Joshua lederberg ppt

Joshua Lederberg
(May 23, 1925 – February 2, 2008) –
энциклопедист нашего времени
или
как стать Нобелевским лауреатом
Доклад на заседании Санкт-Петербургского отделения Общества
медицинских генетиков 11 января (четверг) 2007 г.медицинских генетиков 11 января (четверг) 2007 г.
Никита Николаевич Хромов-Борисов
Nikita.KhromovBorisov@gmail.com
Тел.: +7 (812) 234-1840 – дом.,
8-952-204-89-49 – моб.

The Joshua Lederberg Papers
• http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/BB/
• Biographical Information
• The Development of Bacterial Genetics
• Transduction, Plasmids, and the Foundation
of Biotechnologyof Biotechnology
• Launching a New Science: Exobiology and
the Exploration of Space
• Computers, Artificial Intelligence, and Expert
Systems in Biomedical Research
• Science and the Public Interest

Место рождения и родители
• Joshua Lederberg born 23 May, 1925 in
Montclair, New Jersey
• Mother:
• Esther Goldenbaum Schulman• Esther Goldenbaum Schulman
Lederberg, a homemaker.
• Father:
• Zvi Hirsch Lederberg, a rabbi.
• He had two younger brothers.

Zvi and Esther Lederberg
at their wedding, 1924.

Joshua Lederberg (age 4) and
his mother, Esther. 1928.

Joshua Lederberg, "What I would like to Be"
essay, 1932. Original in the possession of
Joshua Lederberg.

Круг чтения
• Meyer Bodansky's Introduction to Physiological
Chemistry (1934) was his most prized Bar-Mitzvah
present, the Washington Heights branch of the New
York Public Library his sanctuary during adolescent
years in which, by his own admission, he was lonely
for "intellectual sparring partners."
• There he read hundreds of works in the sciences,• There he read hundreds of works in the sciences,
mathematics, history, philosophy, and fiction,
among them Paul de Kruif's The Microbe Hunters
(1926), a book that portrayed the work of early
bacteriologists like Pasteur and Koch as a heroic
quest for human betterment.
• As Lederberg remembers, the book "turned my
entire generation toward a career in medical
research."

Meyer Bodansky (1896-1941), biochemist
and pathologist
• BODANSKY, MEYER,
medical scientist, was
born at Elizabetgrad,
Russia (Елизаветград,
Елиcаветград,
Зиновьевск, Кирово,
Кировоград - Украина),Кировоград - Украина),
on August 30, 1896, one
of seven children of
Phineas and Eva
Bodansky.
• He immigrated to the
United States with his
family in 1907

Bar Mitzvah
• According to Jewish law, when Jewish children
reach the age of maturity (12 years for girls, 13 years
for boys) they become responsible for their actions.
• At this point a boy is said to become Bar Mitzvah
(Hebrew: ‫מצוה‬ ‫,בר‬ "one (m.) to whom the
commandments apply"); a girl is said to become Bat
Mitzvah (‫מצוה‬ ‫,בת‬ "one (f.) to whom theMitzvah (‫מצוה‬ ‫,בת‬ "one (f.) to whom the
commandments apply").
• Before this age, all the child's responsibility to follow
Jewish law and tradition lies with the parents.
• After this age, the children are privileged to
participate in all areas of Jewish community life and
bear their own responsibility for Jewish ritual law,
tradition, and ethics.

Paul Henry De Kruif
March 2, 1890 - February 28, 1971
• American microbiologist and author.
• Co-author of Arrowsmith, author of
Microbe Hunters.
• He flirted with communism in the 1930s
and 1940s;
• he became an advisor to President
Roosevelt’s March of Dimes campaignRoosevelt’s March of Dimes campaign
against polio;
• he helped develop a medieval looking
"fever machine" to treat syphilis (which at
the time was being treated by an even
more macabre kind of fever, one
generated by deliberately infecting the
patient with malaria);
• His style of writing has been described as
"jazz style."
• "America's first great science writer."

Среднее образование, 1938-1940
• Lederberg graduated from
• Stuyvesant High School in New York
City at the age of 15 in 1940.
• After graduation, he was allowed lab• After graduation, he was allowed lab
space as part of the American Institute
Science Laboratory, a forerunner of the
Westinghouse Science Talent Search.

Stuyvesant High School
• Stuyvesant High School, commonly known
as Stuy, is a New York City public high
school that specializes in mathematics and
science.
• The school opened in 1904 on Manhattan's
East Side and moved to a new building inEast Side and moved to a new building in
Battery Park City in 1992.
• The school is noted for its strong academic
programs and for having produced many
notable alumni (including four Nobel
laureates).
• A large percentage of its graduates go on to
attend prestigious universities.

