2. DEFINITION
It is a diagnostic procedure in which a
blood is obtained from an artery directly
by an arterial puncture or accessed by a
way of indwelling arterial catheter
A.Y.T 2
3. EQUIPMENT
Blood gas kit OR
• 1ml /2ml syringe
• 23-26 gauge needle
• Stopper or cap
• Alcohol swab
• Disposable gloves
• Plastic bag & crushed ice
• Lidocaine (optional)
• Vial of heparin (1:1000)
• Par code or label A.Y.T 3
4. Preparatory phase:
• Record patient inspired oxygen concentration
• Check patient temperature
• Explain the procedure to the patient
• Provide privacy for client
• If not using hepranized syringe , hepranize
the needle
• Perform Allen's test
• Wait at least 20 minutes before drawing
blood for ABG after initiating, changing, or
discontinuing oxygen therapy, or settings of
mechanical ventilation, after suctioning the
patient or after extubation.
A.Y.T 4
5. EXCESSIVE HEPARIN
Dilutional effect on results ↓ HCO3
-
& PaCO2
Only .05 ml heperin required for 1 ml blood.
So syringe be emptied of heparin after flushing or only dead
space volume is sufficient or dry heperin should be used
6. ALLEN’S TEST
It is a test done to determine that
collateral circulation is present from the
ulnar artery in case thrombosis occur in
the radial
A.Y.T 6
7. Sites for obtaining abg
• Radial artery ( most common )
• Brachial artery
• Femoral artery
Radial is the most preferable
site used because:
• It is easy to access
• It is not a deep artery which
facilitate palpation,
stabilization and puncturing
• The artery has a collateral
blood circulation
A.Y.T 7
8. Performance phase:
• Wash hands
• Put on gloves
• Palpate the artery for maximum pulsation
• If radial, perform Allen's test
• Place a small towel roll under the patient
wrist
• Instruct the patient to breath normally
during the test and warn him that he may
feel brief cramping or throbbing pain at the
puncture site
• Clean with alcohol swab in circular motion
• Skin and subcutaneous tissue may be
infiltrated with local anesthetic agent if
needed
A.Y.T 8
9. • Insert needle at 45 radial ,
60 brachial and 90 femoral
• Withdraw the needle and
apply digital pressure
• Check bubbles in syringe
• Place the capped syringe in
the container of ice
immediately
• Maintain firm pressure on
the puncture site for 5
minutes, if patient has
coagulation abnormalities
apply pressure for 10 – 15
minutes
A.Y.T 9
10. AIR BUBBLES
:
1. PO2 ∼150 mmHg & PCO2 ∼0 mm Hg in air bubble(R.A.)
2. Mixing with sample, lead to ↑ PaO2 & ↓ PaCO2
To avoid air bubble, sample drawn very slowly and
preferabily in glass syringe
Steady State:
Sampling should done during steady state after change in
oxygen therepy or ventilator parameter
Steady state is achieved usually within 3-10 minutes
11. Follow up phase:
• Send labeled, iced specimen to the lab
immediately
• Palpate the pulse distal to the puncture site
• Assess for cold hands, numbness, tingling or
discoloration
• Documentation include: results of Allen's
test, time the sample was drawn,
temperature, puncture site, time pressure
was applied and if O2 therapy is there
• Make sure it’s noted on the slip whether the
patient is breathing room air or oxygen. If
oxygen, document the number of liters . If
the patient is receiving mechanical
ventilation, FIO2 should be documented
A.Y.T 11
13. ABG component
• PH:
measures hydrogen ion concentration in the
blood, it shows blood’ acidity or alkalinity
• PCO2 :
It is the partial pressure of CO2 that is carried
by the blood for excretion by the lungs, known as
respiratory parameter
• PO2:
It is the partial pressure of O2 that is dissolved in
the blood , it reflects the body ability to pick up
oxygen from the lungs
• HCO3 :
known as the metabolic parameter, it reflects the
kidney’s ability to retain and excrete bicarbonate
A .Y .T 13
14. Parameter 37 C (Change
every 10 min)
4 C (Change
every 10 min)
↓ pH 0.01 0.001
↑ PCO2 1 mm Hg 0.1 mm Hg
↓ PO2 0.1 vol % 0.01 vol %
Temp Effect On Change of ABG Values
16. Steps for ABG analysis
1. What is the pH? Acidemia or Alkalemia?
2. What is the primary disorder present?
3. Is there appropriate compensation?
4. Is the compensation acute or chronic?
5. Is there an anion gap?
6. If there is a AG check the delta gap?
19. Step 1
Look at the pH: is the blood acidemic or alkalemic?
pH normal value 7.35-7.45
ACIDIC:below 7.35
ALKALOSIS:above 7.45
20. Step 2: What is the primary disorder?
What disorder
is present?
pH pCO2 HCO3
Respiratory
Acidosis
pH low high high
Metabolic
Acidosis
pH low low low
Respiratory
Alkalosis
pH high low low
Metabolic
Alkalosis
pH high high high
ROME
23. Step 3-4: Is there appropriate
compensation? Is it chronic or acute?
