Few Facts – Mumbai and Paris Concentric evolution of Paris over ages Monumental architecture driven by rulers Civil Architecture & City Planning - The Haussmann revolution and legacy. Paris developed through concentric circles-Across the Seine river – closed by octroi and protective walls.

1. Paris – The international City
Presentation at Thakur School of Architecture and Planning
Matthieu Tixeront
28th August 2015

2. Agenda
P. 2
1. Few Facts – Mumbai and Paris
2. Concentric evolution of Paris over ages
3. Monumental architecture driven by rulers
4. Civil Architecture & City Planning - The Haussmann
revolution and legacy
1.0

3. Along a river versus an archipelago
Source: Spot Satellite Pictures
Paris – river
banks
Mumbai - Archipelago
1.0

4. Paris and Mumbai
Both are very dense areas and are major economic centers
Size
ParisMumbai
 603 sqkm (core)
 4355 sqkm (Metro)
 105 sqkm (core)
 2844 sqkm (Metro)
Population
 1.25 Cr (core)
 1.84 Cr (metro)
 0.23 Cr (core)
 1.05 Cr (Metro)
Density  21 000 / sqkm  21 000 / sqkm
Economy
 Service Focus
 7% of India GDP
 Service Focus
 5% of Europe GDP
Source: India and French Statistics Agencies
1.0

5. Agenda
P. 5
1. Few Facts – Mumbai and Paris
2. Concentric evolution of Paris over ages
3. Monumental architecture driven by rulers
4. Civil Architecture & City Planning - The Haussmann
revolution and legacy
2.0

6. Paris developed through concentric circles-
Across the Seine river – closed by octroi and protective walls
2.0

7. 1233 – Charles Auguste Walls 2.0
The wall of Philippe Auguste,
created at the beginning of the
13th century enclosed 253
hectares with houses, but also
fields planted with vegetables
and vines allowing people to
resist a possible military siege.

8. Paris around 1600 (wall of Charles V) 2.0
The wall of Charles V, built
from 1356 to 1383 is one of
the city walls of Paris. It was
built on the right bank of the
river Seine, outside the wall
of Philippe Auguste and
replaced it.

9. Paris around 1700 – wall of Louis XIII 2.0
In the 1640s, the western part of the wall of Charles V was
demolished and replaced by the larger Louis XIII wall

10. Paris last walls in 1913:
The Thiers walls – destroyed in 30’s
2.0

11. Agenda
P. 11
1. Few Facts – Mumbai and Paris
2. Concentric evolution of Paris over ages
3. Monumental architecture driven by rulers
4. Civil Architecture & City Planning - The Haussmann
revolution and legacy
3.0

12. Paris the International City
The architecture of Paris created during the Belle Époque, between
1871 and the beginning of the First World War in 1914, was notable
for its variety of different styles, from neo-Byzantine and neo-
Gothic to classicism, Art Nouveau, and art deco.
It was also known for its lavish decoration and its imaginative use
of both new and traditional materials, including iron, plate glass,
colored tile and reinforced concrete.
Notable buildings and structures of the period include the Eiffel
Tower, the Grand Palais, the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, the
Gare de Lyon, the Bon Marché department store, and the entries of
the stations of the Paris Metro designed by Hector Guimard.

13. Most of Paris key landmarks,
were personally designed by France rulers
Notre-Dame
(XII century) –
Maurice de Sully
Notre-Dame de Paris
French for ("Our Lady of
Paris"), also known as Notre-
Dame Cathedral or simply
Notre-Dame, is a historic
Catholic cathedral. The
cathedral is widely considered
to be one of the finest
examples of French Gothic
architecture
3.0

14. 1610 – Henri IV –
Pont-Neuf (“new bridge”) & Place Royale
3.0
The Pont Neuf, (New Bridge) is the oldest standing bridge across the river Seine in
Paris, France. Its name, which was given to distinguish it from older bridges that were
lined on both sides .
Originally known as the Place Royale, the Place des Vosges was built by Henri IV
from 1605 to 1612. A true square (140 m × 140 m), it embodied the first European
program of royal city planning.

15. An example of “hotel particulier” –
The house of Cardinal Richelieu (17th century)
3.0
In French contexts, an ‘hôtel particulier’ is a townhouse of a grand sort. Built by
Prime Minister Cardinal Richelieu in 1631 for Minister of Finance during the reign of
King Louis XIII.

16. Palais Royal nowadays 3.0
Originally called the ‘Palais-Cardinal’, the
palace was the personal residence of
Cardinal Richelieu.
The architect Jacques Lemercier began
his design in 1629; construction
commenced in 1633 and was completed in
1639.

17. Louis XIV (17th century) –
Place Vendome 3.0
Place Vendôme was laid out in 1702 as
a monument to the glory of the armies of
Louis XIV, the Grand Monarque and
called Place des Conquêtes, to be
renamed Place Louis le Grand, when the
conquests proved temporary.

18. Louirs XIV –
Hotel des Invalides
3.0
Louis XIV initiated the project by an order dated 24 November 1670, as a home and
hospital for aged and unwell soldiers.

19. Napoleon –
The triumph Arc and “Star” place
3.0
The Arc is located on the right bank of the Seine at the center of a dodecagonal
configuration of twelve radiating avenues. It was commissioned in 1806 after the
victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoleon at the peak of his fortunes.

