psychology

1. Introduction to
Psychology
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2. Day-5

3. Day-5
•Personality
•Psychodynamic perspectives
(psychoanalytic theory)
•Defense mechanism

4. Brain Storming
• What is personality
• Do you think that personality is important?
• Have you ever heard of any personality type?

5. Personality
• Personality is a pattern of enduring,
distinctive thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors that characterize the way an
individual adapts to the world.
• Psychologists have approached these
enduring characteristics in a variety of
ways, focusing on different aspects of
the person.
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6. Psychodynamic perspectives
Psychodynamic perspectives on personality emphasize that
personality is primarily unconscious.
the enduring patterns that make up personality are largely
unavailable to our conscious awareness
they powerfully shape our behaviors in ways that we cannot
readily comprehend

7. • behavior is only a surface characteristic
and that to truly understand someone’s
personality
• the symbolic meanings of that behavior
and the deep inner workings of the
mind
• early childhood experience shapes adult
personality
• introduced by Sigmund Freud
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8. Freud’s Psychoanalytic
Theory
• Freud thought everything was about sex
• Freud defined sex as organ pleasure
• Anything that is pleasurable is sex, according
to Freud.
• the sexual drive was the most important
motivator in human life
• the human sex drive was the main
determinant of personality development
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9. • felt that psychological disorders,
dreams, and all human behavior
represent the conflict between
unconscious sexual drive and the
demands of civilized human society.

10. • Hysteria
• Hysteria refers to physical symptoms
that have no physical cause
• a person might be unable to see,
even with perfectly healthy eyes, or
unable to walk, despite having no
physical injury
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11. many young women suffered from hysterical
symptoms, physical problems that could not be
explained by actual physical illness
Freud spent long hours listening to these
women talk about their symptoms.
The hysterical symptoms stemmed from
unconscious conflicts, centered on experiences
in which the person’s drive for pleasure was
thwarted by the social pressures of Victorian
society
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12. • the particular symptoms were related
symbolically to these underlying conflicts
• Fraulein Elisabeth Von R., suffered from
leg pains that prevented her from standing or
walking
• Through analysis, Freud discovered that
Fraulein Elisabeth had had a number of
experiences in which she wanted nothing
more than to take a walk but had been
prevented from doing so by her duty to her ill
father.
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13. • not due to a single experience,but
rather to many repeated experiences,
all related to walking
• Based on such observations, Freud
concluded that hysterical symptoms
were overdetermined
• meaning that those symptoms had
many causes in the unconscious
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14. • Freud came to use hysterical symptoms as his metaphor for understanding
dreams, slips of the tongue, and all human behavior
• Everything we do, he said, has a great number of unconscious causes.
• Drawing from his analyses of patients (as well as himself), Freud developed a
model of human personality

15. • He saw personality as like an iceberg,
existing mostly below the level of
awareness, just as the massive part of an
iceberg lies beneath the surface of the
water
• Notice how only the tiniest bit of the
personality is the conscious mind. Most
of who we are is cloaked in the
unconscious.

16. STRUCTURES
OF
PERSONALITY
• The three structures of personality
• the id, the ego, and the superego
• id is literally the “it,”
• the ego is the “I,”
• the superego is the “above-I.”

17. Id
• consisting of unconscious
drives; the individual’s
reservoir of sexual energy.
• unconscious drives
• the id has no contact with
reality
• seeks immediate gratification
• The world would be pretty
scary if personalities were all
id.
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18. • As young children mature, they learn that they
cannot act on every impulse
• They cannot snatch every candy or slug other
children.
• They must negotiate with others to get the
things they want.
• As children experience the limitaton of reality, a
new element of personality is formed

19. Ego
• deals with the demands of reality
• the ego abides by the reality principle
• It tries to get the id what it wants within the norms of society.
• Whereas the id is completely unconscious
• the ego is partly conscious

20. • It houses our higher mental functions—
reasoning, problem solving, and decision making
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21. Superego
serves as the harsh internal
judge of our behavior
what we often call conscience.
reflected in what we often call
conscience and evaluates the
morality of our behavior

22. • The ego acts as a mediator between the
conflicting demands of the id and the superego,
as well as the real world.
• Examples
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23. DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• The conflicts that erupt among the demands of
the id, the superego, and reality create a great
deal of anxiety for the ego.
• strategies for dealing with this anxiety, called
defense mechanisms.
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24. • Defense mechanisms are actions the ego uses
to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
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25. Examples
Imagine that Jason’s id is pressing to express an
unconscious desire to have relationship with his mother.
Clearly, acting on this impulse would not please the
superego or society at large.
If he became aware of this impulse, Jason might recoil in
horror.
Instead, Jason’s ego might use a defense mechanism of
displacement.
Displacement means directing unacceptable impulses at a
less threatening target
develop a relationship with a girlfriend who looks and acts
like his mother

26. • All defense mechanisms reduce anxiety by distorting reality
• Defense mechanisms are unconscious ; we are not aware that we are
calling on them

37. • Defense mechanisms have been used to explain prejudice—that is, holding
negative attitudes toward a group of people because of their race, ethnicity,
or other characteristic.

38. Stonehearst Asylum

39. Discussion Time
• Examples of three common defense mechanism
• Which one is the best in three types of personality;id,ego and super-
ego? How do you think?

40. Thank you