IoT - Transforming the way we behave with our environment

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The!IoT!'!Transforming!the!way!we!behave!with!our!environment!
Stephane.saintdenis@kedgebs.com!
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THE!INTERNET!OF!THINGS!!
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Transforming!the!way!we!behave!
with!our!environment!!
Thesis!written!by!Stephan!Saint'Denis,!M.Sc!in!Management!&!Marketing,!Kedge!Business!School,!27/05/2014!

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They!predicted…!
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"...by%means%of%electric%media,%we%set%up%a%dynamic%by%which%all%previous%
technologies%:%including%cities%:%will%be%translated%into%information%systems"!
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Marshall%McLuhan.%1964%
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“The%impact%of%sensors%doesn’t%stop%at%mere%sensing.%What%happens%when%we%put%
eyes,%ears,%and%sensory%organs%on%devices?%Inevitably,%we%are%going%to%ask%those%
devices%to%respond%to%what%they%“see,”%to%manipulate%the%world%around%them.%The%
sensor%decade%will%really%be%a%sensor/effector%decade,%where%devices%will%not%only%
observe%things,%they%will%also%manipulate%them.”%
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Paul%Saffo's,%1998%
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"And%men%got%dreaming.%Shouldn't%there%be%a%network%that%made%all%my%devices%
collaborate%at%all%times,%converse%spontaneously%among%themselves%and%with%the%
rest%of%the%world,%and%all%together%make%up%a%kind%of%single%virtual%computer%–%the%
sum%of%their%respective%intelligence,%knowledge%and%
know%how?"%
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Rafi%Haladjian,%2005%
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"The%Internet%of%Things%has%the%potential%to%change%the%world,%just%as%the%Internet%
did.%Maybe%even%more%so."!
Kevin!Ashton,!2009!
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And!today!it’s!happening…!
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Never%forget%to%take%your%medication%again%and%automagically%keep%your%loved%
ones%informed.%–%GlowCaps,%2008%
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Make%energy%savings%and%lower%your%electricity%bill.%:%%Nest,%2010%
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Front%pockets%and%purses%are%slowly%being%emptied,%as%your%house%keys%will%now%be%
in%your%phone.%%:%August%Smart%Lock,%2013%
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Plants%tell%you%when%to%be%watered.%:%Parrot%Flower%Power,%2013%
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Intuitively%make%your%life%more%serene.%:%Sense%Mother,%2014%
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PREFACE!
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Right!off!the!bat,!I!must!confess,!I!am!somehow!addicted!to!the!Internet!as!I!need!
my!daily!dose!of!news,!social!feed!and!junk!that!I!can!find!in!my!inbox.!I!think!a!
lot! of! people! can! also! identify! with! this.! It! feels! almost! like! I! can’t! have! a! day!
without!being!connected!to!the!Internet.!!
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Technology! startups! and! companies! are! constantly! making! our! experience! on!
devices!and!the!Internet!more!simple,!slick!and!intuitive.!Using!computers!and!
mobile!devices!has!become!an!almost!hassle!free!experience!as!you!simply!need!
to!press!the!power!button,!login!'!and!voila!!From!there!on,!you!have!the!power!
to!do!many!things,!the!world!is!literally!at!your!fingertips,!with!only!a!few!clicks.!
For! example,! you! can! start! by! virtually! socializing! with! your! friends! on! social!
media;! read! your! piece! of! news! on! your! favorite! e'channel;! shop! on! the! web!
without!wasting!your!time!outside!in!shopping!malls!and!view!movies!and!TV!
shows!on'demand,!instantly.!!
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In! addition,! the! millions! of! applications! have! made! our! experience! more!
enjoyable!through!seamless!connection!to!the!Internet.!Applications!can!now!do!
a! “zillion”! things! for! you! '! from! videos! games,! instant! news! feeds! and! social!
media!to!compasses,!lamp!torches!and!augmented!reality!!'!blurring!the!physical!
world!with!the!virtual!world.!!!
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It’s!incredible!to!see!how!these!things!have!changed!our!mode!of!consumption!
and!even!behavior!with!technology!and!the!Internet.!!
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The! second! reason! for! writing! this! paper! is! that! I! praise! and! I! also! fear! the!
advances! in! technology.! On! the! one! hand,! it! has! made! life! easier,! more!
productive!and!entertaining!for!billions!of!people.!It!has!helped!companies!and!
entrepreneurs!to!innovate,!optimize!processes!and!create!new!business!models.!
