11. Ref. Calculation Output
Uniform Distribution Loading
Loading at Span A – B = [1.35(14.5892kN/m) + 1.50(4.2143kN/m)]
= 26.0169kN/m
Loading at Span B – C = [1.35(17.6179kN/m) + 1.50(5.3156kN/m)]
= 31.7575 kN/m
Loading at Span C – D = [1.35(17.2189kN/m) + 1.50(5.1705kN/m)]
= 31.0013 kN/m
Loading at Span D – E = [1.35(15.0966kN/m) + 1.50(4.3988kN/m)]
= 26.9786 kN/m
Loading at Span E – F = [1.35(15.3812kN/m) + 1.50(4.5023kN/m)]
= 26.9786 kN/m
Loading at Span E – F = [1.35(15.3812kN/m) + 1.50(4.5023kN/m)]
= 27.5181 kN/m
Loading at Span F – G = [1.35(13.2465kN/m) + 1.50(3.7260kN/m)]
= 23.4718 kN/m
12. Loading at Span G – H = [1.35(21.0675kN/m) + 1.50(6.5700kN/m)]
= 38.2961 kN/m
24. Ref. Calculation Output
Uniform Distribution Loading
Loading at Span A – B = [1.35(14.5892kN/m) + 1.50(4.2143kN/m)]
= 26.0169kN/m
Loading at Span B – C = [1.35(17.6179kN/m)]
= 23.7842kN/m
Loading at Span C – D = [1.35(17.2189kN/m) + 1.50(5.1705kN/m)]
= 31.0013 kN/m
Loading at Span D – E = [1.35(15.0966kN/m)]
= 20.3804kN/m
Loading at Span E – F = [1.35(15.3812kN/m) + 1.50(4.5023kN/m)]
= 26.9786 kN/m
Loading at Span E – F = [1.35(15.3812kN/m) + 1.50(4.5023kN/m)]
= 27.5181 kN/m
Loading at Span F – G = [1.35(13.2465kN/m)]
= 17.8828kN/m
25. Loading at Span G – H = [1.35(21.0675kN/m) + 1.50(6.5700kN/m)]
= 38.2961 kN/m
37. 37
Ref. Calculation Output
Uniform Distribution Loading
Loading at Span A – B = [1.35(14.5892kN/m)]
= 19.6954kN/m
Loading at Span B – C = [1.35(17.6179kN/m) + 1.50(5.3156kN/m)]
= 31.7576kN/m
Loading at Span C – D = [1.35(17.2189kN/m) + 1.50(5.1705kN/m)]
= 31.0013 kN/m
Loading at Span D – E = [1.35(15.0966kN/m)]
= 20.3804kN/m
Loading at Span E – F = [1.35(15.3812kN/m) + 1.50(4.5023kN/m)]
= 27.5181kN/m
Loading at Span E – F = [1.35(15.3812kN/m) + 1.50(4.5023kN/m)]
= 27.5181 kN/m
Loading at Span F – G = [1.35(13.2465kN/m) + 1.50(3.7260kN/m)]
= 23.4718kN/m
128. 128
Ref. Calculation Output
For highest shear using at the support
Support B = 34.078kN
Support C = 51.439kN
Support D = 49.382kN
Support E = 29.882kN
Support F = 31.181kN
Support G = 63.662kN
For lowest shear using at support
Support B = 30.119kN
Support C = 43.330kN
Support D = 31.234kN
Support E = 15.304kN
Support F = 17.886kN
Support G = 27.563kN
Shear links for highest shear using
For Support B = 34.078 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.107mm
For Support C = 51 .439 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.107mm
For Support D = 49.382 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.154mm
129. 129
For Support E = 29.882 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.093mm
For Support F = 31.181 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.098mm
For Support G = 63.662 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.199mm
130. 130
Ref. Calculation Output
Shear link for lowest shear using
For Support B = 30 .119 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.094mm
For Support C = 43.330 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.135mm
For Support D = 31.234 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.098mm
For Support E = 15.304 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.048mm
For Support F = 17.886 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.056mm
For Support G = 27.563 × 103
𝑁
0.78 ×500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ ×328𝑚𝑚 ×2.5
= 0.086mm
Try links H6 (Asw = 28.3mm2)
For highest shear using, spacing
For Support B, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.107𝑚𝑚
= 265.58mm H6 – 250
