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1. Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing Essay
Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing EssayCrohns disease is a kind of
lifestyle disease. Crohns disease is also known as regional enterities. It is a type of
inflammatory bowel disease. Crohns disease is different with ulcerative colitis which is
another common type of inflammatory bowel disease.The differences between the two
illness is the area that affected in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). Crohn's disease affects
the end of small bowel (the ileum) and the beginning of the colon, but it may affect any part
of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from the mouth to the end of the rectum. Crohns
Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing EssayDiagram 1 - Regions that are affected
byulcerative colitis and Crohn's diseaseThere are 700,000 Americans may affected Crohn's
disease. Crohn's disease is a disease which can be associated with genetic inheritance which
runs in some families. If there is anyone of your relatives have this disease, your family
members will have a significantly increased in chance of getting Crohn's disease.The risk of
developing this disease will increase when your parents have inflammatory bowel disease.
Related members of the family of the affected individuals will be at higher risk. The
percentage of getting Crohn's for males and females are 50% respectively. The ratio of
getting this disease for smokers and non- smokers is two to one. This disease can occur at
any age but it is more prevalent among teenagers and young adults. The range of the age is
between 15 and 35. Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing EssayThe exact
cause of Crohn's disease is unknown. Crohn's disease is more common in developed
countries. It is an autoimmune disorder which is a condition that occurs when the body's
immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. In short, the body
over-reacts to normal bacteria in the intestines. Immunological and bacterial factors in
genetically susceptible individuals are the causes of the disease. The interaction between
environmental is one of the cause of the Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease has traditionally
been described as an autoimmune disease, but recent investigators have described it as an
immune deficiency state.Diagram1- Distribution of Crohn's Disease in the intestinal
tractCrohn's disease can be categorized by the specific tract region affected. 50 % of the
Illeocolic Crohn's will occur in both the ileum and the large intestine. 30% of the Crohn's
ileitis will occur on illeum only, while the Crohn's colitis, that manifest the large intestine,
accounts for the remaining 20%. Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing
EssayDiagram 2 - Affected region by Crohn's diseaseCrohns' disease can be categorized by
the behaviour of disease as it progresses. There are three categories of diseasee
presentation in Crohn's disease they are stricturing, penetrating and inflammatory.

2. Stricturing disease causes narrowing of the bowel that may lead to bowel obstruction or
changes in the calliber of the faeces. Penetrating disease creates abnormal passageways
between bowel and other structures, such as the skin. Inflammation disease causes
inflammation without causing strictures or fistule.Crohn's disease is a kind of chronic
disease. It is a chronic inflammatory disorder, in which the body's immune system attacks
the gastrointestinal tract possibly directed at microbial antigens. The patient will suffer
throughout the period that the disease flares up and causes a lot of symptoms. During this
period, the patient may not be aware of the symptoms at all. Crohn's disease affects any part
of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing
EssayDiagram : Gastrointestinal Tract in which Crohn's Disease affects Gastrointestinal
Tract in which Crohn's Disease affectsThe primarily symptom of Crohn's disease are pain in
abdomen that often accompanied by diarrhoea which may or may be bloody especially for
those who have had surgery. The nature of the diarrhea in the disease depends on the part
of the small intestine or colon involved. Ileitis typically results in large-volume and watery
faeces while the colitis may result in a smaller volume of faeces but with high frequency.
The faecal consistency can be range from solid state to watery. There are several cases
which the patients have more than 20 bowel movements per day at any time. We can see
the bleeding n the faeces in Crohn's colitis.Bloody bowel movements are continuous and it
can be in bright or dark red in colour. Flatulence and bloating will cause more the intestinal
discomfort.Fever, vomiting, join pain, weight loss, skin problems and bleeding from the
rectum may ocurred also and cause a person malnutrition. It may also cause the
complications outside the gastrointestinal tract such as skin rashes, arthritis, anemia,
fistula, inflammation of the eye, tiredness, and lack of concentration. Constipation may
occur also. Children who have this disease may have growth problems. Crohns Contribution
To Physiology Sample Nursing EssaySymptomsCrohn's diseaseDefecationOften porridge-
like, sometime steatorrheaTenesmusLess commonFeverCommonFistulaeCommonWeight
lossOftenTable 1 - The common symptoms in Crohns' diseaseIn Crohn disease the
maximum damage to the intestine occurs beneath the mucosa, and lymphoid
conglomerations, known as granulomata, are formed in the submucosa. In addition, Crohn
disease attacks the perianal tissues more often than does ulcerative colitis. Crohn disease is
diagnosed by a combination of methods, including blood and stool analysis and
colonoscopy. Diagnosis may be confirmed by other methods, such as barium enema, which
uses X-rays to examine the intestine following rectal insertion of a liquid barium contrast
agent, and capsule endoscopy, which examines the intestines via a pill-sized video camera
that is swallowed by the patient and transmits images to sensors attached to the patient's
body as it passes through the digestive tract. Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample
Nursing EssayThe effect of the Crohn's disease can be problematic during pregnancy. This is
because some medications can cause undesirable outcome to the foetus or mother.Certain
medication will reduce the production of sperms or may affect man's ability to conceive.
