Nanotechnology role in the Long-Term Sustainability of Water Resources 04 May 2022.pdf

Nanotechnology role in the Long-Term
Sustainability of Water Resources
By
Ahmed Mohamed Hesham, Ph.D.
Ahmed_hesham@science.suez.edu.eg

• Member of the Board of scientists Egypt.
• Member of Scientific Professions Syndicate.
• Member of the Arab Society for experts and Safety Professionals.
• Member of the International Association of Engineers.
• Expert in water and wastewater treatment technologies.
• Certified trainer in the water treatment field.
• Certified trainer in the Quality Management Systems field.
• M.Sc. in Environmental Chemistry – Ain Shams University.
• Ph.D. in Inorganic and analytical chemistry. Suez Canal University- Egypt.
https://eg.linkedin.com/in/ahmed-hasham-mmba-01024b27

Contents
• Water pollution sources.
• Importance of providing sustainable environment.
• Nanotechnology definition.
• Nanotechnology applications in the environment.
• Common preparation methods
• Common characterization methods
• Trend of Nanoparticles for environmental applications

Image Source: https://johnenglander.ne

Major types of water pollutants

• In recent years, water has become an
important issue, and it is quite difficult to
solve the associated problems. Thus, there is
need of a technology that can monitor, detect
and, if possible, to remove the contaminants
for a sustainable environment.

Nanotechnology offers a wide range of
capabilities and technologies to remediate and
purify the contaminated material, sense, detect
pollutants and can prevent pollution for
improving the quality of existing environment.

• Nanotechnology Definition
The understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately
1 and 100 nm, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. *
Nanoparticles are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic
or semi synthetic polymers.
* National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI).

Image source: Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts: a review | SpringerLink

Zeolites,
Carbon
nanotubes
(CNTs),
Self-assembled
monolayers on
mesoporous
supports,
Biopolymers,
Single enzyme
nanoparticles,
Nanoparticles of
zero valent iron
(ZVI),
Nanomembranes
and so on
Examples of nanoparticles and nanomaterials used for
remediation of water

Classification of Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment

Nano adsorbents
• NMs have been utilized as adsorbents due to
their small size, large surface area, which
markedly enhances their chemical activity,
and adsorption capacity.

Image Source: https://ars.els-cdn.com

Carbon Nanotubes applications
• Various organic pollutants adsorption.
• Heavy metals adsorption.
• Control microbial pathogens.
• They are not strong oxidants and relatively inert in water
resulting in avoiding the formation of carcinogenic
disinfection byproducts (DBPs).

Other applications of CNTs
DYES
DEGRADATION
MERCURY
DETECTORS
NITRATE, AND
PHOSPHATE
REMOVAL
HEAVY METALS
REMOVAL
ANTIMICROBIAL

The unique properties of Carbon Nanotubes
• High strength
• Resistance to acidic and basic media
• High surface area
• Good thermal, electrical, and conductive properties
• Novel structure with extra -ordinary properties.
• The CNTs consist of very thin honeycomb structures of graphene sheets
rolled up in cylindrical shape with a few nanometer diameter and many
micron or even centimeters length.
• Single walled CNTs (SWCNTs)
• Multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) distinguished by the layer's numbers.

Nano-catalysts
• The nano-catalysts, such as inorganic
materials, have attracted the attention of the
researchers and scientists. Various kinds of
nano-catalysts are employed for wastewater
treatment to improve chemical oxidation of
organic and inorganic pollutants and
antimicrobial actions example includes metal
oxides, nanocomposites.

Nano catalyst Examples

Image Source: https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6483110

Nanomembranes
• Nanomembranes are synthetic structures with a
thickness less than 100 nm and the aspect of
surface area-volume ratio increases to at least a
few orders of magnitude. Nanomembranes
continuously fit to nano-objects as a result of their
thickness and low-dimensional physics and
chemistry.

Examples of Nano polymer membrane
Cellulose acetate, Cellulose nitrate,
Polyacrylonitrile
(PAN),
Polyvinylchloride,
PVC copolymer,
Aromatic
polyamide,
Aliphatic
polyamide,
Polysulfone,
Polycarbonate, Polypropylene,

Nanostructured filtration membranes
• Nanostructures filtration membranes are polymeric
permeable membranes that have nanosized pores.

Nanostructured filtration membranes fabrication
Image Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813926-4.00038-0

Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Conventional
Approach to
produce NPs.
Precipitation of
Nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles
from Emulsions.
Green Approach
for the Synthesis
of Nanoparticles.

