Introduction, planning of a new project, site access and services Understanding basics and functions of equipment, earthmoving equipment Excavation in hard rock blasting explosives RMC Plant, layout and production capacity Prefabricated construction cranes of various types floating and dredging equipment Road construction aspects construction of a new railway track aspects of bridge construction Diaphragm walls prevention of accidents introduction to disaster management

1. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
By
S V Ighare M.E.,
Assitant Professor,
Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering
College, Aurangabad
Maharashtra,INDIA

2. SYLLABUS

3. SYLLABUS

4. COURSE OBJECTIVES
• To involve the application of scientific and
technological principles of planning, analysis, design
and management to construction technology.

5. COURSE OUTCOMES
• Understand the planning of new project with site
accessibility and services required.
• Comprehend the various civil construction
equipment's.
• Familiar with layout of RMC plant, production,
capacity and operation process.
• Recognize various aspect of road construction,
construction of diaphragm walls, railway track
construction etc

6. COURSE CONTENTS
• Introduction, planning of a new project, site access
and services
• Understanding basics and functions of equipment,
earthmoving equipment
• Excavation in hard rock
• blasting explosives
• RMC Plant, layout and production capacity
• Prefabricated construction
• cranes of various types

7. COURSE CONTENTS
• floating and dredging equipment
• Road construction aspects
• construction of a new railway track
• aspects of bridge construction
• Diaphragm walls
• prevention of accidents
• introduction to disaster management

8. PLANNING OF A NEW PROJECT, SITE ACCESS AND
SERVICES
1. Introduction:-There are two general objectives,
First, the site must be designed to maximize efficiency of
operations in order to promote worker productivity, to
shorten project time and to reduce cost.
Second, the final plan must create a project with a good
work environment in order to attract and retain the best
personnel and thus contribute to better work quality and
productivity.

9. PLANNING OF A NEW PROJECT, SITE ACCESS AND
SERVICES
2. The Problem:-
a. Material stacks wrongly located.
b. Plant and equipment wrongly located
c. Inadequate space allowed
d. Site huts wrongly located in relation to their effective use
3.present practice

10. PLANNING OF A NEW PROJECT, SITE ACCESS AND
SERVICES
4. Site Layout Planning Elements:-
1. Safety
2. Site Accessibility
3. Information Signs
4. Security
5. Accommodation
6. Offices
7. Water Supply and Sanitation
8. Material Handling
9. Storage and site cleaning
10. Batch plant and Fabrication Shops

11. PLANNING OF A NEW PROJECT, SITE ACCESS
AND SERVICES
4. Temporary Facilities Selection

12. PLANNING OF A NEW PROJECT, SITE ACCESS
AND SERVICES
Existing site Layout

13. PLANNING OF A NEW PROJECT, SITE ACCESS
AND SERVICES
Improved site Layout

14. MECHANICAL vs MANUAL
Mechanical Manual
may be described as heavy machinery
operated by fuel and electricity
human and animal power assisted by
simple implements like wheel barrows,
normal pick axe and spade etc
Includes persons having training in
performing jobs needing skill e.g:
operators of mechanical and electrical
equipments, drivers of all kinds , masons
, carpenters, electricians, blacksmiths
etc.
not requiring any particular skill e.g.,
laborers, helpers, mates, cleaners,
oilmen, etc.
Earthwork rates for machines are
invariably higher than the corresponding
rates through manual labor.
Improves the economic conditions of
common people of the project area.

15. EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENTS
The equipment which perform excavation, digging of
large quantities of earth , moving them to distances ,
placement , compacting, leveling, dozing, grading,
hauling etc., are called earth moving equipment.

16. TYPES OF EARTH EXCAVATION EQUIPMENTS
1. power shovel
2. back hoe
3. drag line
4. clam shell

19. properties:
long-lasting
excavate all types of earth except hard rock
types:
wheel mounted (high speed - firm ground)
crawler mounted (low speed - unstable soil)
basic parts:
* track system
* cabin
* cables
* rack & stick
* boom foot pin
* saddle block
* boom point sheave
* bucket ( size = .375 m3 to 5 m3 )

21. properties:
also termed as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel.
used to excavate below the surface of equipment - it caves into the ground.
basic parts:
* boom
* jack boom
* boom foot drum
* boom sheave
* stick, bucket
* bucket sheave
operation:
• similar to shovel except it makes inward strokes while digging.
application:
• digging below machine level like trenches, footings, basements.
• to trim the surface (dressing)

24. capacity:
• heaped capacity of the bowl.
operation:
• while digging cutting edge enters the ground by lowering the bowl, the front
apron is raised
• edge is raised, apron is lowed while hauling.
• while dumping ejector is used

