2. Overview
Definition of Developing Materials
Basis to choose, adapt, or develop
materials
3 possible ways to develop materials:
Materials evaluation
Materials design
Materials/ textbooks adaptation
3. Developing Materials
Determining the
organizing principle(s)
(e.g., themes, genres,
tasks)
Identifying the course unit
based on the organizing
principle(s)
Sequencing the
units
Determining unit
content and developing
materials
Organizing unit
content
4. Developing Materials
For a teacher designing a course, materials
development means creating, choosing or adapting, and
organizing materials and activities so that students can
achieve the objectives that will help them reach the
goals of the course.
Materials development encompasses decisions about
the actual materials you use, as well as the activities
students do, and how the materials and activities are
organized into lessons.
5. A list of considerations for Developing
Materials
The students and their needs
The goals and objectives of the course
The view of how students learn and of the
students and teacher roles in the classroom
The aspects of language students need to learn
The types of activities
6. 1. Activities should be relevant to students’
experience and knowledge
2. Activities should be relevant to students’ outside
of class needs
3. Activities should build students’ confidence
4. Activities should allow students to problem
solve, discover, analyze
5. Activities should help students develop specific
skills & strategies
A list of considerations for Designing
Activities
7. 6. Activities should help students develop specific language
& skills they need for authentic communication
7. Activities should integrate the 4 skills: speaking,
listening, reading, and writing
8. Activities should enable students to understand how a
text is structured
9. Activities should enable students to understand cultural
context, cultural differences
10. Activities should enable students to develop social
awareness
11. Activities should be as authentic as possible
A list of considerations for Designing
Activities (cont.)
8. 12. Activities should vary the roles and groupings
13. Activities should be of various types and
purposes
14. Activities should use authentic texts or relia
when possible
15. Activities should employ a variety of materials
A list of considerations for Designing
Activities (cont.)
9. Considerations for Developing
Materials: Making choices
Material:
Tasks/ Activities:
Language output (by students):
Pedagogical Authentic
Semi-authentic
Pedagogical In the real
world
Real world
Controlled Open-ended
11. Materials Evaluation
Evaluation is basically a matching
process: matching needs with the
available solutions
In short, it is selecting from existing
materials
12. Ellis’s Model (1997)
Micro- evaluation
Choosing a task to follow;
Describing the task which requires specification of the content of a
task in terms of input, procedures, language activities and
outcomes;
Planning the evaluation with reference to the above;
Collecting information (before the task is used, while it is used and
on completion of the task) and about how the task is performed,
what learning took place as a result and T’s and Ss’ opinions of the
task;
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the information collected;
Reaching conclusion, making recommendations for future teaching
Writing report.
13. Cunningsworth’s Model (1995)
Teaching material should be evaluated from the
following perspectives:
Language content
Selection and grading of language items;
Presentation and practice of language items;
Developing language skills and
communication abilities;
Supporting materials;
Motivation to the learners.
14. Criteria (cont.)
Cunningsworth’s criteria:
Materials should correspond to learners’ needs;
They should match the aims of the program;
They should reflect the uses (present and future)
of learners
They should facilitate learners’ learning processes,
without dogmatically imposing a “rigid” method;
They should have a clear role as support for
learning. Like teachers, material mediate between
target language and the learners.
15. Materials Evaluation
Hutchinson & Waters’ Model (1987)
Define criteria
On what bases will you
judge materials? Which
criteria will be more
important?
Objective analysis
Analysis of materials being
evaluated
Subjective analysis
Analysis of your course, in
terms of materials
requirements
Matching
How far does the
material match
your needs?
16. Criteria for material evaluation
Hutchinson and Waters’ criteria:
Audience
Aims
Content
Methodology
17. Subjective analysis Objective analysis
Audience Who are your learners?
Who is the material
intended for?
Aims
What are the aims of
your course?
What are the aims of
the materials?
Content
What language points
should be covered?
What language points
do the materials cover?
More details of Hutchinson and
Water’s Model of Materials Evaluation
18. Subjective analysis Objective analysis
Content
What text-types should
be included?
What kinds of texts are
there in the materials?
How should the content
be organized throughout
the course?
How is the content
organized throughout
the materials?
How should the content
be sequenced throughout
the course?
How is the content
sequenced throughout
the book?
Materials Evaluation (cont.)
19. Subjective analysis Objective analysis
Method
ology
What kinds of
exercises/tasks are
needed?
What kinds of exercises
are included in the
materials?
What teaching-learning
techniques are to be
used?