Ultimately,!it!has!pushed!humanity!to!discover!new!frontiers:!the!power!of!the!
virtual! world! through! the! utilization! of! our! electromagnetic! field! and! smart!
technologies.!!

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On!the!other!hand,!our!privacy!and!security!is!at!stake!as!the!Internet!has!made!it!
possible! for! any! individual! to! hack! in! your! computer,! laptop! and! even! your!
phone.!The!Edward!Snowden!case,!where!the!NSA!not!only!spied!on!enemies!but!
also! on! its! allies! and! citizens,! is! a! perfect! illustration! of! privacy! and! security!
breaches! specifically! pertaining! to! the! 21st! century.! This! issue! is! a! growing!
concern,! as! the! most! mundane! objects! in! your! house! will! very! likely! be!
connected!to!the!Internet,!according!to!predictions1.!!
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Last!but!not!least,!in!November!2013,!I!attended!a!seminar,!“Mobile!Marketing”,!
hosted! by! Gemalto! executives! Emmanuel! Legros! and! Nadia! Gonzalez! Ernould.!
This! seminar! greatly! piqued! my! interest! as! was! I! was! introduced! to! the!
fascinating!world!of!the!Internet!of!Things.!!
The! good! news! is! that! I! will! be! interning! at! Gemalto! in! the! Mobile! Marketing!
department!as!of!June!2014.!!
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All! of! the! above! reasons! have! motivated! me! into! writing! this! research! paper!
about!the!Internet!of!Things.!!
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SPECIAL!THANKS!
I!would!kindly!like!to!thank!Jean!Philippe!Danglade,!teacher!at!Kedge!Business!
School,!who!accepted!to!be!my!tutor,!and!a!good!friend!of!mine,!Andi!Holton,!who!
meticulously!corrected!this!paper.!!
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1See!part!3!'!PREDICTIONS!

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TABLE!OF!CONTENTS!
EXECUTIVE!SUMARY!......................................................................................................!10!
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1.! INTRODUCTION!.......................................................................................................!12!
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SOCIETY!OBSERVATION!AND!EVOLUTION!...............................................................................!12!
AVERAGE!JOE!..........................................................................................................................................!13!
BLURRING!THE!PHYSICAL!WORLD!WITH!THE!VIRTUAL!WORLD!.................................!14!
THE!PLAN!.................................................................................................................................................!15!
LIMITATION!............................................................................................................................................!15!
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2.! WHAT!IS!THE!INTERNET!OF!THINGS?!..............................................................!16!
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ORIGINS!.....................................................................................................................................................!16!
DEFINITIONS!..........................................................................................................................................!17!
VALUE!PROPOSITION!.........................................................................................................................!18!
A!ROSE!BY!ANY!OTHER!NAME!........................................................................................................!18!
EXAMPLES!................................................................................................................................................!19!
THE!TRIPLE!A!.........................................................................................................................................!22!
MIND!BOGGLING!NUMBERS!............................................................................................................!22!
DIKW!PYRAMID!.....................................................................................................................................!23!
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TECHNOLOGIES!FOR!THE!INTERNET!OF!THINGS!..........................................................!25!
Shrinking!Technologies!......................................................................................................................!26!
Sensing!Technologies!..........................................................................................................................!27!
Tagging!Technologies!..........................................................................................................................!28!
Thinking!Technologies!........................................................................................................................!30!
THE!MAKER!REVOLUTION!...............................................................................................................!31!
MOBILE!DEVICES!..................................................................................................................................!32!
Synergistic!Technologies!...................................................................................................................!33!
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MAIN!CHALLENGES!FOR!THE!IOT!........................................................................................!33!
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BRIEF!HISTORY!.........................................................................................................................!36!
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3.! FUTURE!SOCIETY!....................................................................................................!40!
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PREDICTIONS!.............................................................................................................................!42!
STATISTICS!..............................................................................................................................................!42!
WHAT!EXPERTS!ARE!SAYING!–!NUMBER!OF!CONNECTED!DEVICES!...........................!43!
WHAT!EXPERTS!ARE!SAYING!–!ECONOMIC!VALUE!OF!THE!IoT!.....................................!44!