27. construction:
*consist of heavy blade with concave profile.
*blade is attached to the body with two arms, a supporting
frame & held by two push arms
application:
*spreading earth fill
*learing, opening up pilot roads
*back filling trenches
*clearing construction sites

30. multi purpose machines mainly used for pulling and pushing
other machines for agricultural purposes.
• types: 1. wheel type < 50 km/hr
• types: 1. crawler type <12 km/hr
applications:
• clearing & excavating machinery
• hauling & conveying machinery

31. CYCLE TIME AND PRODUCTION RATES
The time required by a truck for transport of materials is divided into
the following four elements:
1. Load.
2. Haul( loaded) .
3. Unload.
4. Return (empty ).
Production rate is defined as the number of units of work produced by
a unit of equipment or a person in a specified unit of time (for
example: m3/hr).
A machine or worker may work only for 45 min in 1hr
The actual production rate (efficiency factor) is 45/60 or 0.75 of the
maximum production rate.

32. COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
• The major items of plant that fall into the category of
compaction equipment are
- Dead weight rollers
- Vibrating rollers
- Pneumatic rollers
- Wheeled soil compactors

33. DEAD WEIGHT ROLLERS
Dead weight rollers are usually three
and two wheel, towed or self
propelled. They rely on their mass to
compact materials.

34. VIBRATING ROLLERS
The larger vibrating rollers can be tandem-self
propelled or towed.
Tandem rollers have two large steel roller drums
with a vibration mechanism in each drum.
The vibrator drive and roller drum drive are
usually hydrostatically driven with articulated
steering.
Towed rollers are usually towed by wheeled or
crawler tractors. They have a power unit to drive
the vibrating mechanism. The roller drum can be
smooth, sheeps foot or grid design.

35. PNEUMATIC ROLLERS
These rollers have pneumatic tyres and
are of the towed and self-propelled
types.
The body can be ballasted to add
weight.
On modern self-propelled types the
tyres can be inflated or deflated by the
operator when in use. Most are
hydrostatic drive and can be left
or right hand drive.

36. WHEELED SOIL COMPACTORS
These compactors are based on the
articulated wheeled loader fitted with
special steel roller wheels of sheeps foot,
rock foot or tamping foot design.
They are used to compact soil and rock on
major projects. They are fast and give
good compaction.

37. ROCK EXCAVATION

38. DRILLING ROCK AND EARTH
• Drill Bits types are
• a) carbide insert bit
• b) Button bits
Button bits
carbide insert bit

39. ROCK DRILL
1) Percussion Drill
2) Jackhammers
3) Track mounted drill
4) Rotary Drills
5) Rotary percussion drills
6) Down hole drills
1) Jackhammers
Drill penetration rates depends on
a) hardness
b) texture
c) tenacity
d) formation

40. TRENCHLESS TECHNOLOGY
a) directional drilling
b) horizontal boring
c) Pipe bursting/splitting
d) Pipe jacking
e) Pipe ramming
f) safety

41. BLASTING OF ROCKS
• bench
• Bench height
• Blast hole
• Blasting agent
• Deflagration
• Density
• propagation

42. DIFFERENT EXPLOSIVES
• Strength
• Sensitivity
• Detonation velocity
• Water resistance
• Flammability
• Bulk density
• Dynamite
• ANFO
ANFO

43. INITIATING SETTINGS
• Electric detonator
• Non Electric detonator
• Initiation sequencing
• Rock fragmentation
• Blast design
OPTIMUM BLAST DESIGN

44. • Blasthole Diameter
• Top stemming depth
• Subdrilling depth
• Hole pattern and
spacing
V pattern line spacing

45. AGGREGATE PRODUCTION
Aggregate processing steps

46. JAW CRUSHERS ARE OF TWO TYPES
• Double toggle
• Single toggle
• Gyratory crusher
Single toggle jaw crushers
Gyratory crushers

47. ROLLER CRUSHER
a) Single roll
b) Double roll
c) Feed size
d) capacity

49. IMPACT CRUSHER
• Single rotor
• Double rotor
• Hammer mills
Single rotor
Double rotor
Hammer mills

50. SPECIAL AGGREGATE PROCESSING UNITS
a) Rod mills
b)Ball mills
c) Feeders
d)Surge piles

51. SEPARATION INTO PARTICLE SIZE RANGES
• Scalping crushed stones
• Screening aggregate
• a) revolving screen
• b) vibrating screen
• c) efficiency factors
• d) deck factors
• e) aggregate-size factors
Vibrating screen

52. SAND PREPARATION AND CLASSIFICATION
MACHINE
Screen classifier
Other aggregate processing
issues
a) Log washers
b)Segregation
c) safety