What teaching-learning
techniques can be used
with the materials??
What guidance/support
for teaching the course
will be needed?
What guidance do the
materials provide?
Materials Evaluation (cont.)
20. Answer questions on subjective column first to
identify your requirements. This information can
be then used as a basis for writing your own
materials or as input to the later stages of
materials evaluation.
Analyze the materials you have selected by
answering objective questions.
Compare the findings. Make your choice.
Materials Evaluation (cont.)
21. Ways to develop materials
Materials evaluation: selecting from
existing materials
Materials design: writing your own
materials
Materials adaptation: modifying existing
materials
22. Materials design
Why design materials?
Defining objectives
A model of materials design
Using the models
Activities sequencing
Hints for designing materials
23. Why write materials?
Materials fitting specific subject area of
particular learners might not be
available in the market.
Even when they are available, there
might be some restrictions (currency,
import restrictions)
For non-educational reasons, e.g.
enhancing the reputation of an
institution or an individual
24. Defining objectives: What are
materials supposed to do?
Materials provide a stimulus to
learning, they should contain:
Interesting texts
Enjoyable activities
Opportunities for learners to use their
existing knowledge and skills
Content which both learner and teacher
can cope with
25. Defining objectives: What are
materials supposed to do? (cont.)
Materials help to organize the teaching-
learning process through various activities.
A material model must be clear, systematic
but flexible (not tightly structured) to allow
for creativity and variety.
Materials reflect the author’s view of the
nature of language and learning process.
Materials reflect the nature of the learning
task
26. Defining objectives: What are
materials supposed to do? (cont.)
Materials help broaden the basis of
teacher training (by introducing teachers
to new techniques).
Materials provide models of correct and
appropriate language use. It should not
simply be a statement of language use but
the analysis of discourse.
27. A material design model
The model consists of 4 elements:
input, content focus, language focus,
task.
CONTENT LANGUAGE
INPUT
TASK
28. Elements of the model of
materials design
Input: a text, dialogue, video-recording,
diagram, or any piece of communication
data. It provides:
stimulus material for activities;
new language items;
correct models of language use;
a topic for communication;
opportunities for learners to use their
existing skills and knowledge of the
language and the subject matter.
29. Elements of the model of materials
design (cont.)
Content focus: meaningful communication in the
classroom should be generated as language is a
means of conveying information and feelings.
Language focus: good materials should involve
not only communication activities but also the
knowledge of language necessary.
Task: materials should be design to lead
towards a communication task in which learners
use the content and language knowledge they
have learnt.
30. An expanded materials model
CONTENT LANGUAGE
INPUT
TASK
starter
project
student’s own
knowledge
and ability
additional
input
31. Using the models
Stage 1: Find your text basing on three criteria
It should be naturally occurring piece of
communication
It should be suited to the learners’ needs and interests
It should be capable of generating useful classroom
activities
Stage 2: Go to the end of the model. Think of the
task that learner could do at the end of the unit –
details not needed (to assess the potential of the
text for classroom activities)
32. Using the models (cont.)
Stage 3: Go back to the syllabus and think if the
task will benefit your learners or not.
Stage 4: Decide what language structures,
vocabulary, functions, content the input contains.
Stage 5: Think of some exercises and activities to
practice the items you have identified
Stage 6: Go back to the input and make any
revision to make it more useful if possible
Stage 7: Go through stage 1-6 again with the
revised input.
33. Using the models (cont.)
Stage 8: Check new materials against
the syllabus and amend accordingly.
Stage 9: Try the materials in the
classroom.
Stage 10: Revise materials with regards
to classroom use.
34. Activities sequencing
From simpler to more complex
From more controlled, to more open-ended
(requiring more initiative)
From providing knowledge or skills to
requiring using them
From using receptive skills to using
productive skills (input before action)
From using productive skills to activate
knowledge to using receptive skills to
consolidate knowledge
35. Other approaches to sequencing
Going from the other (another’s
viewpoint) to self, the subjective (one’s
own viewpoint)
Or the steps could be reversed, from
personal experience to universal
experience
36. Some hints for designing
materials
Use existing materials as a source for
ideas
It’s better to work in a team
Don’t set out to write materials on the
first draft
Don’t underestimate the time needed
for writing materials
Pay careful attention to the appearance
of your materials
38. Opinions about textbooks
Teacher 1: “I don’t use a textbook. I prepare
all my own teaching materials. After all, I
know my students’ needs better than any
course book writer does.”
Teacher 2: “I couldn’t teach without a
textbook. I use it just like a recipe. Follow it
page by page, and you can’t go wrong.”