Stuyvesant High School
• Together with Brooklyn Technical High School and Bronx High School
of Science, Stuyvesant is one of the three original Specialized High
Schools of New York City.
• These schools are operated by the New York City Department of
Education and are open, with no tuition fee, to all – and only –
residents of New York City.
• Admission is by competitive examination only.
• There has been a long-standing friendly rivalry between Stuyvesant
and Bronx Science over the Intel Science Talent Search, with eitherand Bronx Science over the Intel Science Talent Search, with either
school claiming dominance over the other at various times.
• The school was boys-only for 65 years.
• It became coeducational in 1969, and upon the construction of its
Battery Park City building, the facilities for girls became on par with
those for boys.
• Classes were in session at Stuyvesant when the September 11, 2001
terrorist attack destroyed the nearby World Trade Center towers, and
the school building served as a command post for several weeks
afterwards.
• The school was temporarily relocated and shared facilities with
Brooklyn Tech until it could return to its own building.

• Lederberg used this
microscope while a
student at
Stuyvesant High
School in ManhattanSchool in Manhattan
between 1938 and
1941.

Среди выпускников Stuyvesant 4
Нобелевских лауреата
Joshua Lederberg (Class of 1941) - 1958
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
• Robert Fogel (Class of 1944) - 1993
Nobel Memorial Prize in economicsNobel Memorial Prize in economics
• Roald Hoffmann (Class of 1954) - 1981
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
• Richard Axel (Class of 1963) - 2004
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

Абрам Федорович Иоффе
(29.10.1880-14.10.1960)
• наст. имя Аврахам Файвиш-
Израилевич
• Он создал едва ли не самую
крупную физическую школу XX
века,
• сравнимую со школами Э.
Резерфорда в Кембридже и М.
Борна в Геттингене.Борна в Геттингене.
• Среди его учеников и соратников
Нобелевские лауреаты
П. Л. Капица, Н. Н. Семенов, Л. Д.
Ландау, И. Е. Тамм,
• Академики, Герои Соцтруда.
• Сейчас в Физтехе им. А.Ф. Иоффе
его научные «внуки» и «правнуки»,
• а его идеи в области образования
воплощаются ныне в подготовке
исследователей-физиков прямо со
школьной скамьи на базе Научно-
образовательного центра
института.

Борис Михайлович Кустодиев
(23 февраля [7 марта] 1878 — 26 мая 1927)

После школы
• After graduation from Stuyvesant at
age fifteen, Joshua continued his
experiments at the American Institute
Science Laboratory,
• an offspring of the 1939 New York
World's Fair and a forerunner of theWorld's Fair and a forerunner of the
Westinghouse Science Talent Search,
• which provided selected high school
students (including fellow future Nobel
laureate Baruch Blumberg) laboratory
space and equipment.

George Westinghouse
• In 1886
• Westinghouse
• formed the
"Westinghouse Electric
& Manufacturing& Manufacturing
Company",
• which was renamed the
• "Westinghouse Electric
Corporation"
• in 1889.

George Westinghouse, Jr.
• (October 6, 1846 – March 12, 1914) was an
American entrepreneur and engineer now
best known for the brand of electrical goods
that bear his name.
• Friend to Nikola Tesla and one of Thomas
Edison's main rivals in the early
implementation of the American electricity
Edison's main rivals in the early
implementation of the American electricity
system, he was also active in the railroad
and telephone industries.
• In 1911, he received the AIEE's Edison Medal
'For meritorious achievement in connection
with the development of the alternating
current system for light and power.'

Никола Тесла - Nikola Tesla
( 09.07.1856 - 07.01.1943)
• Многие считают его величайшим изобретателем в
истории, незаслуженно редко упоминаемым в
учебниках физики.
• Он открыл переменный ток, флюоресцентный
свет, беспроводную передачу энергии, впервые
разработал принципы дистанционного
управления, основы лечения токами высокойуправления, основы лечения токами высокой
частоты, построил первые электрические часы,
двигатель на солнечной энергии и многое другое,
получив на свои изобретения 300 патентов в
разных странах.
• Он изобрёл радио раньше Маркони и Попова,
получил трёхфазный ток раньше Доливо-
Добровольского.
• Вся современная электроэнергетика была бы
невозможна без его открытий.

Nikola Tesla
• Друживший с ним
Марк Твен
• называл Николу
"повелителем
молний",молний",
• а великий
Резерфорд
• нарёк его
"вдохновенным
пророком
электричества".