For Support C, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.161𝑚𝑚
= 175.94mm H6 – 150
For Support D, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.154𝑚𝑚
= 183.27mm H6 – 175
131. 131
For Support E, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.093𝑚𝑚
= 302.87mm H6 – 250
For Support F, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.098𝑚𝑚
= 290.25mm H6 – 250
For Support G, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.199𝑚𝑚
= 142.16mm H6 - 100
132. 132
Ref. Calculation Output
For lowest shear using, spacing
For Support B, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.094𝑚𝑚
= 300.49mm H6 – 250
For Support C, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.135𝑚𝑚
= 208.87mm H6 - 200
For Support D, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.098𝑚𝑚
= 289.76mm H6 – 250
For Support E, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.048𝑚𝑚
= 591.37mm H6 - 250
For Support F, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.056𝑚𝑚
= 506.00mm H6 - 250
For Support G, s = 28.3𝑚𝑚2
0.086𝑚𝑚
= 328.35mm H6 - 250
Minimum links
𝐴 𝑠𝑤
𝑠
= 0.08𝑓𝑐𝑘
1
2 𝑏 𝑤
𝑓𝑦𝑘
= 0.08 × (30 𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ )
1
2 ×300𝑚𝑚
500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄
= 0.262mm
Try link H6 (Asw = 28.3mm2)
Spacing, s = 28.3 𝑚𝑚2
0.262𝑚𝑚
= 108.02mm H6 - 100
133. 133
Shear resistance of minimum links
Vmin = (
𝐴 𝑠𝑤
𝑠
) (0.78𝑑𝑓𝑦𝑘 cot 𝜃)
= (28.3𝑚𝑚2
100 𝑚𝑚
)(0.78 × 328𝑚𝑚 × 500𝑁 𝑚𝑚2⁄ × 2.5)
= 90.50kN
Since the min. shear resistance is higher than every shear force
calculated,
∴ 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑯𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏
159. 159
Ref. Calculation Output
5.5.2 Simply Supported Two Way Spanning Slab
1.0 Specification
Long span, Ly = 2.288m
Short span, Lx = 2.250m
𝐿 𝑦
𝐿 𝑥
= 1.017m
Characteristic actions :
Permanent, Gk = 3kN/𝑚2
Variable, Qk = 3kN/𝑚2
Design life = 50 Years
Fire resistance = R120
Exposure classes = XS3
Materials :
Characteristic strength of concrete, fck = 30N/𝑚𝑚2
Characteristic strength of steel, fyk = 500N/𝑚𝑚2
Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25KN/𝑚3
Assumed: Øbar = 20mm
2.0 Slab Thickness
Min thickness for fire resistance = 120mm
Estimated thickness of deflection control, h =
𝐿 𝑥
22
=
2250𝑚𝑚
22
Uses h
= 102mm 210mm
160. 160
Use h 210mm
3.0 Durability, Fire and Bond Requirements
Min. conc. cover regard to bond , Cmin = 20mm
Min. Conc. cover regard to durability,
Cmin,dur
= 55mm
Min. Required axis distance for R60, a = 20mm
161. 161
Ref. Calculation Output
Min. Conc. cover regard to fire, Cmin = 𝑎 −
∅ 𝐵𝑎𝑟
2
= 20mm – 10mm
= 10mm
Use min. conc cover regard to durability due to higher value.
Allowance in design for deviation, ΔCdev = 10mm
Nominal cover, Cnom = Cmin+ΔCdev
= 55mm + 10mm
= 65mm
4.0 Loading and Analysis
Slab self-weight = 0.21m × 30 kN/m3
= 6.3 kN/m2
Permanent load = 3 kN/m2
Char. permanent action,
Gk
= 9.3 KN/𝑚2
Char. variable action, Qk = 3 KN/𝑚2
Design action, nd = 1.35GK + 1.5QK
= 1.35(9.3kN/m2)+1.5(3kN/m2)
= 17.06 kN/m2
Moment
Short span, Msx = αsx × n × Lx
2
= 0.062 x 17.06kN/m × (2.250m)2
162. 162
= 5.35 KNm/m
Long span, Msy = αsy × n × Ly
2
= 0.062 × 17.06kN/m × (2.288m)2
= 5.54kNm/m
5.0 Main Reinforcement
Effective depth, dx = h – Cnom - 0.5Øbar
= 210mm – 65mm - (0.5 x 20mm)
= 135mm
173. 173
CHAPTER 6
MATERIAL PROPOSED
6.1 Physical Damage of Offshore Building
1. Salt crystallisation
The surface of the concrete just above ground or water level is disrupted by the
growth of salts crystals in the pores of the concrete.
