The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen may have a profound effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug acts

2. The route of administration (ROA)
that is chosen may have a
profound effect upon the speed
and efficiency with which the
drug acts

3.  The possible routes of drug entry into the body
may be divided into two classes:
o Enteral
sublingual
oral
other
oParenteral
I.V
I.M
S.C

4. ENTERNAL
Drugs
Enternal
Oral Rectal Sublingual
Topical
Dermal Inhalational Conjunctival Intraocular
parenteral

5. Drugs
Enternal
Oral
Buccal
Lozenge Drops tabs
Parenteral

6. Some drugs are taken as smaller tablets which are held in the mouth or under the
tongue.
• Advantages
 rapidabsorption (angina pectoris)
 drug stability
 avoidfirst-passeffect

7. • Disadvantages
 Inconvenient for all drugs .
 small doses
 unpleasant taste of some drugs
 E.g. of sublingual drugs:Trinitroglycerin, Borbrinpherin
 E.g. of buccal drug: Nicotine

8. Drugs
Enternal
Oral
Tabs Capsules
Suspensions syrups Gels Elixirs Powders solutions
Parenteral

9. Drugs
Enternal
Oral
Tabs
convenient soluble Dispersible Effervescent Chewable
Parenteral

10.  Advantages
 Convenient - can be self- administered, pain free, easy to take
 Absorption - takes place along the whole length of the GI tract
 Cheap - compared to most other parenteral routes

11.  Disadvantages
 Sometimes inefficient - only part of the drug may be absorbed
 First-passeffect - drugs absorbed orally are initially transported to the
liver via the portal vein
 irritation to gastric mucosa - nausea and vomiting

12.  Disadvantages cont.
 destructionof drugs by gastric acid and digestive juices
 effect too slowfor emergencies
 unpleasant taste of some drugs
 unable to use in unconscious patient
‫الهضمي‬ ‫الجهاز‬ ‫بحركية‬ ‫يتأثر‬‫و‬‫الطعام‬ ‫تناول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫أخرى‬ ‫أدوية‬ ‫بإعطاء‬(‫ا‬‫ل‬‫مث‬:‫قد‬‫ي‬‫فاقم‬
‫الميتوكلوبراميد‬‫األدوية‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫امتصاص‬)‫وبمدى‬‫استقلب‬‫للدواء‬ ‫الكبد‬Er‫الممتص‬(‫تأثير‬
‫األول‬ ‫العبور‬),‫ا‬‫ل‬‫مث‬:‫يتخرب‬75%‫من‬‫البروبرانول‬‫الممتص‬(‫ذلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫وأكثر‬
‫للكيتامين‬)‫الكبد‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫األول‬ ‫العبور‬ ‫لدى‬.
‫بي‬ ‫األمعاء‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫كامل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫األدوية‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫فعالية‬ ‫زال‬ُ‫ت‬ ‫حال‬ ‫كل‬ ‫على‬‫يتأثر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نما‬
‫اآلخر‬ ‫البعض‬

13.  The first-pass effect is the term used for the hepatic metabolism of
a pharmacological agent when it is absorbed from the gut and
delivered to the liver via the portal circulation. The greater the
first-pass effect, the less the agent will reach the systemic
circulation when the agent is administered orally

14. Magnitude of first pass hepatic effect:
Extraction ratio (ER)
ER = CL liver / Q ; where Q is hepatic blood flow (usually
about 90 L per hour.
Systemic drug bioavailability (F) may be determined from the
extent of absorption (f) and the extraction ratio (ER):
F = f x (1 -ER)

15. ORAL CAPS
Drugs
Enternal
Oral
Capsules
Hardcapsules Softcapsules
Parenteral topical

16. DRUG TREE HARD CAPS.
Drugs
Enternal
Oral
Capsules
Hardcapsules
composedof twoparts, canbe
packedpowderor granules

17. DRUG TREE SOFTCAPS.
Drugs
Enternal
Oral
Capsules
Soft capsules
one piece. Containinga liquidor
semisolidmaterial

18. DRUG TREE SUSPENSIONS
Drugs
Enternal
Oral
suspension
s
Solidphase
Liquidphase minimumdegreeof
dissolution
Parenteral
suspensions
Topica