Thomas Alva Edison
(February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)
• "Genius is one
percent inspiration,
ninety-nine percent
perspiration." -
Thomas EdisonThomas Edison

The Intel Science Talent Search
(Intel STS)
• The Intel Science Talent Search (Intel STS) is a
prestigious research-based science competition in
the United States primarily for high school students.
• The Intel STS is administered by the Science
Service, which began the competition in 1942 withService, which began the competition in 1942 with
Westinghouse; for many years, the competition was
known as the "Westinghouse Science Talent
Search."
• In 1998, Intel became the sponsor of the
"Westinghouse Competition."
• Over the years, over $3.8 million in scholarships
have been awarded through the program.

Science Service
• Edward W. Scripps, a renowned
journalist, and William Emerson Ritter,
a California zoologist, founded the
Science Service in 1921 with the goal ofScience Service in 1921 with the goal of
keeping the public informed of
scientific achievements.
• Scripps funded the project and Ritter
served as the first scientific director.

Science Service
• Science Service is a non-profit
organization for the promotion
of science.
• Because they often persuade
students to research biology,
bioethics is a significant
concern for Science Service.
• Their extensive set of guidelines
for the use of laboratory animalsfor the use of laboratory animals
has become standard protocol
for most student research.
• Science Service publishes
Science News and sponsors
events including the Intel
International Science and
Engineering Fair, the Intel
Science Talent Search, and the
Discovery Channel Young
Scientist Challenge.

Выпускники Intel Science Talent Search
(Intel STS)
• 6 finalists have won the Nobel Prize.
• 2 have earned the Fields Medal, the Nobel equivalent
in math.
• 3 have been awarded National Medals of Science.
• 10 have won MacArthur Foundation Fellowships, the• 10 have won MacArthur Foundation Fellowships, the
so-called "genius awards."
• 56 have been named Sloan Research Fellows.
• 30 have been elected to the National Academy of
Sciences.
• 5 have been elected to the National Academy of
Engineering.

The 40 Finalists of the 2006 Intel STS met with
President Bush during STI week in Washington, DC

American Institute Science Laboratory
• In facilities located in the shadow of the Empire State
Building Lederberg learned
• to prepare and stain tissue samples by using
formaldehyde, dyes, and other chemicals,
• techniques required to preserve and make visible the
details of cell structure for study under the
microscope.microscope.
• During these experiments he became interested in
the cytochemistry of the nucleolus in plant cells, part
of the cell nucleus rich in ribosomal nucleic acid.
• This was Lederberg's first foray into the study of the
nucleic acids.

Joshua Lederberg at the Microtome at
the American Institute, 1941.

Joshua Lederberg lecturing at the Biology Symposium,
American Institute. 13 August 1941.

Университет, 1941-44
• Lederberg took advantage of a $400 scholarship to
enroll as a zoology major at Columbia University in
the fall of 1941, where he met his most important
mentor, the biochemist Francis J. Ryan.
• Ryan, a gifted teacher, encouraged Lederberg in his
self-described "passion to learn how to bring the
power of chemical analysis to the secrets of life,"
and introduced him to the red bread mold,
Neurospora, as an important new experimental
system in the emerging field of biochemicalsystem in the emerging field of biochemical
genetics.
• Ryan also instilled discipline in his precocious
student, a trait much needed, as Ryan's widow
remembered:
• "You could tell that Joshua was in the lab because
you could hear the tinkle of breaking glass.
• He was so young, bursting with potential over which
he had no control.
• His mind was far ahead of his hands."

Columbia University V-12 USNR units.
1944.

Francis J. Ryan at work at Columbia
University. 1950

Francis J. Ryan with a dogfish. 1950.

Военная обязанность, 1943-45
• Lederberg's career goal was to bring advances in basic
science to medical problems such as cancer and
neurological malfunction.
• In pursuit of a medical degree, and to discharge his
military service obligation at the same time, Lederberg
in 1943 enrolled in the United States Navy's V-12
training program.
• He performed his military training duties as a hospital• He performed his military training duties as a hospital
corpsman in the clinical pathology laboratory at St.
Albans Naval Hospital on Long Island, where he
examined stool and blood specimen of servicemen
recently returned from the Guadalcanal campaign for
the parasites that cause malaria.
• His first-hand experience with parasites at St. Albans
helped shape his later thinking about the life cycle of
bacteria.

Guadalcanal campaign,
the Battle of Guadalcanal
• It was fought between
August 7, 1942 and
February 9, 1943 in the
Pacific theatre of World
War II.
• This campaign, fought• This campaign, fought
on the ground, at sea,
and in the air, pitted
Allied forces against
Imperial Japanese
forces, and was a
decisive campaign of
World War II.