Respiratory Acidosis
Acute (Uncompensated): for every 10 increase in pCO2 -> HCO3
increases by 1 and there is a decrease of 0.08 in pH
Chronic (Compensated): for every 10 increase in pCO2 -> HCO3
increases by 4 and there is a decrease of 0.03 in pH
Respiratory Alkalosis
Acute (Uncompensated): for every 10 decrease in pCO2 -> HCO3
decreases by 2 and there is a increase of 0.08 in PH
Chronic (Compensated): for every 10 decrease in pCO2 -> HCO3
decreases by 5 and there is a increase of 0.03 in PH
Partial Compensated: Change
in pH will be between 0.03 to
0.08 for every 10 mmHg
change in PCO2
24. Step 3-4: Is there appropriate
compensation?
Metabolic Acidosis
Winter’s formula: Expected pCO2 = 1.5[HCO3] + 8 ± 2
OR
∆ pCO2 = 1.2 (∆ HCO3)
If serum pCO2 > expected pCO2 -> additional
respiratory acidosis and vice versa
Metabolic Alkalosis
Expected PCO2 = 0.7 × HCO3 + (21 ± 2)
OR
∆ pCO2 = 0.7 (∆ HCO3)
If serum pCO2 < expected pCO2 - additional respiratory
alkalosis and vice versa
25. Step 5: Calculate the anion gap
AG used to assess acid-base status esp in D/D of
metabolic acidosis
∆ AG & ∆ HCO3
-
used to assess mixed acid-base
disorders
AG based on principle of electroneutrality:
Total Serum Cations = Total Serum Anions
Na + (K + Ca + Mg) = HCO3 + Cl + (PO4 + SO4
+ Protein + Organic Acids)
Na + UC = HCO3 + Cl + UA
Na – (HCO3 + Cl) = UA – UC
Na – (HCO3 + Cl) = AG
Normal =12 ± 2
26. Contd…
AG corrected = AG + 2.5[4 – albumin]
If there is an anion Gap then calculate the
Delta/delta gap (step 6) to determine
additional hidden nongap metabolic acidosis
or metabolic alkalosis
If there is no anion gap then start analyzing
for non-anion gap acidosis
27. Step 6: Calculate Delta Gap
Delta gap = (actual AG – 12) + HCO3
Adjusted HCO3 should be 24 (+_ 6) {18-30}
If delta gap > 30 -> additional metabolic alkalosis
If delta gap < 18 -> additional non-gap metabolic
acidosis
If delta gap 18 – 30 -> no additional metabolic
disorders
28. Step 5: Calculate the “gaps”
Anion gap = Na+
− [Cl−
+ HCO3
−
]
Δ AG = Anion gap − 12
Δ HCO3 = 24 − HCO3
Δ AG = Δ HCO3
−
, then Pure high AG Met. Acidosis
Δ AG > Δ HCO3
−
, then High AG Met Acidosis + Met. Alkalosis
Δ AG < Δ HCO3
−
, then High AG Met Acidosis + HCMA
29. Nongap metabolic acidosis
For non-gap metabolic acidosis, calculate the urine anion
gap
URINARY AG
Total Urine Cations = Total Urine Anions
Na + K + (NH4 and other UC) = Cl + UA
(Na + K) + UC = Cl + UA
(Na + K) – Cl = UA – UC
(Na + K) – Cl = AG
Distinguish GI from renal causes of loss of HCO3 by estimating
Urinary NH4+ .
Hence a -ve UAG (av -20 meq/L) seen in GI, while +ve value (av
+23 meq/L) seen in renal problem.
UAG = UNA + UK – UCL
31. Causes of nongap metabolic acidosis - DURHAM
Diarrhea, ileostomy, colostomy, enteric fistulas
Ureteral diversions or pancreatic fistulas
RTA type I or IV, early renal failure
Hyperailmentation, hydrochloric acid administration
Acetazolamide, Addison’s
Miscellaneous – post-hypocapnia, toulene, sevelamer, cholestyramine ingestion
32. Dictums in ABG AnalysisDictums in ABG Analysis
1. Primary change & Compensatory change always
occur in the same direction.