In temperature climates most of the evaporation takes places at surface the
crystals also form at the surface and do little damage and became worst in hotter
climates.
2. Abrasion
Occurs due to wave action carrying sand, shingle or other debris. Shipping
impact is another source of damage. The concrete needs to have sufficient
surface hardness to resist the abrasive forces.
All the above types of physicals damage are mainly cosmetic although they do
reduce the cover depth to the reinforcement.
3. Marine growth
Marine growth on concrete has generally been considered beneficial as it keeps
the concrete wet, thereby resisting diffusion of gases. Excessive growth can add
to the surface are of slender members such as piles, which could be important
when considering wave loading.
Concrete-eating Mollusca has been reported at one place in the Gulf area. They
have an affinity for limestone and therefore only attack concretes made with
limestone aggregate.
174. 174
6.2 Proposal of Material
Structure Material Advantages
Piling -Fibreglass Piling -Water proof
- Dislike by insect and
marine growth.
-Resist of salt water
-Pile cap is not needed
-Installed by vibratory
hammer with a sheet pile
clamp
Ground Beam -Concrete Class XS3 - Has longer durability
-Less moisture absorption
- Rust-resistant
reinforcement
- Resist to rust although
concrete crack
- Forms a stable film of
ferric oxide on its surface
due to alkalinity of
concrete.
Wall -Fly ash bricks -Less porous
-High compressive
strength
-Low thermal conductivity
-Lightweight, easy to
handle
175. 175
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
In the end of the project, we had learnt the process of design planning. We feel thankful as a
chance is given to design the building and analyse it into a building that could be construct one day.
In this project, we had learn how to estimate the beam size and slab thickness, load distribution and
action, analyse the beam and slab from bar size to the deflection, cracking control and detailing.
Furthermore, guideline from Eurocode has eased our process of designing and analysing.
Overall, the structural analysis is needed to be carried out as deflection will occur due to
overload of beam and slab. Both permanent action and variable action followed by moment are
important to be determined as it will affect the choosing of bar size, spacing and the concrete unit. In
an addition, cracking may occur due to extremely hot and cold weather. Hence, choosing the right
material like concrete and steel bar is needed to be considered to reduce the risk of cracking. For
instance, building near to the sea is exposed to high salinity of sea water; choosing material that could
resist water should be put into the main priority.
In conclusion, a well-engineered structure will minimize the failure of structure and produce a
building that is stable and safe enough for living.
176. 176
REFERENCES
1. Al Nageim, H., Durka, F., Morgan, W. & Williams, D.T. 2010. Structural mechanics: loads,
analysis, materials and design of structural elements. 7th edition.
London, Pearson Education.
2. Amit A. Sathawane, R.S. Deotale. 2012. Analysis And Design Of Flat Slab
And Grid Slab And Their Cost Comparison.
3. Reinforced Concrete Design, 1990.Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company,
1st Revised Edition. Publisher of New Delhi.
4. Salvadori, M. & Heller, R. 1986. Structure in architecture: the building of
buildings. 3rd Edition. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall.
5. W.H.Mosley, J.H. Bungery & R. Husle. 1999. Reinforced Concrete Design
(5th Edition).Palgrave.
177. 177
WORK PROGRESSION
N
O
WORK PROGRESSION
WEEK
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1 Forming group
2
Determine the suitable design to make a
model
3
Discussion on methodology and work
progression
4 Design a model in sketchup and autoCAD
5 Make a model follow by the real scale
5
Determinate the continues beam, simply
supported beam, one-ways slab, and two-
ways slab
6 Pre-presentation
7 Calculate the loads, and analyze the structure
8 Presentation
9 Final Report
178. 178
Ref. Calculation Output
5.4.2 Continuous Beam
9. Specification
Span AB
Effective Span, L = 3.235m
Dimension
Width = 200mm
Depth = 500mm
Characteristic Load
Action on slab
Selfweight=0.15x25=3.75 kN/m2
Finishes,ceiling and services=1.5 kN/m2
Brick wall =2.6 kN/m2
Permanent Loading, GK = 7.85kN/m
Variable Loading, QK = 3.0kN/m2
Design life = 50Years
Fire Resistance = R120
Exposure Cement = XC1
Materials:
Unit Weight of Concrete = 25kN/m3