10. we perceive with senses
by
organ
sense
Electromagnetic waves of certain frequencies
eyes
Vision
1
Waves of air pressure; air vibrations
ears
audition
2
chemical substances
tongue
taste
3
chemical substances
nose
smell
4
Pressure of skin
skin
touch
5
Balance
ear
Equilibrioception
6
temperature
skin
thermoception
7
pain
all
nociception
8
18. Physiology of perception, top down processing
Expectations,
Emotions
Previous knowledge
etc
“high level” brain areas ;
Prefrontal cortex
Superior parietal cortex
influences neural
processing in lower
perceptual areas
23. To sum-up physiology of perception
Physical stimulus
Receptor
Neural activity activation of sensory brain areas
Sensory processing in neocortex
Highly organized
District areas for colors, motion, form,….
Hierarchical
Goes from simple to complex
Top-down influences
Context, Expectations, knowledge, etc. influence perception
25. Which square is brighter?
Perception does not
mirror reality,
it may distort it.
Psychophysics:
how does perception actually capture reality,
It is the Relation between physical stimuli and their perception
27. Psychophysics
What is minimum strength of
physical stimulation so that we notice its presence
Affected by motivation, expectation, attention,
adaptation
Absolute threshold
(detection threshold)
37. • Principle of totality
• One should investigate the whole percept,
i.e. taking into account all possible parts
Gestalt Theory
38. Gestalt Theory
Law of Prägnanz;
People will perceive and interpret ambiguous or complex images as the
simplest form(s) possible
We prefer things that are simple, stable, clear and ordered.
This is the fundamental principle of gestalt
Laws of grouping
Law of Simplicity
41. Gestalt Theory
Law of Closure
Objects are perceived as whole even
if they are not complete
42. Gestalt Theory
law of symmetry
Objects symmetrical around a center
point from a group
symmetry vs proximity
43. Gestalt Theory
law of continuity
We tend to perceive objects as forming
smooth continuous patterns
44. Gestalt Theory
law of figure and ground
segregation
We tend to structure the visual field
into parts:
A figure and ground
Bistable percepts Monostable percepts
45. the mind forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies
Law of Prägnanz; People will perceive and interpret ambiguous or complex images as the simplest form(s) possible
Proximity Similarity Closure
Symmetry Continuity figure and ground segregation
47. Depth perception
Localizing objects in a 3-dimentional world
The world is projected onto the eye as
two-dimensional images (2 photo)
But how?
How to create 3D percept from
two two-dimensional images?
49. Binocular cues
Binocular cue 1
“Binocular disparity”
The eyes view the world from a different angle
• The main cue in 3D movies; present different
picture to the left and right eye
50. Binocular disparity
• The main cue in 3D movies; present different picture to the left and right eye
The 2 picture are colour coded
glasses with colour filters
The 2 picture are presented alternatively;
LCD shutter glasses block the eye in the correct rhythm
The 2 picture are presented with
light of different polarization;
The glasses act as polarization
filter
Binocular cues
51. Binocular cue 2
“convergence”
The two eyes move inward for near objects to
focus the object
Eye muscles provide information on convergence
Binocular cues
56. Depth perception
Mind construct a 3D representation from two 2D images by using:
Binocular cues
Monocular cues
disparity convergence
occlusion Texture gradient Motion parallax
58. Object Recognition
Basic stages of object recognition
Stage 1 Processing of basic object components, such as colour, depth,
and form.
Stage 2 These basic components are then grouped on the basis of
similarity, providing information on distinct edges to the visual form.
Subsequently, figure-ground segregation is able to take place.
Stage 3 The visual representation is matched with structural
descriptions in memory.
Stage 4 Semantic attributes are applied to the visual representation,
providing meaning, and thereby recognition.
59. Object Recognition
Hierarchical recognition processing
Visual recognition processing has been typically viewed as
a bottom-up hierarchy in which information is processed
sequentially with increasing complexities,
where lower-level cortical processors, such as the primary
visual cortex, are at the bottom of the processing
hierarchy and higher-level cortical processors, such as
the inferotemporal cortex (IT),
are at the top, where recognition is facilitated.
A most recognized bottom-up hierarchical
theory is David Marr's theory of vision
61. Disorders of perception
Perceptual loss
Visual agnosia (inability to recognize images with intact vision),
Alexia (inability to recognize written material with intact vision and previous
knowledge)
Perceptual distortion
Micropsia (objects appear smaller)
macropsia (objects appear larger),
hyperacusis (sounds are louder)
hypoacusis(sounds are softer)
Perceptual deception
Illusions: misinterpretation of existing stimuli, e.g. seeing a rope as a snake.
Hallucinations: perception in the absence of external stimuli.