19. DRUG TREE SYRUPS
Drugs
Enternal
Oral
Syrups
One phase Highly sugared Aqueous sol.
Parenteral
topical

20. RECTAL PREPS
Drugs
Enternal
Rectal
Supposotories
Parenteral
Topical

21. 1. unconscious patients and children
2. if patient is nauseous or vomiting
3. absorption may be variable
4. good for drugs affecting the bowel suchas laxatives
5. irritating drugs contraindicated
•‫امتص‬ ‫لضمان‬ ‫المستقيم‬ ‫ضمن‬ ‫الدواء‬ ‫يبقى‬ ‫أن‬ ‫شترط‬ُ‫ي‬‫اصه‬.
•‫تمتص‬ ‫قد‬50%‫الدوران‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الدواء‬ ‫جرعة‬ ‫من‬‫الجهازي‬
‫وال‬5%‫هذه‬ ‫تختلف‬ ‫عموما‬ ‫لكن‬ ‫البابي‬ ‫الدوران‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫األخرى‬
‫دواء‬ ‫بين‬ ‫النسب‬‫و‬‫آخر‬.

22. TOPICAL
Drugs
Topical
Derma
Gels Ointments Creams Pastes Powders Aerosols Lotions TD patches

23. •Mucosal membranes (eye drops, antiseptic, sunscreen,
callous removal, nasal, etc.)
•Skin
a. Dermal - rubbing in of oil or ointment
(local action)
b. Transdermal - absorption of drug through skin (systemic
action)
i. stable blood levels
ii. no first pass metabolism
iii. drug must be potent or patch
becomes to large

24. ‫الجلدية‬ ‫الصيدالنية‬ ‫األشكال‬ ‫من‬:Cream, ointment, gel, solution
‫الجلد‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الصيدالنية‬ ‫األشكال‬ ‫من‬:Patchs‫اللصوقات‬‫األشكال‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تصمم‬ ‫الجلدية‬
‫الدوران‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫العديدة‬ ‫بطبقاته‬ ‫الجلد‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الدوائية‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫عبور‬ ‫لضمان‬‫الجهازي‬..‫رغم‬‫أن‬
‫االمتصاص‬‫بطيئ‬‫مؤلم‬ ‫غير‬ ‫و‬ ‫موثوق‬ ‫لكنه‬.‫الطريق‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫المعطاة‬ ‫األدوية‬ ‫أشهر‬ ‫من‬:
-Fentanyl‫تطبق‬ ‫المزمن‬ ‫األلم‬ ‫لحاالت‬ ‫يستطب‬ ‫الذي‬‫اللصاقة‬‫ل‬72‫ساعة‬.
-Scopolamine=‫الهيوسين‬‫تطبق‬‫اللصاقة‬‫مدار‬ ‫على‬ ‫مستمر‬ ‫تحرر‬ ‫لتعطي‬‫ثللة‬‫أي‬‫ام‬
‫و‬ ‫الغثيان‬ ‫من‬ ‫للوقاية‬‫اإلقياء‬‫بعد‬ ‫تستطب‬ ‫قد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫دوار‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ينجم‬ ‫قد‬ ‫الذي‬‫الجراحة‬
‫من‬ ‫للوقاية‬‫اإلقياء‬‫المخدرات‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫عن‬ ‫الناجم‬..
-‫لصوقات‬‫النيكوتين‬..‫إلخ‬.
‫األخرى‬ ‫الموضعية‬ ‫األشكال‬ ‫من‬:
‫المهبلية‬:‫ومحاليل‬ ‫بويضات‬ ‫و‬ ‫كريمات‬..‫الفطرية‬ ‫كالصادات‬(‫كلوتريمازول‬)‫وال‬‫صادات‬
‫الحيوية‬(‫كليندامايسين‬)‫الموضعية‬ ‫الحمل‬ ‫مانعات‬ ‫و‬(‫بويضات‬‫نونوكسينول‬..)
‫الشرجية‬:‫مراهم‬ ‫و‬ ‫تحاميل‬(‫الشرجية‬ ‫البواسير‬ ‫لعلج‬ ‫كالمستخدمة‬)