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ENVIRONMENTAL!TRANSFORMATION!.............................................................................!46!
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COMPOUND!APPLICATIONS!..................................................................................................!51!
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4.! CONCLUSION!.............................................................................................................!55!
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APPENDIX!..........................................................................................................................!57!
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MAJOR!REFERENCES!......................................................................................................!61!
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LIST!OF!APPENDICES!!
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Table!1!'!What!is!a!zetabyte?!!
Table!2!'!List!of!tagging/communication!technologies!
Table!3!'!The!Internet!of!Things!Landscape! !
Table!4!–!Resource(Kit(
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LIST!OF!FIGURES!
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Figure!1V!DIKW!Pyramid!
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Figure!2!V!Evolution!of!shrinking!technologies!versus!cost!!
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Figure!3!V!How!communication!technologies!belong!to!different!categories!of!networks!
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Figure!4!–!Growth!of!the!search!term!“Internet!of!Things”!on!the!Internet,!Google!
Trends!
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Figure!5!'!Gartner’s!Hype!Cycle!2013!
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Figure!6!'!Technology!Roadmap!of!the!IoT!
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Figure!7!'!Number!of!Connected!Devices!
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Figure!8!V!How!markets!will!be!affected!
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Figure!9!V!Smart!City!
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EXECUTIVE!SUMARY!
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The! Internet! of! Things! (IoT)! is! the! next! evolution! of! the! Internet! and! it! is!
happening!right!now.!“The!Internet!of!Things!links!the!objects!of!the!real!world!
with!the!virtual!world,!thus!enabling!anytime,!anyplace!connectivity!for!anything!
and!not!only!for!anyone.!It!refers!to!a!world!where!physical!objects!and!beings,!
as!well!as!virtual!data!and!environments,!all!interact!with!each!other!in!the!same!
space!and!time.”!–!CERP'IoT!
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The! Internet! of! Things! is! at! a! nascent! point! and! will! soon! be! reaching!
mainstream! consciousness.! Billions! of! computers,! phones! and! televisions! are!
now! connected! to! the! Internet.! Progressively,! consumers! are! adopting! new!
categories!of!connected!objects,!such!as!the!smart!watch!from!Samsung!and!the!
smart! thermostat! and! glasses! from! Google.! In! fact,! within! a! few! years! now,!
anything!within!our!environment!will!be!connectable.!“Currently,!99.4!percent!of!
physical!objects!that!may!one!day!be!part!of!the!Internet!of!Everything!are!still!
unconnected.”!–!Cisco!IBSG!
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Today,! there! are! more! than! 10! billion! wirelessly! connected! devices! in! the!
market.! In! 2015,! 15! to! 25! billion! devices! will! be! connected.! And! by! 2020,! 50!
billion!IoT'enabled!devices!will!be!functional.!!
McKinsey!Global!Institute!estimates!that!the!economic!impact!of!the!Internet!of!
Objects!will!hit!$2.7!trillion!to!$6.2!trillion!per!year!by!2025.!!
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The!Internet!of!Things!applications!will!increasingly!transform!individuals’!lives!
within! the! macro! and! micro! environment,! the! personal! and! professional!
environment!and!across!all!industries.!
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The! promotion! and! development! of! the! IoT! depends! on! several! key! enablers,!
which!are!considered!as!dynamic!technical!innovations.!They!can!be!divided!into!
four! big! categories:! shrinking! technologies,! tagging! technologies,! sensing!
technologies!and!thinking!technologies.!
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As! data! and! information! are! proliferating! with! the! development! of! smarter,!
smaller,! cheaper! and! connected! technologies,! we! are! entering! a! knowledge'
based! economy! where! information! and! knowledge! are! now! recognized! as! the!
driver!of!productivity!and!economic!growth!in!an!increasingly!challenging!world.!!
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As!connected!things!will!be!capable!to!take!action!without!a!human!operator,!
many! nodes! are! subject! to! hacking! by! anyone,! including! malicious! hackers,!
criminals!or!terrorists.!Home!automation!poses!great!questions!as!it!means!that!
the!houses!of!billions!of!people!are!potentially!exposed!to!both!privacy!breaches!
and!security!threats.!!
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1.INTRODUCTION!
SOCIETY!OBSERVATION!AND!EVOLUTION!!