53. ASPHALT MIX PRODUCTION AND PLACEMENT
• Technical terms related Asphalt mix
• a) asphaltic concrete
• b) automatic screed controls
• c) binders
• d) binder course
• e) grade or string line
• f) hot elevator
• g) leveling arms
• h) marshall stablity
• i) pugmills
• J) slope
• k) tack coat
Asphalt paving on highway

54. STRUCTURE OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT
Type structure of flexible
pavement
Flexible pavement
a) Aggregate
b) Asphalt
c) Viscosity grade of asphalt
cement
d) Performance grade of
asphalt cement
e) Liquid asphalt cement
f) Asphalt concete

55. ASPHALT PLANT
• Cold feed system
• Drum dryer
• Hot elevator
• Hot screens
• Hot bins
• Asphalt handling system
• Pugmill mixer

56. a) Cold feed system
b) Drum dryer
c) Hot screening
d) Hot bins
e) Weigh hoppers
f) Asphalt handling
system
g) Pugmill mixing
Cold bin for controlling material flows

57. DRUM MIX PLANTS
• Cold feed system
• Mixing drums
• Storage silos
Drum mixer of drum mix
asphalt plant
Storage silos

58. DUST COLLECTOR
Dust collector system

59. ASPHALT STORAGE AND HEATING
Reclaiming and recycling
a) Recycling in batch
plant
b)Recycling in drum
plant

60. PAVING EQUIPMENTS
• Sweeper/broom
• Haul trucks
• Asphalt distributors

61. • Asphalt pavers
• Windrow elevator
• Material transfer devices
• Screed
• Paver production

62. COMPACTION EQUIPMENTS
• Rolling temperature
• Rolling steps
• Roller capacity
• Safety
• summary
Pneumatic line compactor
Double drum steel wheel vibratory compactor

63. CONCRETE AND CONCRETE EQUIPMENTS
• Concrete mixture
• Proportioning concrete mixtures
• Fresh concrete
• Batching concrete materials
•Cement
•Water
•Aggregate
•Mix proportion

64. • Batching Controls
– Manual controls
– Automatic controls
• Mixing Concrete
– Concrete mixing techniques
• Mixers
– Free fall Mixers
– Tilting Mixers
– Reversible Mixers
– Power Mixers
– Pan mixers
– Trough Mixers

65. • Ready mix concrete
• Central mix concrete
• Mobile compact plants
• Placing concrete

66. •Ready mix concrete
•Central mix concrete
•Mobile compact plant
•a) star silo
•b) pocket silo
•c) inline silo

67. PLACING CONCRETE
• Buckets
• Manual and motor propelled buggies
• Chutes and drop pipes
• Belt conveyors
• Concrete pumps
• Pumping with pipeline
Concrete pump with separate pipeline

68. • Pumping with pipe line
• Pump and boom combination
• Pump with pipe line and tower mounted boom
Climbing mast with folded boom
Free standing lattice mast with extending boom
and counter boom

69. • Pumping output
• Basic pumping rules
• Employment of concrete pumps
• Recommended vibration practices
• Finishing and curing of concrete
» Troweling
• Consolidation and finishing
» a) frequency
» b) Amplitude
» c) orientation
» curing

70. Effect of compaction effort on concrete quality
•Curing

71. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS
• Slip form paving
• Pavement joints
• Curing pavement
• concrete
Slip form paving

72. • Smoothness
a)Concrete
b)Workability
c)Transport
d)Sensors
e)Altitude
f)Weight and traction

73. ADDITIONAL APPLICATION AND CONSIDERATION
• Roller compacted concrete
• Shotcreting
• Fly ash
• Placing concrete in hot weather
• Placing concrete in cold weather
• Safety
– Pumping concrete

74. CRANES

75. MOBILE CRANES
• Crawler cranes
• Telescoping boom truck mounted crane
• Lattice boom truck mounted cranes
Lattice boom crawler crane
Telescoping boomo truck mounted crane
Lattice boom truck mounted cranes

76. • Rough terrain crane
• All terrain crane
• Modified cranes for heavy lifting
» Trailing counterweight
» Extendable counterweight
» Ring system
• Crane booms
• Lifting capacity of cranes
• Rated loads for
• lattice and telescopic boom cranes
Rough terrain crane
All terrain crane

77. TOWER CRANES
• Classification
– Top slewing
– Bottom slewing
Mobile crane with
tower attachmentMobile crane
superstructure
Bottom slewing

78. Bottom slewing tower crane general veiw Slewing platform and ballast

79. Top slewing tower crane

80. • Operation
– Mobile crane rigged with vertical towers
– Fixed base tower crane
Placing reinforcement for block Concrete block completed