25. CONJUNCTIVAL PREPS
Drugs
Topical
Conjunctival
Contact lens
inserts
Ointments

26. TOPICAL - CONJUNCTIVAL
Drugs
Topical
IntraOcular
Sols Suspensions

27. TOPICAL-VAGINAL
Drugs
Topical
Vaginal
Sols Ointments Emulsion foams Gels Tabs Suppositories

28. INHALTIONAL DRUGS
Drugs
topical
Inhalational
Intranasal Intrarespiratory
Parenteral Enternal

29. INHALTIONAL DRUGS
Drugs
Enternal
Inhalational
Intranasal
Sols Sprays Inhalants Ointments
Intrarespiratory

30. INHALTIONAL DRUGS
Drugs
Enternal
Inhalational
intranasal Intrarepiratory
Aerosols

31. 1.gaseous and volatile agents and aerosols
2.rapid onset of action due to rapid access to circulation
a.large surface area
b.thin membranes separates alveoli circulation
c.high blood flow
Particles larger than 20 micron and the particles impact in
the mouth and throat. Smaller than 0.5 micron and they
aren't retained.

32.  Respiratory system. Except for IN, risk hypoxia.
 Intranasal (snorting) Snuff, cocaine may be partly oral via post-
nasal dripping. Fairly fast to brain, local damage to septum. Some
of the volatile gases also appear to cross nasal membranes.
 Smoke (Solids in air suspension, vapors) absorbed across lung
alveoli: Nicotine, opium, THC, freebase and crack cocaine, crystal
meth.Particles or vapors dissolve in lung fluids, then diffuse. Longer
action than volatile gases. Tissue damage from particles, tars, CO.
 Volatilegases: Some anaesthetics (nitrous oxide, ether) [precise
control], petroleum distillates. Diffusion and exhalation (alcohol).
 Lung-based transfer may get drug to brain in as little as five
seconds.

33. PARENTERAL
Drugs
Parenteral
Solutions Suspensions IV,IM,IA,SC

34.  Intravascular (IV, IA)- placing a drug directly into the blood stream
 Intramuscular (IM) - drug injected into skeletal muscle
 Subcutaneous - Absorption of drugs from the subcutaneoustissues

36. Absorption phase is bypassed
(100%bioavailability)
1.precise, accurate and almost immediate onset of action,
2. large quantities can be given, fairly pain free
3. greater risk of adverse effects
a. high concentration attained rapidly
b. risk of embolism

37. 1. very rapidabsorptionof drugs in aqueous
solution
2.repository and slowrelease preparations
3.painat injection sites for certain drugs
-‫الترا‬ ‫يؤذي‬ ‫قد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫كالبنسلين‬ ‫األدوية‬ ‫لبعض‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ ‫مؤلم‬‫كيب‬
‫المجاورة‬ ‫التشريحية‬(‫الوركي‬ ‫العصب‬ ‫أذية‬)
-‫امتصاص‬ ‫ا‬‫ل‬‫مث‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫دائم‬ ‫موثوق‬ ‫االمتصاص‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫ال‬‫الديازيبا‬‫م‬‫لدى‬
‫بالعضل‬ ‫حقن‬ ‫اإلعطاء‬ ‫لدى‬ ‫منه‬ ‫أفضل‬ ‫الفموي‬ ‫التناول‬.
-‫ا‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫عضلي‬ ‫الحقن‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫فيما‬ ‫التأكد‬ ‫علينا‬ ‫يصعب‬ ‫قد‬‫لدى‬ ‫لجلد‬
‫البدين‬ ‫المريض‬

38. 1. slow and constant absorption
2. absorption is limited by blood flow, affected if circulatory
problems exist
3. concurrent administration of vasoconstrictor will slow
absorption

39.  intravenous 30-60 seconds
 intraosseous 30-60 seconds
 endotracheal 2-3 minutes
 inhalation 2-3 minutes
 sublingual 3-5 minutes
 intramuscular 10-20 minutes
 subcutaneous 15-30 minutes
 rectal 5-30 minutes
 ingestion 30-90 minutes
 transdermal (topical) variable (minutes to hours)

40.  Oral - controlled-release, timed-release, sustained-release
 designed to produce slow,uniform absorption for 8 hours or
longer
 better compliance, maintain effect over night, eliminate
extreme peaks and troughs

41.  Depot or reservoir preparations - parental
administration (except IV), may be prolonged by
using insoluble salts or suspensions in non-aqueous
vehicles.

42. The ROA is determined by the physical
characteristics of the drug, the speed
which the drug is absorbed and/ or
released, as well as the need to bypass
hepatic metabolism and achieve high
conc. at particular sites
Important
Info

43. No single method of
drug administration
is ideal for all drugs
in all circumstances
Very Important
note!

44. Polt ghraph of different dosage forms and it’s plazma concentrations