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Society!has!witnessed!a!great!revolution!in!the!last!two!decades!or!so,!where!the!
Internet,!computers,!laptops,!tablets!and!smart!phones!can!now!be!found!in!the!
homes! of! billions! of! people.! These! revolutionary! telecommunication!
technologies!are!relatively!recent!innovations,!yet!they!have!changed!forever!the!
way!we!interact!and!behave!with!people.!!
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Home!computers!were!the!first!“connected!devices”!introduced!to!mainstream!
society!as!they!permitted!the!transfer!of!data!within!a!global!virtual!network.!
That! meant! that! anyone! could! communicate! from! one! point! of! the! globe! to!
another! one,! instantly.! In! the! past! decade,! home! computers! have! been!
progressively!replaced!by!laptops!as!technology!became!smarter!and!cheaper.!!
In!the!past!years,!we!have!witnessed!a!boom!in!communication!technologies!in!
the! consumer! market.! Smartphones! seamlessly! introduced! themselves! in! the!
pockets! of! 2! billion! users! and! tablet! PCs! are! now! becoming! a! substitute! for!
laptops.! ! We! are! in! a! society! where! technology! is! becoming! increasingly!
important!and!indispensable!to!the!life!of!millions!and!even!billions!of!people.!!
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The! first! wave! of! mass! produced! home! computers! to! gain! commercial! appeal!
happened! in! the! late! 1970s! when! large'scale! integration! made! it! possible! to!
construct!a!sufficiently!powerful!and!cost!effective!microprocessor!on!a!single!
semiconductor! chip!2.! Specifically,! 1977! saw! the! introduction! of! the! so'called!
“Big'Three”:! The! Apple,! The! Tandy/Radio! Shack! TRS'80! Model! and! the!
Commodore!Pet!2000!in!North!America.!!
With! the! introduction! of! the! Internet! to! civilians! and! the! fact! that! computer!
technologies!became!cheaper!and!cheaper,!home!computers!witnessed!a!great!
boom!in!developed!countries!in!the!1990s.!!
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2!Source:!Encyclopedia!Britannica!
http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/452928/personal'computer'PC!

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Today,!in!the!smartphone!business,!the!iPhone!is!often!taken!as!a!reference,!as!it!
highly!contributed!to!making!smart!mobile!phones!mainstream.!The!first!iPhone!
and!its!first!dedicated!app!market!were!introduced!in!early!20073,!and!was!seen!
by! many! as! revolutionary.! Note! that! in! 1992,! Simon! by! IBM,! was! the! first!
smartphone!introduced!to!the!consumer!market.!However,!its!price!of!$899!and!
unease!of!use!made!its!market!penetration!very!limited.!!
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The!late!2000s!has!witnessed!the!morphing!of!computer!technologies!such!as!
tablets!and!phablets.!As!computer!technologies!are!becoming!smaller,!smarter!
and!cheaper,!we!are!progressively!entering!into!a!new!stage!of!the!Internet:!the!
semantic!web4!where!the!Internet!of!Things!will!play!a!major!and!disruptive!role!
within!the!next!few!years.!!
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AVERAGE!JOE!
Average!Joe!uses!a!computer!–!every!day.!Average!Joe!uses!a!smartphone!–!every!
day.! This! is! a! fact! for! most! people! living! in! developed! countries.! We! live! in! a!
digitalized!world,!where!it!has!become!a!necessity!to!connect!to!the!Internet!on!a!
daily!basis.!!
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During!breakfast,!Average!Joe!likes!to!start!his!day!by!checking!his!“virtual!me”.!
On!public!transport,!he!kills!time!by!watching!Youtube!videos.!At!the!office,!his!
single!and!most!important!work!tool!is!his!laptop.!!In!fact,!laptops!populate!the!
whole! office! and! building! which! is! compartmentalized! with! cubicles.! When!
Average!Joe!has!a!lunch!meeting!in!the!city,!Google!maps!is!a!life!saver!as!he!no!
longer!needs!to!ask!for!directions!and!take!the!risk!of!getting!lost.!!!
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After! work,! he! usually! goes! for! a! walk! in! Central! Park.! At! this! point,! he! will!
activate! a! health! and! gym! application! which! will! allow! him! to! track! his! pace,!
distance!and!cardiac!rhythm,!to!finally!share!his!performance!to!his!friends!on!