Joshua Lederberg in U.S. Naval Reserve
uniform. October 1943

Университет, 1944-1947
• After receiving his bachelor's degree in zoology in 1944,
Lederberg began his medical training at Columbia University's
College of Physicians and Surgeons.
• Although research was not encouraged among first-year
medical students, he continued to do experiments under
Ryan's supervision.
• Columbia's zoology department had been "ignited," said• Columbia's zoology department had been "ignited," said
Lederberg, by news of Oswald Avery's discovery that
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was the genetic material, in
Pneumococcus bacteria.
• Inspired by Avery, Lederberg decided to investigate further the
genetics of bacteria, and specifically to challenge the common
but unproven assumption that bacteria were "schizomycetes,"
primitive organisms that reproduced by cell division and thus
produced offspring that were genetically indistinguishable from
one another.

Frederick Griffith (1879 - 1941)
• British medical officer in the British
Ministry of Health.
• In 1928, in what is today known as
Griffith's experiment, he discovered aGriffith's experiment, he discovered a
transforming principle, which is today
known as DNA.

Oswald Theodore Avery
(October 21, 1877–1955)
• Canadian-born American
physician and medical
researcher.
• Avery was one of the first
molecular biologists and
was a pioneer in
immunochemistry,
• but he is best known for his• but he is best known for his
discovery in 1944 with his
co-workers Colin MacLeod
and Maclyn McCarty that
DNA is the material of which
genes and chromosomes are
made.
• The lunar crater Avery was
named in his honor.

Colin Munro MacLeod (1909 – 1972)
• Canadian-American
geneticist.

Maclyn McCarty (June 9, 1911–January 2, 2005)

Joshua Lederberg with
Maclyn McCarty. 31 May 1999

1946-47 - Yale University
• After initial failures in his experiments Lederberg proposed a
collaboration with Edward L. Tatum at Yale University, who had
been Ryan's post-doctoral adviser and who was an expert in
bacteriology and the genetics of microorganisms.
• During a year-long leave of absence from medical school in
1946, Lederberg carried out experiments with the intestinal
bacterium Escherichia coli which demonstrated that certain
strains of bacteria can undergo a sexual stage, that they matestrains of bacteria can undergo a sexual stage, that they mate
and exchange genes.
• This discovery, and the methods used to make it, had far-
reaching scientific and medical implications.
• First, Lederberg demonstrated that successive generations of
those bacteria that mate were genetically distinct and therefore
suitable for genetic analysis.
• Secondly, he created a new understanding of how bacteria
evolve and acquire new properties, including antibiotic
resistance.

Edward L. Tatum at Stanford University.
[ca. 1940]

1947 - PhD
• Buoyed by his success, Lederberg decided
to extend his collaboration with Tatum for
another year in order to begin mapping the E.
coli chromosome, to show the exact
locations of its genes.locations of its genes.
• With Tatum's support he submitted his
research on genetic recombination in
bacteria as his doctoral thesis.
• He received his PhD degree from Yale in
1947.

Yale University convocation principals on occasion of
honorary degree to Lederberg.1960.

1947-59 - Professor of genetics at the
University of Wisconsin.
• Conducts research in the genetics of E.
coli and Salmonella as well as on
antibody formation.
• Discovers and names plasmids,• Discovers and names plasmids,
particles of DNA in bacterial cells that
replicate separately from chromosomal
DNA

University of Wisconsin. ca. December 1947

1950s
• By the early 1950s they had pioneered methods for
using penicillin and streptomycin to select for
antibiotic resistance as an additional genetic marker
in nutritional mutants.
• Streptomycin-resistance proved especially important
because Lederberg was able to use it to quickly
identify strains that were fertile and able to mate,
until then a laborious procedure.until then a laborious procedure.
• Another important genetic marker isolated by
Lederberg was that for Beta-galactosidase, a group
of enzymes that enable bacteria to ferment the sugar
lactose.
• This work presaged Jacques Monod's use of Beta-
galactosidase some years later in formulating his
theories on the mechanism of genetic expression
and control in E. coli.

Jacques Lucien Monod
(February 9, 1910 – May 31, 1976)

François Jacob, June 17, 1920

Joshua Lederberg at work in a laboratory at the
University of Wisconsin. October 1958

Joshua Lederberg at work in the University of
Wisconsin's Genetics Building. [1958]

University of Wisconsin
Genetics Building. 1958

Esther Miriam Lederberg
(December 18, 1922 - November 11, 2006)
• He married fellow
scientist Esther Zimme
(later Lederberg) in
1946;
• they divorced in 1966.
He married Dr.• He married Dr.
Marguerite Stein Kirsch
in 1968.
• Lederberg and Kirsch
have two children,
David Kirsch and Anne
Lederberg.

Esther Lederberg gives a lecture in Japan in 1962.
• She was one of the great
pioneers in bacterial
genetics.
• Experimentally and
methodologically she was a
genius in the lab.
• She developed lab• She developed lab
procedures that all of us
have used in research.
• Her discovery of lambda has
had a big influence in
molecular genetics and
virology.
• It became the model for
animal viruses that have
similar life cycles, including
tumor and herpes viruses.