Conventional Approach for the Production of NPs
Physical Method
Chemical Method

Physical Method
• The bulk materials are used as the starting
materials and are broken down into smaller pieces
by using chemicals and/or physical means such as
mechanical grinding, mechanical alloying and
sputtering techniques followed by subsequent
stabilization of nanosized metal particles.

Chemical method
• In this process, the metal ions are allowed to
grow into clusters or NPs by using different
organic and inorganic reducing agents in
aqueous or nonaqueous solutions; capping
agents are also used for size stabilization of
the nanoparticles.

Precipitation of Nanoparticles
• The molecular solution is obtained by dissolving NMs
in solvent followed either by removing the solvent
rapidly or by mixing a non-solvent to the solution
resulting in final particle. If the desolubilization is
slow, then sticky particles are formed that have a
tendency of agglomeration giving large size particles.

Nanoparticles from Emulsions
• This technique is used to produce polymers or
protein-based NPs. Very fine emulsions can
be created, which can yield NPs using
improved homogenization technique.

Factors controlling NPs properties from this method
Amounts of
emulsifier
Amounts of
polymer
Intensity of
homogenization
Duration of
homogenization
Particle
hardening
profile

Green Approach for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
• This method involves the use of biological entities
like microorganisms, plant extract or plant biomass
to produce nanoparticles and hence provides an
alternative to chemical and physical methods.

Image Source: Metal Nanoparticles from Algae: A Green Approach for the Synthesis,
Characterization and their Biological Activity | Bentham Science (eurekaselect.com)

Image Source: Catalysts | Free Full-Text | Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles:
Applications and Limitations (mdpi.com)

Easy green synthesis for ZnO Nanoparticles

Nanoparticle’s Characterization
Chemical / Physical Characterization:
• Size and surface Morphology
• Specific Surface Area
• Surface Charge
• Density
• Molecular weight Measurements of Nanoparticles
• Kinetic Study
• Stability of Nanoparticles
Biological Characterization:
• Compatibility studies
• In-vitro Release Studies

Examples for devices can be used for particle size
determination
Zeta Sizer
Nano Sight (NTA)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

Morphology
• The shape, surface morphology commonly determined by
SEM and TEM.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of TiO2 nanoparticles at
different calcination temperatures and the size distribution histogram

Brunauer Emmett Teller
(BET)
• Gas adsorption or Nitrogen
adsorption.
• Measure the specific surface area
of nanoparticles including pore
size distribution.
• Determine porosity.

Surface Charge
The colloidal stability is analyzed through zeta potential
of nanoparticles.
This potential is an indirect measure of the surface charge.
Zeta potential:
The Zeta potential value that ranges from:
±0 - 10 mV shows a highly unstable colloid.
±10 - 20 mV shows relatively stable colloid.
±20 - 30 mV shows moderately stable colloid.
± 30 mV shows highly stable colloid.

Heavy metals removal

•
Examples of applications - HEAVY METALS REMOVAL
• A novel adsorbent, titanium dioxide nanowire (TiO2),
is prepared using hydrothermal methods and
subsequently used for the removal of heavy metals.
Some studies were tested the potential of using the
TiO2
such
nanowire to remove residues of heavy metals
as (Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Cd2+, and Zn2+) from
contaminated water.
• Due to its magnetic nature, TiO2 nanowire is an
exceptional adsorbent material. The highest efficiency
Pb2+
of absorption was 97.06 % with

DBPs Removal Using TiO2 nanoparticles

Conclusion and Recommendations

• Nanotechnology has opened up new possibilities for environmental
sustainability. It can be used to improve or replace the current technologies.
• Many nanoparticles can be employed for sensing and detecting
contaminants, especially those that are difficult to detect with current
technologies.
• Using green materials, coatings, and biocides, nanotechnology can be utilized
to avoid environmental contamination by limiting the release of dangerous
compounds into the environment.
• Although nanotechnology has many applications in the fields of
environmental technology, further research is needed to determine its risk.

References
• https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijct/issue/42630/481482
• https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/555345
• https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnm/2014/276467/
• https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2012/ee/c2ee21818f
• https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/2/345
• https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/9/4/625
• https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/4/766/htm
• https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-018-0408-4
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/green-synthesis
• https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781315153285/nanomaterials-nanocomposites-
rajendra-kumar-goyal

Thanks for listening

Nanotechnology role in the Long-Term Sustainability of Water Resources 04 May 2022.pdf

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