Facebook.!!
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3!Source:!“The!First!Five!Years!of!the!iPhone!Obsession”,!Bloomberg!Businessweek,!Peter!
Burrows,!June!21,!2012!!
4!W3C,!http://www.w3.org/RDF/FAQ!

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At!home,!the!smartphone!is!usually!replaced!by!the!tablet.!It!is!very!convenient!
for! average! Joe,! as! it! allows! him! to! take! a! break! from! other! technologies! he’s!
been!using!all!day;!and!he!can!enjoy!a!greater!experience!as!it!is!light,!portable!
and!the!screen!is!wider.!In!fact!his!wife!and!his!2!kids!also!have!laptops,!tablets!
and!smartphones.!However,!there!is!one!big!rule!at!home!–!no!devices!during!
dinner,!it’s!family!time.!
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Average!Joe!often!goes!abroad!on!vacation.!He!is!very!glad!to!be!able!to!use!his!
smartphone!as!he!can!stay!in!touch!with!his!loved!ones!and!friends.!In!addition!
keeping! an! eye! on! his! parents! is! important! and! now! possible,! as! he! recently!
installed! home! sensors,! which! will! send! him! a! notification! if! something! un'
habitual!happens.!!
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Interestingly,! if! you! take! a! closer! look! at! his! phone,! many! applications! are!
installed.!Some!are!very!useful!–!carpooling,!music!identification,!instant!social!
media,! lamp! torch,! compass! and! dating! apps! –! others! haven’t! been! used! for!
months!now.!!
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The! way! we! access! information,! seek! advice,! communicate,! socialize! and!
entertain! ourselves! has! substantially! evolved! in! the! past! decade.! The! Internet!
and!technology!has!completely!transformed!people’s!life.!!
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BLURRING!THE!PHYSICAL!WORLD!WITH!THE!VIRTUAL!WORLD!
Today,!a!hot!topic!–!which!may!change!our!relationship!with!the!Internet!and!the!
physical!environment!–!is!carefully!grabbing!the!attention!of!many!professionals,!
experts,!businesses,!academia!and!governments.!Cities,!infrastructure,!buildings,!
streets,! companies,! houses,! devices! and! individuals! are! being! equipped! with!
networked!sensors!and!actuators!that!allow!them!to!monitor!their!environment,!
communicate!collected!data,!receive!instructions,!and!even!take!decisions!based!
on!the!information!received!from!powerful!cloud!computing!systems.!This!is!the!
Internet!of!Things.!!

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It!will!give!a!whole!new!dimension!to!our!world,!where!previously!inert!objects!
will!be!able!to!communicate!with!you!and!other!things.!!
This! revolution! has! already! started.! More! than! nine! billion! objects,! including!
computers,! smartphones! and! tablets,! are! connected! today.! This! number! is!
expected! to! skyrocket! in! the! future,! with! estimates! of! 50! billion! connected!
devices!by!2020,!according!to!some!experts5.!!
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But!what!is!it!like!to!live!in!a!world!where!everyday!objects!will!be!smart?!Which!
sectors!will!be!impacted,!and!how!will!it!affect!individuals’!life!on!a!daily!basis?!
How!does!it!solve!problems?!And,!are!there!any!concerns!–!will!my!security!and!
privacy!be!jeopardized?!!
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THE!PLAN!
In!this!research!paper,!we!will!first!define!the!world!of!the!Internet!of!Things,!
discuss!about!its!fundamental!enablers!and!challenges!to!then!investigate!how!it!
will!impact!society!and!individuals.!
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LIMITATION!
As!all!levels!of!society!–!nations!and!cities,!industries!and!businesses,!consumers!
and! individuals! –! will! be! impacted! by! the! Internet! of! Things,! I! will! limit! my!
research!to!the!consumer!level.!!
In!addition,!to!make!my!thesis!more!accessible!to!anyone,!I!will!try!to!keep!things!
as!simple!as!possible.!!
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If! you! have! any! questions,! please! do! not! hesitate! to! contact! me! at!
stephane.saintdenis@kedgebs.com!
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5!Source:!Cisco!IBSG,!2013!

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2.WHAT!IS!THE!INTERNET!OF!THINGS?!
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ORIGINS!