Открытия за открытиями
• Over the next twelve years, Lederberg and his wife,
Esther Zimmer, a microbiologist herself, together
with a handful of postgraduate students, most
notably Norton Zinder, published a steady stream of
original experimental results.
• The most important of these was the discovery of
viral transduction, the ability of viruses that infectviral transduction, the ability of viruses that infect
bacteria to transfer snippets of DNA from one
infected bacterium to another and insert them into
the latter's genome.
• The use of viruses in manipulating bacterial
genomes became the basis of genetic engineering
and biothecnology in the 1970s.

Scientific administration
• 1957 - Elected to the National Academy
of Sciences.
• Scientific prominence brought with it
administrative responsibility.administrative responsibility.
• In 1957, Lederberg helped found and
became chairman of a new Department
of Medical Genetics at the University of
Wisconsin, one of the first such
departments in the country.

Salmonella and serology
• The reason to look at salmonella was that
there were phenomena about the inheritance
of serological characters in salmonella, the
serology of salmonella was worked out in
much more detail than the E.coli because ofmuch more detail than the E.coli because of
its public health importance.
• There were literally hundreds if not
thousands of different strains that have
already been typed serologically, and I
thought getting at the genetics... would be an
important contribution.

Immunology
• He collaborated with Frank Macfarlane
Burnet to study viral antibodies.
• In 1958 Gustav Nossal and Joshua
Lederberg showed that one B cellLederberg showed that one B cell
always produces only one antibody,
which was the first evidence for clonal
selection theory.

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
(3 September 1899 – 31 August 1985),
• As Lederberg noted
(personal
communication,
1986),
• Burnet was at the• Burnet was at the
time 'remarkably
uninformed with
respect
• to modern views on
the mechanism of
protein synthesis,
DNA coding, etc.'

Burnet, Lederberg and others
• The theory is now sometimes known as
Burnet’s clonal selection theory,
• which overlooks the contributions of
Ehrlich, Jerne, Talmage,Ehrlich, Jerne, Talmage,
• and the contributions of Lederberg,
who conceptualised the genetics of
clonal selection.

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine 1960
• Sir Frank Macfarlane
Burnet
• 1899 – 1985
• Peter Brian
Medawar
• 1915 - 1987

4 October 1957 - Sputnik
• With the launching of Sputnik in 1957, Lederberg became
concerned about the biological impact of space exploration.
• In a letter to the National Academies of Sciences, he outlined
his concerns that extraterrestrial microbes might gain entry to
Earth onboard spacecraft, causing catastrophic diseases.
• He also argued that, conversely, microbial contamination of
manmade satellites and probes may obscure the search for
extraterrestrial life.
manmade satellites and probes may obscure the search for
extraterrestrial life.
• He advised quarrentine for returning astronauts and equipment
and sterilization of equipment prior to launch.
• Teaming up with Carl Sagan, his public advocacy for what he
termed exobiology helped expand the role of biology in NASA.
• In the 1960s, he collaborated with Edward Feigenbaum in
Stanford's computer science department to develop DENDRAL.

Первый искусственный Спутник Земли
• Начало полёта — 4 октября
1957 в 19:28 по Гринвичу
• Окончание полёта — 4
января 1958
• Масса аппарата — 83,6 кг;
• Максимальный диаметр —• Максимальный диаметр —
0,58 м.
• Наклонение орбиты —
65,1°.
• Период обращения — 96,17
мин.
• Перигей — 228 км.
• Апогей — 947 км.
• Витков — 1400

Stanford University, 1958-78
• Following his early ambition to tie genetics closely to medical
research, Lederberg in the fall of 1958 accepted an offer to
become the first chairman of the newly-established Department
of Genetics at Stanford University's School of Medicine, a
medical school more broadly oriented towards research than
Wisconsin's.
• 1959-78 - Founder and chairman of the Department of Genetics,
Stanford University School of Medicine.Stanford University School of Medicine.
• Begins research in the genetics of Bacillus subtilis (1959) and
in splicing and recombining DNA (1969).
• His decision to move to Palo Alto was followed within days by
news that he had been awarded a share of the 1958 Nobel Prize
in Physiology or Medicine, along with Tatum and George W.
Beadle, "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination
and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria."

Edward Albert Feigenbaum
(born January 20, 1936)
• A computer scientist working in the field of artificial
intelligence.
• He is often called the "Father of expert systems."
• Feigenbaum completed his undergraduate degree, and a Ph.D.,
at Carnegie Mellon University.
• He received the ACM Turing Award, the most prestigious award
in computer science, jointly with Raj Reddy in 1993 "Forin computer science, jointly with Raj Reddy in 1993 "For
pioneering the design and construction of large scale artificial
intelligence systems, demonstrating the practical importance
and potential commercial impact of artificial intelligence
technology".
• A former chief scientist of the Air Force, he received the U.S.
Air Force Exceptional Civilian Service Award in 1997.
• He founded the Knowledge Systems Laboratory at Stanford
University.
• He is currently a Professor Emeritus of Computer Science at
Stanford.