2. pH and Primary parameter change in the same
direction suggests a metabolic problem.
pH and Primary parameter change in the opposite
direction suggests a respiratory problem.
3. Renal and pulmonary compensatory mechanisms
return pH toward but rarely to normal.
Corollary:
A normal pH in the presence of changes in PCO2 or
HCO3 suggets a mixed acid-base disorder.
33. Steps for ABG analysis
1. What is the pH? Acidemia or Alkalemia?
2. What is the primary disorder present?
3. Is there appropriate compensation?
4. Is the compensation acute or chronic?
5. Is there an anion gap?
6. If there is a AG check the delta gap?
Notas do Editor
25% lower values if 1ml sample taken in 10 ml syringe (0.25 ml heparin in needle)
Syringes must be &gt; 50% full with blood sample
Just read the steps off the slides. Quick overview .
Determine if you have acidemia or alkalemia based on the PH
Here we determine primary disorder is it respiratory or metabolic
Check to see if there is appropriate compensation for the primary disorder in order to figure if its simple or mixed disorder
Then analyze if this is an acute event or chronic
Always look to see if there is an anion gap
Due the other calculation depending on the underlying primary source . Such as if AG acidosis check to see if there is also a Delta gap to see if there is also non-anion gap present
And lastly then come up with a DDX
Just go over the table
Then point out the arrows :A quick trick is to determine respiratory versus metabolic is : If PH and PCO2 are going in the opposite direction : then its respiratory, If PH and PCO2 are going in same directions then its metabolic.
- Be careful with the mixed disorders using the trick.
You need to memorize these and know it by heart . Then quickly go over the changes
Then summarize : The easiest one is that for acute situations for every change of 10 in the PCO2 there is should be a change of 0.08 in PH and in chronic situation there should be a change of 0.03 .
If there is a different change then know that there is most likely a mixed disorder
In ac resp alkalosis, imm response to fall in CO2 (& H2CO3) release of H+ by blood and tissue buffers react with HCO3- fall in HCO3- (usually not less than 18) and fall in pH
Cellular uptake of HCO3- in exchange for Cl-
Steady state in 15 min - persists for 6 hrs
After 6 hrs kidneys increase excretion of HCO3- (usually not less than 12-14)
Steady state reached in 11/2 to 3 days.
Timing of onset of hypocapnia usually not known except for pts on MV. Hence progression to subac and ch resp alkalosis indistinct in clinical practice
Imm response to rise in CO2 (& H2CO3) blood and tissue buffers take up H+ ions, H2CO3 dissociates and HCO3- increases with rise in pH.
Steady state reached in 10 min & lasts for 8 hours.
PCO2 of CSF changes rapidly to match PaCO2.
Hypercapnia that persists &gt; few hours induces an increase in CSF HCO3- that reaches max by 24 hr and partly restores the CSF pH.
After 8 hrs, kidneys generate HCO3-
Steady state reached in 3-5 d
Metabolic acidosis is the disorder you will mostly encounter in the hospital.
You must memorize Winter’s formula
Winter’s formula calculates the expected pCO2 in the setting of metabolic acidosis.
If the serum pCO2 &gt; expected pCO2 then there is additional respiratory acidosis in which the etiology needs to also be determined.
Always calculate the AG . (fyi most BMP ordered calculate the gap for you but need to memorize the formula)
Don’t forget to look at albumin and adjust the calculated gap. If albumin is less than 4 then add 2.5 to your gap for every decrease of 1
Delta/Delta gap needs to be calculated to see if there is other underlying acidosis/alkolosis that are present
Must memorize how to calculate the delta gap
Just read off the slide
- Go over the table
- Most common cause in the hospital is IV fluids and Diarrhea
Go over the table
One thing to watch out for is Toluene (initially high gap, subsequent excretion of metabolites normalizes gap)
Calculate osmol gap to determine if osmotically active ingestions (methanol, paraldehyde) are the cause of the gap metabolic acidosis. Other ingestions are toluene, isopropyl alcohol.
Just read the steps off the slides. Quick overview .
Determine if you have acidemia or alkalemia based on the PH
Here we determine primary disorder is it respiratory or metabolic
Check to see if there is appropriate compensation for the primary disorder in order to figure if its simple or mixed disorder
Then analyze if this is an acute event or chronic
Always look to see if there is an anion gap
Due the other calculation depending on the underlying primary source . Such as if AG acidosis check to see if there is also a Delta gap to see if there is also non-anion gap present
And lastly then come up with a DDX