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The!Internet!of!Things!is!a!phrase!that!is!becoming!as!ubiquitous!as!the!concept!
itself.! The! phrase,! "Internet! of! Things",! was! coined! fifteen! years! ago! by! Kevin!
Ashton,!co'founder!of!the!MIT!Auto'ID!Center.!!
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In! 2009,! for! an! interview! for! the! RFID! Journal! Kevin! Ashton! said! "I! could! be!
wrong,!but!I'm!fairly!sure!the!phrase!"Internet!of!Things"!started!life!as!the!title!
of!a!presentation!I!made!at!Procter!&!Gamble!(P&G)!in!1999.!Linking!the!new!
idea!of!RFID!in!P&G's!supply!chain!to!the!then'red'hot!topic!of!the!Internet!was!
more!than!just!a!good!way!to!get!executive!attention.!It!summed!up!an!important!
insight!which!is!still!often!misunderstood."!!
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Searching! for! ways! to! improve! its! business’! supply! chain! management,! he!
conceptualized! a! vision! where! all! items! could! be! identified! with! wireless!
connectivity!and!smarter!technologies,!enabling!supplies!to!communicate!with!
each!other,!without!human!intervention.!In!the!same!interview!for!the!RFID,!he!
interestingly!says:!“Today!computers!–!and!therefore,!the!internet!–!are!almost!
wholly!dependent!on!human!beings!for!information.!Nearly!all!of!the!roughly!50!
petabytes6!of!data!available!on!the!Internet!were!first!captured!and!created!by!
human!beings!–!by!typing,!pressing!a!record!button,!taking!a!digital!picture!or!
scanning!a!bar!code![…]!If!we!had!computers!that!knew!everything!there!was!to!
know! about! things—using! data! they!gathered!without!any!help!from! us!''! we!
would!be!able!to!track!and!count!everything,!and!greatly!reduce!waste,!loss!and!
cost.!We!would!know!when!things!needed!replacing,!repairing!or!recalling,!and!
whether!they!were!fresh!or!past!their!best.!We!need!to!empower!computers!with!
their!own!means!of!gathering!information,!so!they!can!see,!hear!and!smell!the!
world!for!themselves,!in!all!its!random!glory.!RFID!and!sensor!technology!enable!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
6!1!minute!of!MP3!music!file!is!about!1!megabyte/!16!hours!of!music!≈!!1!gigabyte!/!
1!terabyte!≈!2!years!of!continuous!music!!/!1!exabyte!≈!!2000!years!worth!of!continuous!listening!
/!1!petabyte!level!≈!!2!million!years!/!1!zetabyte!≈!2!billion!years!worth!of!music.!!
!

!
17!
computers! to! observe,! identify! and! understand! the! world—without! the!
limitations!of!human'entered!data.”!!!
!
Since!then,!the!definition!and!vision!of!the!Internet!of!Things!has!evolved!and!
matured! within! academia,! companies! and! experts! in! the! field! of!
telecommunication!and!automation.!At!the!core,!it!is!about!having!things!that!can!
connect,!communicate!and!make!decisions!with!or!without!human!intervention!
via!wireless!connectivity.!!
!
DEFINITIONS!
!
• CERPVIoT!says!“The!Internet!of!Things!links!the!objects!of!the!real!world!
with!the!virtual!world,!thus!enabling!anytime,!anyplace!connectivity!for!
anything! and! not! only! for! anyone.! It! refers! to! a! world! where! physical!
objects!and!beings,!as!well!as!virtual!data!and!environments,!all!interact!
with!each!other!in!the!same!space!and!time.”7!
!
• National! Intelligence! Council!refers!to!the!IoT!as!“the!general!idea!of!
things,! especially! everyday! objects,! that! are! readable,! recognizable,!
locatable,!addressable,!and/or!controllable!via!the!Internet—whether!via!
RFID,! wireless! local! area! network,! wide'area! network,! or! other! means.!
Everyday!objects!includes!not!only!the!electronic!devices!we!encounter!
every!day,!and!not!only!the!products!of!higher!technological!development!
such!as!vehicles!and!equipment,!but!things!that!we!do!not!ordinarily!think!
of!as!electronic!at!all—such!as!food,!clothing,!and!shelter;!materials,!parts,!
and! subassemblies;! commodities! and! luxury! items;! landmarks,!
boundaries,! and! monuments;! and! all! the! miscellany! of! commerce! and!
culture."8!