Edward Albert Feigenbaum
January 20, 1936

Carl Djerassi
(born October 29, 1923)
• A chemist and playwright best known for his contribution to the
development of the first oral contraceptive pill (OCP).
• He participated in the invention in 1951, together with Mexicans
Luis E. Miramontes and Jorge Rosenkranz, of the progestin
norethindrone which, unlike progesterone, remained effective
when taken orally and was far stronger than the naturally
occurring hormone.
• His preparation was first administered as an oral contraceptive
to animals by Gregory Pincus and Min Chueh Chang and to
women by John Rock.
• Djerassi remarked that he did not have birth control in mind
when he began working with progesterone - "not in our wildest
dreams… did we imagine (it)", though he is now referred to by
some as the father of the pill.
• He is also the author of the novel Cantor's Dilemma, in which
he explores the ethics of modern scientific research through
his protagonist, Dr. Cantor.

Carl Djerassi
• He was awarded the National Medal of Science by
President Nixon.
• At the same time, he was on Nixon's Enemies List.
• In 1978, he was inducted into the National Inventors
Hall of Fame.
• In 1991 he was awarded the National Medal of• In 1991 he was awarded the National Medal of
Technology for "his broad technological
contributions to solving environmental problems;
and for his initiatives in developing novel, practical
approaches to insect control products that are
biodegradable and harmless."
• Prof. Djerassi is a member of the Board of Sponsors
of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and is
chairman of the Pharmanex Scientific Advisory
Board.

Carl Djerassi

Carl Djerassi
• Djerassi has been a leading collector of the
works of Paul Klee.
• His pieces are frequently exhibited at the San
Francisco Museum of Modern Art, to which
he has bequeathed his Klee collection.he has bequeathed his Klee collection.
• He stopped collecting when he founded
DRAP, because he decided he'd rather
patronize living artists than dead ones—or
rather the art dealers and auctioneers who
are the only beneficiaries of the immense
appreciation in the value of works by dead
artists.

Paul Klee
(December 18, 1879 to June 29, 1940)
• A Swiss painter of
German nationality.
• He was influenced by
many different art
styles in his work,
including
expressionism, cubism
including
expressionism, cubism
and surrealism.
• He and his friend, the
Russian painter Wassily
Kandinsky, were also
famous for teaching at
the Bauhaus school of
art and architecture.

Василий Васильевич Кандинский
16[4] декабря 1866 – 13 декабря 1944

• Василий
Васильевич
Кандинский (1866—
1944) — русский
живописец, графикживописец, график
и теоретик
изобразительного
искусства, один из
основоположников
абстракционизма.

1958 – Nobel Prize
• 1958 - Shares Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine with Tatum and George W.
Beadle
• "for his discoveries concerning genetic• "for his discoveries concerning genetic
recombination and the organization of
the genetic material of bacteria“.

Telegram from Sten Friberg to Joshua
Lederberg. 30 October 1958.

1958 Nobel Prize recipients in Chemistry,
Physics, and Physiology or Medicine. 1958.

Joshua Lederberg's Nobel medal

1958-77 - Экзобиология
• 1958-77 - Investigates the possibility of
life on other planets and of
interplanetary contamination as a
member of several National Academymember of several National Academy
of Sciences and NASA committees on
space biology, and as organizer of the
Instrumentation Research Laboratory
at Stanford

Stanford University
Genetics Department. ca. 1960

Stanford University
Genetics Department. 1963-1964

Joshua Lederberg at a LINC computer
teletype. December 1974

1978–90 - Rockfeller University
• In 1978, he became the president of
Rockefeller University, until he stepped
down in 1990 and became professor-
emeritus of molecular genetics andemeritus of molecular genetics and
informatics at Rockefeller

1950-98 - Member of various panels of the
President's Science Advisory Committee.
• Throughout his career, Lederberg was active as a
scientific advisor to the U.S. government.
• Starting in 1950, he has been a member of various
panels of the Presidential Science Advisory
Committee.
• In 1979, he became a member of the U.S. Defense• In 1979, he became a member of the U.S. Defense
Science Board and the chairman of President Jimmy
Carter's President's Cancer Panel.
• In 1989, he received National Medal of Science for
his contributions to the scientific world.
• In 1994, he headed the Department of Defense's Task
Force on Persian Gulf War Health Effects, which
investigated Gulf War Syndrome.
• In 2006, Lederberg was awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom.