20. The Paris Beaux Arts school
(18th- 19th century)
3.0
An École des Beaux-Arts, (School of Fine Arts) is one of a number of
influential art schools in France. The school has a history spanning more
than 350 years, training many of the great artists in Europe.

21. 1889 Universal exhibition
Saw construction of Eiffel Tower
3.0

22. While the 1900 one,
The petit and grand palais and first metro line
3.0

23. 20th century museums
Driven by presidents - Orsay
3.0

24. Pompidou – contemporary art 3.0
Designed by the
collaboration of
Richard Rogers
and Renzo Piano.

25. Pompidou – contemporary art 3.0
Designed by the collaboration of Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano.

26. Mitterand –
The louvre pyramid (new museum entrance)
Commissioned by the President of France François Mitterrand in 1984, it was
designed by the architect I. M. Pei, who is responsible for the design of the Miho
Museum in Japan, the MasterCard Corporate Office Building in Purchase, New York.
The pyramid and the underground lobby beneath it were created because of a series
of problems with the Louvre's original main entrance, which could no longer handle
the enormous number of visitors on an everyday basis.
3.0

27. Chirac – Quai Branly
The Musée du
quai Branly in
Paris, France,
features the
indigenous art
and cultures of
Africa, Asia,
Oceania, and
the Americas.
The museum
collection has
450,000
objects, of
which 3,500 are
on display at
any given time,
in both
permanent and
temporary
thematic
exhibits.
3.0

28. Agenda
P. 28
1. Few Facts – Mumbai and Paris
2. Concentric evolution of Paris over ages
3. Monumental architecture driven by rulers
4. Civil Architecture & City Planning - The Haussmann
revolution and legacy
4.0

29. In mid-19th century,
Paris had major urbanisation issues and required major change
Social reformer Victor
Considerant in 1845”
“Paris is an immense workshop
of putrefaction, where misery,
pestilence and sickness work in
concert, where sunlight and air
rarely penetrate. Paris is a
terrible place where plants
shrivel and perish, and where,
of seven small infants, four die
during the course of the year”
4.0

30. Dense habitat with very poor quality of construction 4.0

31. Very narrow lanes:
limiting transportation, air and sun flows
4.0

32. No decent waste/sewage system,
leading to massive epidemics such as cholera outbreaks
4.0

33. Napoleon III
Selects Haussman to “aerate, unify and embellish Paris”
 Emperor Napoleon III selects Haussmann in 1853 as
prefect of Paris, impressed by his energy, audacity and
ability to overcome or get around problems
 Mandate given : aérer, unifier, et embellir Paris:
 To give it air and open space, to connect and unify the
different parts of the city into one whole, and to make it
more beautiful.
4.0

34. The rue de Rivoli,
was the first one in the program
1. Unity
2. Homogeneity
3. Wide roads (22-24 meters)
4. Tree lining
5. No exception to rules!
4.0

35. Major elements from Haussman style were defined 4.0

36. To make all the new roads,
“strong” methods were employed!
 In 1851, new land bill to make expropriation easier
 Haussman reporting only to emperor, not parliament
 Bankers roped in to finance constructions in exchange of
real estate rights
 First road built with 3000 labourers with work 24 hours a
day for 4 years to make the rue de rivoli
4.0

37. A major program
To open large “boulevards” and parks was set up with
Haussman as head – 29 000kms of new roads
4.0

38. Even the heart of Paris, was “cut” through…
with new roads and public place
Paris the International City
4.0

39. An example : avenue de l Opera 4.0

40. Core elements of Haussman Façade Style:
“cream grey” Paris stone, building ornementation, functional floor usage 4.0

41. This style defines nowadays most Paris roads:
Aligned street-fronts, aligned top-floor balconies,
and tree-lined boulevards
4.0

42. Haussman roads:
Linked new major train stations
Paris the International City
4.0

43. Haussman roads:
While massively improving infrastructure systems
Paris the International City
w
a
s
t
e
4.0

44. Plan also multiplied the park space:
To “aerate” the city
Paris the International City
4.0

45. To build such new roads:
Massive expropriation took place
Paris the International City
4.0

46. To build such new roads:
Massive expropriation took place
Paris the International City
4.0

47. Paris turned into a giant construction site –
example to build Opera new avenue
Paris the International City
4.0

48. Public acceptance went down:
Haussmann was fired in 1870
 Expropriate owners growing protest and escalating
 Climbing costs whereas France was close to war
 Tiredness of Parisians to see Paris as a major
“construction site”
 "In the eyes of the Parisians, who like routine in things
but are changeable when it comes to people, I
committed two great wrongs: Over the course of
seventeen years, I disturbed their daily habits by turning
Paris upside down, and they had to look at the same
face of the Prefect in the Hotel de Ville. These were two
unforgivable complaints."[Haussman in his Memoirs]
4.0

49. Paris modernisation Legacy
Paris the International City
 Haussman rigidity was questioned in 1970’s by
functional architects (typically le Corbusier) who wanted
more variety / new functionalities, but that quickly faded
out
 Important place dedicated to transportation (then
horses, now cars) is challenged: Paris is now
restricting more and more car usage
 Overall Parisians nowadays do not challenge any
more the Haussmann heritage
4.0

50. Questions?
Paris the International City