Insights into the Twitterverse: Benchmarking and analysis twitter content
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The document provides an overview of Stephen Dann's methodology for analyzing Twitter data and conversations. It discusses acquiring Twitter data through personal timelines, hashtag captures, or timeline captures. The data is then processed by extracting tweets into Excel for manual coding into categories. Additional analysis includes LIWC for word counts and Leximancer for concept mapping. Metrics like tweet count, character density, network density, and average/unique word counts are calculated and normalized for comparison across categories. The analysis aims to provide insights into research questions about changes in tweeting patterns, hashtag conversations over time, or account engagement.
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Insights into the Twitterverse: Benchmarking and analysis twitter content
- 1. Exploring the Streams of Online Community Conversation: Insights into the Twitterverse @stephendann Australian National University
- 2. Usual House Rules @stephendann for questions #anzmac13 for commentary
- 3. A little context The Past • Dann (2010) – Six top level twitter categories – 23 sub domains • Dann (2011) – Six top level – 28 sub domain The Present • Dann (Today) – Six Top Level Categories • No sub domain analysis – Secondary Processing • Leximancer • Linguistic Inquiry Word Count
- 4. Twitter Analysis 2.0.14 The Procedure
- 5. Acquire Research Question • Does Event X change the tweeting patterns of Account @Y? • Do responses to the #hashtag event change over time? – #EventTags in Time Period A will have more Status than in Time Period D – Time Period D will have more Pass Along than Status • What were they thinking? – Dominant Categories of tweets over time within a selected account • Do comments change by platform for account @X? – mobile versus web versus desktop • Does @BrandX engage with the community? – Conversational over all other types over capture time period
- 6. Acquire your data • Personal timelines – Download from Twitter • #Hashtag captures – Hootsuite • Time line captures – Choose your own adventure – Getting worse, harder and Twitter’s API is less available. • Try to avoid big data
- 7. Big Data • If you are Axel Bruns, fine, continue – http://mappingonlinepublics.net/ • For everyone else, what are you looking for? – What sample suits your research question?
- 8. Process your data • Stand by for ugliness and manual coding* – Extract data into Excel • Excel allows for additional data inputs as you progress the analysis – Keep tweet visible • Only keep a column visible if it fits your research question – Eg date, time, @user, platform – Add column for Tweet ID, category, cat_n • Sub category, sub_cat_n for the detailed version *Automated coding? People are working on it. It’s a terrible idea that’ll happen anyway
- 9. Manual Coding • Use the Dann (2010) or Dann (2011) top level domains – Dann (201X) is under development • I broke something important earlier this year • Manual coding is superior – Nuance and interpretation counts.
- 10. Pick a box 1 Conversational Uses an @statement to address another user 2 News Events Identifiable news content 3 Pass along Tweets of endorsement of content 4 Phatic Content independent connected presence 5 Status Tweets which address the statement "What are you doing?" and "What's happening?" in terms of an account holder's experiences 6 Spam Unsolicited content
- 11. Keep it on manual Conversational Uses an @statement to address another user 1.1 Action Activities involving other Twitter users, or tweets which describe the presence of other Twitter users. 1.2 Query Any statement style tweet that ends with a question mark, as it represents an active attempt to engage responses from the community 1.3 Referral An @response which contains URLs or recommendation of other Twitter users. (Excludes RT @user) 1.4 Response Classification for tweets which commence with another user’s name and which do not meet the requirements of the referral category 1.5 Rhetoric Question Asked and answered within the same tweet (distinct from Conversational - Query) which may not require (but may elicit) audience response
- 12. Upgrades Pass along Tweets of endorsement of content 3.1 Automated Endorsement Status announcements triggered by third party applications which publish URLs 3.2 Endorsement Links to web content not created by the sender 3.3 Retweet Any statement reproducing another Twitter status using the via @ or RT protocol 3.4 Secondary Social Media Links to Facebook (fb.me) or similar social media platform 3.5 User generated content Links to own content created by the user 3.6 Quote Comment marked with “ “ to represent a direct quote, paraphrase of a statement without a source URL, including reference to offline speaker or overheard (OH) 3.7 Cite Any tweet which contains a reference in a recognised Harvard, Oxford or similar format 3.8 Modified ReTweet Acknowledgement of the use of MT protocol to allow for an edited RT.
- 13. Speed Hacking Excel • Speed hacks exist – Alphabet Tweet Sort • @, RT, MT cluster • “Find all” selecting.