• 1961-62 - Member of President John F.
Kennedy's Panel on Mental Retardation.
• 1969-72 - Consultant to the U.S. Arms
Control and Disarmament Agency duringControl and Disarmament Agency during
negotiations for the Biological Weapons
Convention in Geneva.
• 1979-81 - Advisor to President Jimmy Carter
on cancer research as chairman of the
President's Cancer Panel.

Joshua Lederberg with Abe Ribicoff and Wendell
Stanley at the White House. 18 October 1961

Joshua Lederberg with G. Rosenkrantz at the Syntex
Institute of Molecular Biology. 1961

Photograph contact sheet from Lederberg interview in front of his
exobiology equipment at Stanford University. 1962

Joshua Lederberg in front of exobiology
equipment at Stanford. 1965

Marguerite Stein Kirsch
• In 1968, he married Marguerite Stein
Kirsch, a clinical psychologist, with
whom he has two children, David
Kirsch and Anne Lederberg.Kirsch and Anne Lederberg.

Joshua Lederberg with his daughter,
Annie (age 18)

Joshua Lederberg with his wife, Marguerite
at the Carnegie Council. 3 November 1993

Joshua Lederberg with his wife, Marguerite in Paris.
December 1993

Joshua Lederberg with Raymond Sackler and
Marguerite Lederberg. 15 June 1995

Joshua Lederberg in front of
Mars Lander chart. 1973

Joshua Lederberg at the John F.
Kennedy Space Center. August 1975

1978-90 Rockfeller University
• 1978-90 - President of Rockefeller
University in New York City, a graduate
university specializing in biomedical
research.research.

Joshua Lederberg with David
Rockefeller. 20 June 1979

Joshua Lederberg being introduced to British Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher by David Rockefeller. December 1979

Stanford
• At Stanford Lederberg continued to lead
research in bacterial genetics.
• He also pursed opportunities his new
position provided to relate genetics to the
wider context of human health and biology.wider context of human health and biology.
• He helped institute an undergraduate human
biology curriculum, and launched
investigations into the genetic and
neurological basis of mental retardation as
director of Stanford's Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
Laboratories for Molecular Medicine.

От Спутника к Викингам
• His fame as a Nobel laureate made it possible for him to
broaden his field of scientific interests even further.
• The launch of the Soviet Sputnik satellite in 1957 prompted him
to consider the biological implications and hazards of space
exploration.
• Lederberg gained a place for biologists in the burgeoning U.S.
space program when he publicly warned against the dangers ofspace program when he publicly warned against the dangers of
contamination of the moon and of other planets by spacecraft
carrying microbes from earth.
• He explored the possibility of extraterrestrial life as a member
of National Academy of Sciences' Space Science Board from
1958 to 1974, and helped develop instruments to detect
potential traces of microbes on Mars as part of the National
Aeronautic and Space Administration's 1975 Viking mission to
the planet.

От экзобиологии к
экспертным системам
• Lederberg's role in constructing fully automated
laboratory equipment for research in space led him
in turn to embark on another new pursuit: expanding
the role of computers in scientific research.
• In collaboration with the chairman of Stanford's
computer science department, Edward Feigenbaum,computer science department, Edward Feigenbaum,
Lederberg in the 1960s developed DENDRAL, a
computer program designed to generate hypotheses
about the atomic composition of unknown chemical
compounds from spectrometric and other laboratory
data through Artificial Intelligence.
• It was the first expert system for specialized use in
science.

The original DENDRAL team,
25 years later. 1991

1966-71 – Washington Post
• 1966-71 - Publishes "Science and Man," a
weekly column on science, society, and
public policy in the Washington Post.
• Throughout his scientific career Lederberg• Throughout his scientific career Lederberg
sought to bring science to bear on matters of
public policy, particularly national security
and arms control, as a member of several
government advisory committees, such as
the Pentagon's Defense Science Board, on
which he has served since 1979.

Computer network
• 1973-78 - Helps establish SUMEX-AIM, a
nationwide time-share computer network
hosting biomedical research projects.

1976 - Vikings
• 1976 - U.S. Viking I and Viking II
spacecraft explore Mars with the help
of instruments for soil analysis
designed by Lederberg and hisdesigned by Lederberg and his
associates at the Instrumentation
Research Laboratory.
• The spacecraft find no clear signs of
life.

Joshua Lederberg receiving The National Medal of Science from
President George H. W. Bush. 18 October 1989.

1990-2008
• Professor emeritus and Raymond and
Beverly Sackler Foundation Scholar at
Rockefeller University.

