Relevance in Nature
The abundance of Lithium in the Earth's crust is estimated to be about 0.005 percent that places it
among the top 15 elements found here in Earth. Aside from spodumene, petalite, and lepitdolite,
lithium is also obtained from saltwater. Lithium metal as well as its compounds have great uses.
Two of the most significant applications are in the Glass and ceramic field and in the production of
aluminum. The first commercial use of aluminum was in the production of alloys early lithium
alloys included lead and were used to make tough ball bearings for machineries.
Trivias/ Fun Facts
–The largest producer of lithium is the United States. Three of the largest U.S. mines are located in
the Silver Peak, Nevada, and Kings Mountain and Bessemer City, North

What's Organic Chemistry Essay
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. It is the basis of all earthy life and are
all very different, by their chemical and physical properties and their structures. With a multitude of
carbon compounds existing in this world, there was a need for a way to organize all of them by
their characteristics. A few of the many functional groups include alcohol, aldehydes, amines, esters,
ethers, and ketones. The substance that seems most interesting is benzoin, which is characterized in
two of the functional groups mentioned. It is involved in many different processes and is widely
used in foods, mainly baked products. Benzoin is viewed as off–white crystals, with a slight
camphor odor. A camphor smells of vanilla with a slight...show more content...
In that reaction, the excited state of the photo–initiator (benzoin) interacts with a second molecule to
generate the free radials. A free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired set of
valence electrons or an open electron shell. The process of photo–polymerization is applied to ultra
violet curing inks, wood and paper coatings, optical fibers, PCB screen printing, paper varnish, and
other surface coatings. The third use for benzoin is as anti–cratering in powder. The final use for
benzoin is in allopathic and traditional forms in medicine. Many of these medicines are found in
Britain, China, France, Italy, Japan, and the United States of America. Allopathic medicine is a
system of a medical practice that tries to combat diseases by using remedies that produces effects
that are different from those produced by the disease being treated. It is the opposite from traditional
medicine. Benzoin is widely used around the world, for many different important purposes. Using the
chemical compound benzoin introduces many risks and hazards. According to the chemical's MSDS,
the potential acute health effects of ingestion is very hazardous. The chemical is also hazardous of
having skin contact and eye contact, causing irritation, and inhaling the substance is hazardous as
well. Having skin contact that is described as permeator, to become diffused through pores, is
slightly hazardous.

The History of Chemistry Essay
The History of Chemistry
Chemistry is the science of the composition and structure of materials and of the changes that
materials undergo. It is also used in improving standards of living, making it possible for such
substances as rubber, nylon, and plastics to be made from completely different materials. New
materials and new properties of old materials are always being discovered. Some earlier products
discovered from chemical reactions are ceramics, glass, and metals. Dyes and medicines were other
early products obtained from natural substances. Some practical applications that chemistry is used
for are to make stronger metals, improve soil, and the developments of live–saving drugs. Modern
technology depends highly on these...show more content...
They did know that iron could be made from certain rock and that bronze was a mixture of copper
and tin. From the beginning of the Christian Era to the 17th and 18th centuries was the period of
chemistry known as alchemy. Alchemists believed that metals could be changed into gold with the
help of a mystical stone which was never found. They did, however, discover many new elements
and compounds. Paracelsus, a talented Swiss alchemist, decided that alchemy should be for helping
to cure the sick instead of searching for gold. The main elements that he used were salt, sulfur, and
mercury, all which are connected to "elixir." This period of practicing medicine was known as
iatrochemistry, which is the study of medicine with chemistry applied. One of the first real scientific
chemist was Robert Boyle. In 1661, he helped to find the Royal Society of England, a scientific
society. For about two centuries after Boyle, scientists started making useful discoveries, even
though, they were far from understanding the true nature of matter or knowing what happens in
chemical reactions. One of the most confusing events of this time period was the theory of burning,
or combustion, called the phlogiston theory. According to this theory, a yellowness or hardness was
supposed to escape from substances during the burning process. By now, chemists were starting to