- 14. Coding Time! • Cross check the coding – Some variance is okay – Resolve it through the usual traditions
- 16. Coded
- 17. Analysis Table Block Category Tweet (TCat) Tweet Ratio Max Density Actual Characters Character Density Density Ratio Conversational News Pass Along Phatic Spam Status n
- 18. Tweet Math Dude • Tweet Count – N per category • Calculate the Tweet Ratio – Tweet ratio is a normalized rank order of the highest volume of tweets, where the most common category is scored as 1 • Calculating the Tweet Ratio – Highest number of tweets in a single category = TTMax – Tweets per category = TCat – Ratio is Tcat / TTMax I’m only mildly mocking statistical analysis here
- 19. Maximum Character Density • Max Density = 140 x TCat [number of tweets in each category] • Theoretical range for a tweet is between 1 and 140 characters • Maximum tweet is 140 characters • More characters used, more information density • Calculate Character Density – (Actual Character / Max Density) • Divide each CharDensity score by the highest Char density • Normalise CharDensity score to rank order
- 20. Reporting the Data Category Tweet (TCat) Tweet Ratio Max Density Actual Characters Character Density Density Ratio Conversational 39 0.08 5460 3533 65% 0.81 News 41 0.08 5740 3778 66% 0.83 Pass Along 481 1 67340 53491 79% 1.00 Phatic 21 0.04 2940 2179 74% 0.93 Spam 1 0.00 140 81 58% 0.73 Status 18 0.03 2520 1543 61% 0.77 n 601 84140 64605 77%
- 21. Reporting the Data 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Conversational News Pass Along Phatic Spam Status Ratio Density
- 22. Text Analysis Wave 1 Linguistic Inquiry Word Count So. Very. Fast.
- 23. LIWC • http://www.liwc.net/ – text analysis software – calculates the degree to which people use different categories of words in texts • 70 other language dimensions. – positive or negative emotions, – self-references, – causal words,
- 24. A giant bucket of data • 70 variables – So have a hypothesis and a purpose for the analysis • Differences in tweet construction – Word Counts – Unique Words
- 25. Results Average Word Count (AWC) Unique Word Count (UWC) Category AWC AWC_Ratio Conversational 12.82 0.78 News 13.56 0.82 Pass Along 16.35 1 Phatic 15.42 0.94 Status 12.94 0.79 Category UWC UWC_Ratio Conversational 93 0.97 News 93 0.97 Pass Along 92 0.96 Phatic 93 0.97 Status 96 1
- 26. Results Word Count Unique Word 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Conversational News Pass AlongPhatic Status 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1 Conversational News Pass AlongPhatic Status Chart Title
- 27. Text Analysis Wave 2 Leximancer
- 28. Leximancer • Import into Leximancer as an individual analysis (individual project) – Edit Pre processing options: Sentence per block 1 – Run to Generate Outputs – Generate Concept Map
- 29. Map time!
- 30. Four sample maps Entirely because quadrants fit on screens better than hexes. No other reason conversational news pass along phatic
- 31. Tweet Network Density • Calculate Network Density – Count Nodes (n) – Count Actual Connections (e) Edges (paths between nodes) – Calculate Network density based on 2e / n(n-1) • Network Density Notes – Calculate potential connections
- 32. Pass Along Network Nodes Edges Network Density 15 15 0.14
- 33. Network Density Results Category Nodes Edges Network Density Conversational 13 12 0.15 News 18 17 0.11 Pass Along 15 15 0.14 Phatic 3 2 0.67 Status 4 3 0.50 n 19 17 0.10 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Conversational News Pass AlongPhatic Status
- 34. One Bucket of Data • This is why a research question is important – You can map a range of information – None of it is useful without the RQ / hypothesis – It’s pretty, but not valuable Category Tweet Density Network Ave.WC Unique Words Conversatio nal 0.081081 0.819075 0.814598 0.830959 0.96875 News 0.085239 0.83315 0.828595 0.878952 0.96875 Pass Along 1 1.005496 1 1.059722 0.958333 Phatic 0.043659 0.938173 0.933044 1 0.96875 Status 0.037422 0.775065 0.770829 0.838992 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Tweet Density Network Ave.WC Unique Words Chart Title Conversational News Pass Along Phatic Status
- 35. Questions? • @stephendann • Stephen.dann@anu.edu.au • stephen@stephendann.net