Joshua Lederberg and the rest of the Committee on International
Security and Arms Control (CISAC) delegation attending meeting
in Moscow. 1991

Joshua Lederberg inside a
flight simulator. 1991

Members of the 1991 Chief of Naval Operations Executive Panel
(CEP) Plenary Session dressed in flight gear. 1991

Joshua Lederberg with John Whitehead at a meeting of the Carnegie
Commission's Council of Ethics and International Affairs. 3 November 1993

1994 - Gulf War syndrome
• 1994 – Lederberg is a Heads Defense Department Task Force on
Persian Gulf War Health Effects, which concludes that there is
insufficient epidemiological evidence for a coherent Gulf War
"syndrome“.
• Gulf War syndrome (GWS) or Gulf War illness (GWI) is the name
given to an illness with symptoms including increases in the rate
of immune system disorders and birth defects, reported by
combat veterans of the 1991 Gulf War.
• It has not always been clear whether these symptoms were related
to Gulf War service.to Gulf War service.
• Symptoms attributed to this syndrome have been wide-ranging,
including chronic fatigue, loss of muscle control, migraines and
other headaches, dizziness and loss of balance, memory
problems, muscle and joint pain, indigestion, skin problems, and
shortness of breath.
• U.S. Gulf War veterans have experienced mortality rates
exceeding those of U.S. Vietnam veterans.
• Brain cancer deaths, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (commonly
known as Lou Gehrig's disease) and fibromyalgia are now
recognized by the Defense and Veterans Affairs departments as
potentially connected to service during the Persian Gulf War.

Attendees of the Science Awards of New York City's
Department of Cultural Affairs. 18 February 1997

Joshua Lederberg with New York City Mayor
Rudolph Giuliani. 18 February 1997

New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani handing
Science Award to Joshua Lederberg. 18 February 1997

Joshua Lederberg in New Delhi, India. 13
November 1997

President Clinton chairing White House conference on bioterrorism,
January 1999. Lederberg is sixth from the left at the table

Joshua Lederberg with Secretary of the
Navy Richard Danzig. 17 August 2000

XXI century
• 2005 - Lederberg continues to conduct
laboratory research on bacterial and
human genetics, and to advise
government and industry on globalgovernment and industry on global
health policy, biological warfare, and
the threat of bioterrorism.

Honors
• Among other honors, Lederberg was elected a member of the
National Academy of Sciences in 1957, Foreign Member of the
Royal Society of London in 1979, and a fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1982.
• He received the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1989, and the
Allen Newell Award from the Association for Computing
Machinery in 1995.
• He holds honorary doctoral degrees in medicine from the
University of Turin in Italy and from Tufts University, in law
from the University of Pennsylvania, and in philosophy from Telfrom the University of Pennsylvania, and in philosophy from Tel
Aviv University.
• Lederberg has published over 300 scientific and policy-related
articles and is the editor of several books, including Papers in
Microbial Genetics: Bacteria and Bacterial Viruses (1951),
Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United
States (1992), and Biological Weapons: Limiting the Threat
(1999). His first marriage ended in divorce in 1966.

Joshua Lederberg in Rio De Janeiro.
February 1995

Joshua Lederberg speaking at the University of Toronto Lecture
series on global warming. September 1997

Perfect order plating: principle
and applications
Nikita N. Khromov-Borisov
Jenifer Saffi
João A. P. Henriques

Упорядоченный посев и пуассонер –
высокоточная техника
количественной микробиологииколичественной микробиологии
МЕДИЦИНА. XXI ВЕК
№ 2 (11) 2008, c. 92-97

Н. Н. Хромов-Борисов, Jenifer Saffi , Joao A. P. Henriques
Упорядоченный посев и пуассонер – высокоточная
техника количественной микробиологии

Упорядоченный посев

Сравнение упорядоченного
посева с обычным методом

Воспроизводимость

Пуассоновость
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Всего
0 21 23 19 27 25 18 24 23 26 25 231
1 48 48 57 51 48 43 41 54 45 43 478
2 56 54 54 49 59 49 63 54 47 48 533
3 29 29 35 37 32 38 32 34 36 38 340
4 18 17 13 14 11 23 14 13 20 20 1634 18 17 13 14 11 23 14 13 20 20 163
5 13 15 5 8 8 7 11 7 11 11 96
6 2 1 2 1 2 8 0 1 2 1 20
7 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 5
8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
10 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Всего 187 187 187 187 187 187 187 187 187 187 1870
PPoiss ,77 ,98 ,39 ,61 ,47 ,89 ,79 51 ,95 1,0 ,97

The Joshua Lederberg Papers
http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/BB/
http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/
lederberg-interview.html
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/
laureates/1958/lederberg-bio.htmllaureates/1958/lederberg-bio.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg
http://www.peoples.ru/science/biology/
lederberg/
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/lederberg/
lederberghome.html

Joshua lederberg ppt

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