Teacher 3: “I find my course book very
useful. I use it a lot of the time. But not all
the time.”
39. Aims of “adapting a textbook”
To show teachers like Teacher 1 that using a
textbook isn’t such a bad idea after all
To prove to teachers like Teacher 2 that one
needn’t be a slave to a textbook
To suggest to teachers like Teacher 3 some
new ways of deciding when and how to get
away from the textbook
To help you to teach more actively and
flexibly in order to accommodate the needs of
the students
40. Adapting a textbook
Advantages and disadvantages of using
a textbook
How to adapt a textbook
Choices in adapting a textbook
Suggestions
41. Advantages and disadvantages of
using a textbook
Advantages
- Provides a syllabus for the course
- Provides a kind of road map of the course for
the students
- Helps the teacher to save time in finding
materials
- Provides teachers with a basis for assessing
students’ learning
- Provides supporting materials
- Provides consistency
42. Advantages and disadvantages of
using a textbook (cont.)
Disadvantages
- The content or examples may not be relevant to the
students
- The content may not be at the right level
- There may be too much focus on one aspects of
language and not enough focus on others
- There may not be the right mix of activities
- The sequence is lockstep
- The activities, readings, visuals, etc. may be boring
- The material may go out of date
- The timetable for completing the textbook or parts of
it may be unrealistic
43. How to adapt a textbook
Getting inside a textbook
- Investigating how a textbook is put
together
- Understanding the hidden curriculum of
the textbook
Considering other factors
44. Investigating how a textbook
is put together
How have the authors conceptualized
content?
How is the material organized?
On what basis are the units sequenced?
What is the content of a unit?
What are the objectives of the unit?
How does the unit content help to
achieve the objectives?
45. Understanding the hidden
curriculum of the textbook
What is “hidden curriculum”?
Why do you need to be aware of the
hidden curriculum?
How to check out the hidden curriculum
in a textbook?
46. Understanding the hidden
curriculum of the textbook
What is “hidden curriculum”?
- The underlying messages that go
beyond factual information of the
course content
- These may have to do with religious,
political beliefs, or with attitudes
towards certain kinds of people,
nationalities, or cultures
47. Understanding the hidden
curriculum of the textbook (cont.)
Why do you need to be aware of the
hidden curriculum?
- For the sake of your own teaching
integrity
- Because learners who identify with
groups who are discriminated against in
the course content may feel
disadvantaged and learn less well
48. Understanding the hidden
curriculum of the textbook (cont.)
How to check out the hidden curriculum
in a textbook?
- Sexism
- Social orientation
- Values
49. Considering other factors
The givens of your context
Your beliefs and understandings about
how people learn languages
Your students’ needs and interests
50. Choices in adapting a textbook
Activity level: change, supplement,
eliminate activities
Unit level: change the order of activities
and adapt existing activities
Syllabus level: change, add to, or
eliminate parts of the syllabus
51. An example of adapting a
textbook at the activity level
Simone’s adaptations of unit 13 of
Intercom 2000 Book 1
Presentation activity
Time: About 15 minutes
Grammar: Past tense of verb to be
(was/were)
52. What is in the textbook
The unit begins with a dialogue between
Toshio Ito, from Japan, and the Logans,
friends he is visiting in the United States. The
introduction to the dialogue includes
contrasts between the present and past such
as:
“Last week he was in Hong Kong and Tokyo”
“This week he is in Winfield at the home of his
friends, the Logans.”
53. What is in Simone’s lesson
plan
1. Divide the board into two columns (present/past)
2. Write sentences about yourself and your family in the
columns.
Past Present
I____ a student in 1976. I____ a teacher at ACBEU.
I____ 7 years old in 1977. I____ 25 years old.
My parents____ single in 1977. My parents___ married.
3. Ask students to try to complete the blanks using the verb to
be in the past and present
4. Pair students up and ask them to write sentences about
themselves and their parents in the present and in the past to
be shared with their partners
55. Making your own tapes
Taping records and radio broadcasts
(where legal)
Taping various model voices, both
monologues and dialogues
Taping the students’ own voices
56. Introducing a reading text
Asking students to do a listening
exercise
Using visuals
Pre-teaching crucial vocabulary
57. Making up writing exercises
Neither too hard nor too easy
Relevant, both to the students and the
subject dealt with in the learning unit
Linguistically suitable, both in terms of
grammar and vocabulary
Not to long
Have some kinds of communicative
purpose (functional/ personal/
imaginative)