Preventive measures are taken through consultation with obstetrician and
gastroenterologist.Crohn's disease can be diagnosed through stool tests, blood tests, biopsy,
sigmoidoscopy (used to investigate the lower bowel), colonoscopy, endoscopy, Barium
enema X-ray, Barium meal X-ray and CT scans. X-ray pictures of the abdomen then show the

3. inside of the bowel more clearly. Barium appears white on X-rays. Although there are so
many tests, none of them require a general anesthetic. They are generally carried out as out-
patient procedures so the patient does not need to stay in hospital overnight. Crohns
Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing EssayScientistCrohn's disease was first
described by Burrill Bernard Crohn, Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon Oppenheimer in
1932, but it was not clinically, histologically, or radiographically distinguished from
ulcerative colitis until 1959.Diagram - Dr. Burrill Bernard CrohnDiagram - Dr Leon
Ginzburg.The history of the scientistBurrill Bernard Crohn (June 13, 1884 - July 29, 1983)
was an American gastroenterologist and was the first to describe the disease for which he is
known, Crohn's disease. His Institutions is Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. He studied at
the College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University in year 1908.In 1932, Dr. Crohn
and two colleagues, Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon Oppenheimer, published an
important paper describing the then-relatively unknown condition. Their seminal paper,
"Terminal Ileitis: A new clinical entity," documenting fourteen cases. The name of the
disease was changed to "Regional ileitis" on publication.Crohns Contribution To Physiology
Sample Nursing EssayAt the time that he and his colleagues described the disease, Dr. Crohn
had a private practice in New York City and usually admitted his patients for diagnosis and
treatment to the Mount Sinai Hospital. At Mount Sinai he worked with the neurologist
Bernard Sachs from 1858 to 1944. He also spent time working with Dr. Jesse Shapiro,
another medical doctor was very involved with Crohn's research. As Dr. Shapiro had been
diagnosed with Crohn's himself, he had a born devotion to cure the disease. At Mount Sinai
Hospital, Dr. Crohn built a very large and successful practice for patients with
granulomatous enterocolitis and eventually was made the first chief of the department of
gastroenterology. He was highly respected throughout the remainder of his professional
career and received numerous patients from all over the USA, as well as from abroad.Crohn
practiced medicine until he was 90, splitting time in his later years between the Upper East
Side of Manhattan and at his country home in New Milford, Connecticut, where he met his
second wife, Rose Elbogen Crohn, whom he married in 1947. The Burrill B. Crohn Research
Foundation was established at Mount Sinai in 1983 with initial funding from Rose Crohn
and later his daughter, Ruth Crohn Dickler. Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample
Nursing EssayORDER A PLAGIARISM- FREE PAPER NOWThe discoveryThe first description
of the Crohn's disease was earlier made by the Italian physician Giovanni Battista Morgagni
(1682-1771) in 1769, when he diagnosed a young man with a chronic, debilitating illness
and diarrhea.Successive cases were reported in 1898 by John Berg and by Polish surgeon
Antoni Lesniowski in 1904. In 1913, Scottish physician T. Kennedy Dalziel, at the meeting of
the British Medical Association, described nine cases in which the patients suffered from
intestinal obstruction. On close examination of the inflamed bowel, the transmural
inflammation that is characteristic of the disease was clearly evident. Abdominal cramps,
fever, diarrhea and weight loss were observed in most patients, particularly young adults, in
the 1920s and 1930s. In 1923, surgeons at the Mt Sinai Hospital in New York identified 12
patients with similar symptoms. In 1930, Dr Burrill Bernard Crohn pointed out similar
findings in two patients whom he was treating. Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample
Nursing EssayCrohn's contribution to physiologySome of Crohn's initial research into the

4. causes of the disease was centered on his personal conviction that it was caused by the
same pathogen, a bacterium called Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (MAP), responsible for
the similar condition that afflicts cattle, that is Johne's disease. However, he was unable to
isolate the pathogen-most likely because M. paratuberculosis sheds its cellular wall in
humans and takes the form of a spheroplast, making it virtually undetectable under an
optical microscope. This theory has resurfaced in recent years, and has been lent more
credence with the arrival of more sophisticated methods to identify the MAP bacteria.
Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing EssayResearchDoctors and scientists
are conducting Crohn's disease research that known as clinical trials. Research studies are
designed to answer important questions and to determine whether new approaches to
treating Crohn's disease are safe and effective. This research has already led to many
advances, and researchers continue to search for more effective methods for dealing with
Crohn's disease.Crohn's Allogeneic Transplant Study's investigation team of Seattle is
undergoing the Phase II clinical trial to cure it. Transplanting of bone marrow is involved.
The purpose of this phase is curing effectively patients who have this disease, Crohn's
disease.The Phase II research, the doctors will give the best medical and surgical treatments
to the patients with Crohn's disease who is going to undergo the transplantation so that
they are healthy enough. The transplant procedure starts with chemotherapy and a small
dose of radiation so that the patient's immune system is weak and can accept the bone
marrow calls from other.After receiving other person's bone marrow cells, immune
suppressive medicines are given to prevent the new cells from being rejected and to stop
those cells from damaging the patient. The new immune system will start growing and the
blood counts will rise after the new donor cells start working. There is a risk of infection
during this time so antibiotics and anti- viral drugs are given to prevent the infection.
Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing EssayAfter the new donor cells are
well-established, the immune suppressive medicines will be stopped. Doctors will examine
parts of the intestine that were inflamed before the start of the transplant procedure; to
make sure the Crohn's Disease has disappeared after the transplant. Patients will be
formally evaluated for Crohn's activity at around 100 days after transplant, and yearly after
that for 5 years. Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing EssayThe effect of
Crohn's disease in intestineCrohn's disease can cause several mechanical complications
within the intestines, including obstruction, fistulae, and abscesses. Obstruction typically
occurs from structures or adhesions that narrow the lumen, blocking the passage of the
intestinal contents. Fistulae (an abnormal connection or passageway between two
epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect) can develop between two
loops of bowel, between the bowel and bladder, between the bowel and vagina, and
between the bowel and skin. Abscesses are collections of infections, which may occur in the
abdomen or in the perianal area in Crohn's disease sufferers. Ileovesical fistulae are the
most common cause in Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease involves in the small bowel that will
cause higher risk for small intestinal cancer. People with Crohn's colitis will have a relative
risk of 5.6 for developing colon cancer.Diagram : Endoscopy image of colon showing
serpiginous ulcer, a classic finding in Crohn's disease. Crohns Contribution To Physiology
Sample Nursing EssayPathophysiologyDuring a colonoscopy, biopsies of the colon are often

5. taken to confirm the diagnosis. Certain characteristic features of the pathology seen point
toward Crohn's disease; it shows a transmural pattern of inflammation, meaning the
inflammation may span the entire depth of the intestinal wall. Ulceration is an outcome seen
in highly active disease. There is usually an abrupt transition between unaffected tissue and
the ulcer - a characteristic sign known as skip lesions. Under a microscope, biopsies of the
affected colon may show mucosal inflammation, characterized by focal infiltration of
neutrophils, a type of inflammatory cell, into the epithelium. This typically occurs in the
area overlying lymphoid aggregates. These neutrophils, along with mononuclear cells, may
infiltrate the crypts, leading to inflammation (crypititis) or abscess (crypt abscess).