The History of Chemistry Essay
Chemistry has been around for a very long time. Chemistry is the branch of physical science that
studies composition, properties, energy, and behavior of matter. It is said that chemistry has been
around since prehistoric times. This was in the form of everyday objects like pottery, cosmetics and
perfumes, and extracting metals from ores. Chemistry is based on the discovery and study of
elements. Some elements were known to ancient man, but most were discovered by chemists and
alchemists. Some say that chemistry started in the early Stone Age when man made fire. Chemistry
is the study of chemical composition and properties of matter and the reactions of that matter. The
study of any living thing involves chemistry. Without famous chemists...show more content...
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier was born on August 26, 1743 in Paris, France he would be the only
child of a wealthy middle class family. He was very studious and extremely interested with the
prosperity and the good of the public. Antoine education consisted of the study of mathematics,
the classic, and sciences. He chose to pursue a career in chemistry because of the interest in rocks
and other minerals. He also had a passion for law and went to law school after he finished college
and later studied humanities and different types of sciences. He also spent much of his time
attending various lectures about chemistry and physics because he didn't find the teachers to be
very demanding of his effort and time. Antoine was later accepted into the Academy of Sciences in
1768 graduated, and later married Marie Anne Paulze. She also helped him with his work by taking
notes on his experiments, drawing pictures of the process and results of his experiments, and
translating his work into English.
There are so many things that we can trace back to chemistry, like X–rays, vehicles, clean water,
cleaning products, and the list is endless. The basis of everything we do and make is made from
chemistry, for example a hairdresser relaxing a customer's hair is performing a chemical reaction in
our hair to give it a

Chemical Reactions Essay
Chemical Reactions
Chemical reactions are the heart of chemistry. People have always known that they exist.
The Ancient Greeks were the firsts to speculate on the composition of matter. They thought that it
was possible that individual particles made up matter.
Later, in the Seventeenth Century, a German chemist named Georg Ernst Stahl was the first to
postulate on chemical reaction, specifically, combustion. He said that a substance called phlogiston
escaped into the air from all substances during combustion.
He explained that a burning candle would go out if a candle snuffer was put over it because the air
inside the snuffer became saturated with phlogiston. According to his ideas, wood is made up of
phlogiston and ash,...show more content...
There are now many classification systems to classify the different types of reactions. These include
decomposition, polymerization, chain reactions, substitute reactions, elimination reactions, addition
reactions, ionic reactions, and oxidation–reduction reactions.
Decomposition reactions are reactions in which a substance breaks into smaller parts. As an
example, ammonium carbonate will decompose into ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water.
Polymerization reactions are reactions in which simpler substances combine to form a complex
substance. The thing that makes this reaction unusual is that the final product is composed of
hundreds of the simpler reagent (a substance that contributes to a chemical reaction) species. One
example is the polymerization of terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol to form the polymer called
Dacron, a fibre, or Mylar, in sheet form:
nH2OC(C6H4)CO2H + nHOCH2CH2OH –> [...OC(C6H4)CO2CH2CH2O...]n 2nH2O
in which n is a large number of moles. A chain reaction is a series of smaller reactions in which the
previous reaction forms a reagent for the next reaction. The synthesis of hydrogen bromide is a good
example:
H2 + Br2 –> 2HBr
This is a simple equation that doesn't properly prove the reaction. It is very complex and starts with
this:
Br2 –> 2Br
The next three reactions are related and should be grouped together. A substation reaction is a
reaction in which a substance loses one or more atoms and

Chemistry Essay
Twelve was a terrifying age for me. It was the year that everything became open to doubt. That year
I questioned all subjects from God to gravity. My friends seemed unreliable so I ostracized myself,
avoiding all intimacy and any semblance of amiability. I stopped listening in church because my
Sunday–School lessons brought up more questions than I was capable of dealing with. Instead I
concentrated on the two constants in my life, school and family. Education and love became the two
pillars my world was balanced on.
I especially enjoyed Chemistry. I loved that laws governed the universe. I loved that Science knew
that nuclei were made up of protons and neutrons, that electrons were negative, and that opposite
forces attract. These...show more content...
Because of my self–absorption, I didn't see what was going on right in front of me. I knew, of
course, that my father had lost his job. I noticed that he was not looking well, that he had gained
weight and went days without shaving. Looking back now, I remember his laugh becoming short
and sardonic when we heard it at all. I remember how he hardly ever met our eyes and never met
the eyes of my mother. But after talking with my brothers I realize that I was mostly oblivious to the
despair that surrounded my family that year. Whenever my home seemed less than secure, I would
most often disappear into my room with my chemistry book. I never thought anything was seriously
wrong.
It was a huge shock one day, to enter my mothers' room and find her sobbing on her bed. My
mother never cries except at sappy movies and weddings. She never sobs. She's a strong, brave
woman. Seeing her crying upset my carefully guarded universe. I rushed to her, willing to do
anything to comfort her and to put my world straight.
She tried to compose herself and failed. With tears sticking her hair to her face, she said, " I'm sorry,
I've tried. I've tried so hard! But I can't, I just can't!"
"What's wrong Mom? Tell me what happened!" I sat on the bed, enfolding my mother in an
awkward hug. Her tears soaked into my shirt.
"I just don't love him. I've tried but it's no use. I stopped years ago, but he's gotten so much worse. I
don't even like