81. TRAVELLING TOWER CRANE
Travelling tower crane pier on fixed rails
- Climbing tower crane
Climbing tower crane

82. • Jib configuration
• Tower crane selection
• Rigging
– Factor of safety
– SLINGS
– Wire rope
– Chain
– Synthetic web
– Sling inspection
For high tower crane

83. CRANE ACCIDENT
• Safety plans and programs
• Crane safety plan
• Advanced Operator Aids
• Zones of responsibility
» Rigging personal
» Crane operator
» Lift director

84. DRAGLINES AND CLAMSHELLS
• Draglines
• Description of a dragline
• Size of dragline
• Operation of drag line
• Drag line production
• Factors affecting dragline productionBasic part of drag line

85. CLAMSHELL EXCAVATORS
• Lattice boom clamshell
• Clamshell bucket
Barge mounted crane using clamshell bucket
Clamshell bucket

86. PRODUCTION RATES FOR CLAMSHELLS
• Safety
• Piles and pile driving equipments
– Introduction
– Glossary of terms
– Anchor pile
– Butt of pile
– Cushion
– Cutoff
– Down drag
– Driving cap or helmet
– Penetration
– Overdriving
– Pile bent

87. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
• Timber pile
» Treated timber pile
» Untreated timber pile
• Concrete pile
» Precast prestressed
• Driving Concrete pile
• Cast in place Concrete pile
Casting beds

88. Barge mounted Whitney crane
•Steel pile
•Steel H section pile
•Steel pipe piles
• Composite pile
•Concrete steel composite pile
•Steel concrete composite piles
•Sheet pile
•Timber sheet pile
•Prestress concrete sheet piles
•Steel sheet pile
•Driving sheet steel pile

89. DRIVING PILES
• The resistance of pile to penetration
• Site investigation and test pile program
• Pile hammers
– Drop hammers
– Single acting hammers
– Double acting hammers
Arrangement of hammer cushion ,
helmet and pile cushion

90. • Differential acting hammers
• Diesel hammers
Diesel hammer
driving sheet pile
The operation diesel hammer

91. • Hydraulic impact hammer
– Hydraulic drop hammer
– Double acting hydraulic hammer
• Hydraulic Drivers
• Vibratory pile drivers
• Supporting and positioning piles during
driving
– Fixed leads
– Swing leads
– Hydraulic leads
– templates
Pile alignment nomenclature

92. • Jetting piles
• Spudding and Preaugering
• Hammer selection
• Pile driving safety
Swinging leads attached to crawler crane

93. AIR COMPRESSORS AND PUMPS
• Technical terms related to Gas laws
» Absolute pressure
» Absolute temperature
» Atmospheric pressure
» Density of air
» Gauge pressure
» Pressure
» Vacuum
» Standard conditions

94. • Gas Laws
» Energy required to compress air
• Technical terms related to Air compressor
» Aftercooler
» Centrifugal compressor
» Compression ratio
» Discharge pressure
» Diversity factor
» Load factor
» Single stage compressor
» Two stage compressor

95. Air operated tools that can be connected
to an air system
Equipment for pumping water
•Technical terms related to pumping
•Capacity
•Discharge heads
•Self priming
•Static discharge head
Dimensional terminology for
pumping operation

96. • Classification of Pumps
» Reciprocating pumps
» Diaphragm pumps
» Centrifugal pumps
» Submersible pumps
» Rubber hose
• Well point system
The impeller of centrifugal pump
Parts of well point system
Water table drawdown resulting from WellPoint

97. • Capacity of well point system
• Deep wells
Planning for Building Construction
 Site layout
 Early coordination
 Bid package
Stadium project
Steel stored at project site for erection

98. • Lifting and support equipment
» Mobilizing the crane
» Crawler or tower crane
» Lift planning
• Delivery of structural components
» Delivery management
» Steel lay down area
• Steel erection
Lattice boom crawler crane delivered to the project site

99. • Tilt up construction
» Panel layout
» Forms
» Concrete placement
» Erecting panels
Worker Applying spray to steel member
Forms for fill up panels
on slab on grade
Crane erecting fill up panel

100. • Control of construction nuisance
» Construction noise
» Backup alarms
» Blue angel certification
• Noise mitigation
» Source control
» Path controls
» Blue angel certification
» Receptor control
» Lighting
» Dust
» vibration
Crew using VAC truck system to locate
utilities
Slurry plant enclosed to audio visual
sensing and dust control

101. Forming systems
• Formwork and project engineer
• Formwork design
» Vertical loads on horizontal forms
» Lateral pressure of concrete on vertical forms
» Formwork : A layered system
» Formwork economics
Site layout

102. Thank you