Granulomas, aggregates of macrophage derivatives known as giant cells, are found in 50%
of cases and are most specific for Crohn's disease. The granulomas of Crohn's disease do not
show "caseation", a cheese-like appearance on microscopic examination characteristic of
granulomas associated with infections, such as tuberculosis. Biopsies may also show
chronic mucosal damage, as evidenced by blunting of the intestinal villi, atypical branching
of the crypts, and a change in the tissue type (metaplasia). One example of such metaplasia,
Paneth cell metaplasia, involves development of Paneth cells (typically found in the small
intestine) in other parts of the gastrointestinal system.Crohns Contribution To Physiology
Sample Nursing EssayDiagram : Section of colectomy showing transmural
inflammationPreventionCrohn's disease cannot be prevented, because the cause is
unknown. But you can take steps to reduce the severity of the disease. First, take medicines
regularly can reduce sudden attacks and keep the disease in remission.Second, do not
smoke. Smoking will increase the disease. Third, never use antibiotics unlesss the doctor
prescribed for you. Eating small meals can help with a low appetite too. Getting a healthy
diet, regular exercise and enough of sleep also can help to reduce the symptoms. By
controlling the symptoms, we should follow the low dietary fiber diet especially the fibrous
foods that cause symptoms.TreatmentThere is no cure for the Crohn's disease because
Crohn's disease is unpredictable but there may have treatment options that can make
sufferers to minimise the effects of the condition on their lives. If the remission is achieved,
the relapse can be prevented and the symptoms can be controlled. A person needs to
receive the treatment when the symptoms are active. Crohn's disease cannot cure by
surgery. There are three main goals for the treatment of Crohn's disease. There are the
achieving remission that relieve symptoms, maintaining remission that prevent symptom
flare- ups and improving the quality of life. Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample
Nursing EssayThe main treatment for Crohn's disease is to take medicine so that can stop
the inflammation that occurred in the intestine. Medicine can prevent the flare- ups and
keep you in remission. These treatments are ongoing treatment that the doctor will want to
see the patient about every half year. If your condition will flare- ups, you may have lab tests
every 2- 3 months. People who have serious complications may require a stronger
medicineThe doctor will give the patients the traditional first-line at the beginning of the
treatment. If the patients are getting worse, the doctor will change or add the medicines.
Antidiarrheal medicine which will slows or stops the painful spams in intestines that cause
symptoms can be respond for the mild symptoms. Aminosalicylates, antibiotics,
cortisoteroids, Biologics and the medicine that suppress the immune system are the types of

6. medicine that the doctor will give to the mild to moderate symptoms. Lastly, the severe
symptoms may be treated with corticosteroids given through a vein. The first step is to
control the disease. After the symptoms are gone, the doctor will change the medicine that
listed above so that the symptoms are in remission. Crohns Contribution To Physiology
Sample Nursing EssayConclusionCrohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease
(IBD) which will affected ours gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Patients who have this disease
can't able to notice at all. Crohn's disease is a disease which can be associated with genetic
inheritance which runs in some families. Teenagers and young adults whose age is between
15 - 35 will be easilly to get this disease. There are three types of Crohn's disease that is
Crohn's colitis, Crohn's ileitis and Crohn's Illeocolic which will affected different region of
the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.Crohn's disease is an autoimmune disorder. Crohn's disease is
a chronic disease which the body's immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract
possibly directed at microbial antigens. The patient will suffer throughout the period that
the disease flares up and causes a lot of symptoms. The primarily symptom of Crohn's
disease are pain in abdomen that often accompanied by diarrhoea. Constipation, fever,
vomiting, join pain, weight loss, skin problems and bleeding from the rectum may ocurred
also and cause a person malnutrition. Crohn's disease may cause the patient to get colon
cancer too. Crohns Contribution To Physiology Sample Nursing EssayBurrill Bernard Crohn
and two of his colleagues, Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon Oppenheimer described this
disease in New York City and usually admitted his patients for diagnosis and treatment to
the Mount Sinai Hospital in 1932. Dr. Burrill Bernard Crohn practiced medicine until he was
90.Crohn's disease cannot be prevented, because the cause is unknown and it is a genetic
association disease so we have to change our bad lifestyle. We can change certain lifestyle
like dietary adjustments, elemental diet, proper hydration, and smoking cessation will
reduce the symptoms. Getting enough sleep is important too.Doctors and scientists are
conducting Crohn's disease research that known as clinical trials. Crohn's Allogeneic
Transplant Study's investigation team of Seattle is still undergoing the Phase II clinical trial
to cure it by the bone marrow transplantation.There is still no cure for Crohn's disease
because Crohn's disease is unpredictable. The doctor's goal is to control inflammation,
correct nutritional problems, and relieve symptoms. Doctors will give the patients medicine
so that can stop the inflammation that occurred in the intestine. Medicine can prevent the
flare- ups and keep you in remission. Sometimes, surgery is needed too.Crohn's disease may
cause us die if we didn't get the accurate treatment. For those who have this disease have to
change those bad lifestyle. There have treatment options that can make sufferers to
minimise the effects of the condition on their lives. Crohns Contribution To Physiology
Sample Nursing Essay