Chemistry Essay
Robert Boyle is considered both the founder of modern chemistry and the greatest
English scientist to live during the first thirty years of the existence of the Royal Society.
He was not only a chemist and a physicist as we know him to be, but also
an avid theologian, a philanthropist, an essayist, and a beginner in medicine. Born in
Lismore, Ireland to Richard Boyle, first earl of Cork, and Katherine Fenton, his second
wife, Boyle was the youngest son in a family of fourteen. However he was not
shortchanged of anything. After private tutoring at home for eight years, Robert Boyle
was sent to Eton College where he studied for four years. At the age of twelve, Boyle
traveled to the Continent, as it was referred to at the...show more content...
For centuries scientists had been explaining the unknown with the simple explanation that
God made it that way. Though Boyle did not argue with this, he did believe that there was
a scientific explanation for God's doings. Boyle's point of view can be seen by his dealings
with the elements. At this time it was thought that an element was not only the simplest
body to which something could be broken down, but also a necessary component of all
bodies. Meaning that if oil was an element, it would not be able to be broken down, and it
would be found in everything. Boyle did not accept this theory, whether it referred to the
earth, air, fire, the water of the Aristotelians, the salt, sulfur, and mercury of the
Paracelsans, or the phlegm, oil, spirit, acid, and alkali of later chemists. He did not believe
that these elements were truly fundamental in their nature. Boyle thought that the only
things common in all bodies were corpuscles, atom–like structures that were created by
God and that occupy all void space. He began to perform experiments, concentrating

on the color changes that took place in reactions. He started to devise a system of
classification based on the properties of substances. By showing that acids turned the blue
syrup of violets red, Boyle claimed that all acids react in the same manner with violet
syrup and those that did not, were not acids. Similarly, he showed that all alkalies turned
the

Green Chemistry Essay
Green Chemistry
Many companies all over the world produce chemicals for their products that are harmful to the
environment, human health, and to all living species. Green Chemistry is the use of chemistry for
the prevention of chemical pollution to the environment by using chemicals that are benign, or not
harmful. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) states that the mission of Green Chemistry
is, "To promote innovative chemical technologies that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of
hazardous substances in the design, manufacture, and use of chemical products." Green Chemistry
contains any aspects and...show more content...
The EPA and the Syracuse Research Corporation developed the Chemistry Expert System (GCES)
which is used to develop and analyze the various principles of Green Chemistry. They find sources
of waste and evaluate the amounts and risks produced. After, they explore opportunities to solve
these problems. To help them achieve this, the Alternative Solvents Database (SolvDB) was
constructed to help chemists and researchers quickly find alternatives to the harmful chemicals
being used at the time. The Syracuse Research Center now has the largest database for this type of
information. They are also currently developing a PBT profiler. PBT is the prediction of the
persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of chemical substances. This profiler will screen for the
PBT's in chemicals so that the harmful chemicals will become known, and maybe even changed.
It has also been a major concern by many organizations to educate people about Green Chemistry.
The objective of these groups is to spread the awareness of Green Chemistry principles, alternatives,
practices and their benefits in the educational system. This would mean at all levels from graduate,
undergraduate and even kindergarten to 12 programs. This is so people will stop using products
that are hazardous to themselves and the ecosystem and become more aware of the dangers and
unfavorable effects it has had on the

Chemistry Essays

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