!
• Cisco! defines! the! IoT! as! “the! network! of! physical! objects! accessed!
through!the!Internet,!as!defined!by!technology!analysts!and!visionaries.!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
7!Book:!http://www.internet'of'things'research.eu/pdf/IoT_Clusterbook_March_2010.pdf!
8!Document:!!http://www.fas.org/irp/nic/disruptive.pdf!

!
18!
These! objects! contain! embedded! technology! to! interact! with! internal!
states! or! the! external! environment.! In! other! words,! when! objects! can!
sense!and!communicate,!it!changes!how!and!where!decisions!are!made,!
and!who!makes!them.”9!!
!
• Cisco! Internet! Business! Solutions! Group! (IBSG),! IoT! “is! simply! the!
point! in! time! when! more! “things! or! objects”! were! connected! to! the!
Internet!than!people.”!It!happened!between!2008!and!2009.!
!
• Oxford! dictionary! determines! the! IoT! as! “A! proposed! development! of!
the! internet! in! which! everyday! objects! have! network! connectivity,!
allowing!them!to!send!and!receive!data.”!
!
VALUE!PROPOSITION!
Interestingly,!you!can!notice!in!the!above'mentioned!definitions!that!value!can!
be!determined!in!different!ways.!!
!
Value! proposition! 1:! The! added! value! underlined! is! the! fact! that! objects! can!
communicate!via!networks.!It’s!about!adding!value!to!things.!!
!
Value! proposition! 2:! The! added! value! underlined! is! the! fact! that! a! network! is!
created.! It’s! about! adding! value! to! a! system,! making! the! system! more!
“intelligent”.!!
!
A!ROSE!BY!ANY!OTHER!NAME!
As!the!IoT!is!becoming!more!and!more!ubiquitous,!the!term!has!been!used!by!
many!research!publications,!conferences,!academia!and!marketing!buzz.!You!can!
therefore!often!read!or!hear!about!other!terms!that!have!the!same!meaning!as!
the!Internet!of!Things!or!pertaining!to!the!same!concept:!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
9!Web!page:!http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/trends/iot/overview.html!

!
19!
Internet! of! Everything,! Physical! Internet,! Machine! to! Machine,! Ambient!
Intelligence,!Industrial!Internet,!Web!of!Things,!Connected!Environments,!Smart!
Cities,!Spimes,!Everyware,!Pervasive!Internet,!Connected!World,!Wireless!Sensor!
Networks,!Situated!Computing.!!
!
EXAMPLES!
Below,! are! a! few! examples! of! connected! devices! currently! available! on! the!
market10.!!
!
For!The!Body!
!!
!
!
!
!
For!The!House!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
10!Source:!Postscapes!
Check!on!Your!Baby!
Aimed!at!helping!to!prevent!SIDS,!the!Mimo!monitor!is!a!new!
kind! of! infant! monitor! that! provides! parents! with! real'time!
information! about! their! baby's! breathing,! skin! temperature,!
body!position,!and!activity!level!on!their!smartphones.!
!
Track!Your!Activity!Levels!
Using! your! smartphone's! range! of! sensors! (Accelerometer,!
Gyro,! Video,! Proximity,! Compass,! GPS,! etc)! and! connectivity!
options! (Cell,! WiFi,! Bluetooth,! NFC,! etc)! you! have! a! well!
equipped! Internet! of! Things! device! in! your! pocket! that! can!
automatically!monitor!your!movements,!location,!and!workouts!
throughout!the!day.!
Remember!to!Take!Your!Medication!
GlowCaps! fit! prescription! bottles! and! via! a! wireless! chip!
provide!services!that!help!people!stick!with!their!prescription!
regimen;! from! reminder! messages,! all! the! way! to! refill! and!
doctor!coordination.!
Track!Down!Your!Lost!Keys!
You!can!easily!track!down!those!lost!keys!or!cell!phone!in!your!
house! using! Bluetooth! and! other! wireless! technology! devices!
like!the!Cobra!Tag.!!
!

!
20!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
For!The!Streets!
!
!
!
!
!
For!The!Environment!
!
Turn!Your!Home!devices!I/O!from!anywhere!
Smart!outlets!like!the!WeMo!allow!you!to!instantly!turn!on!and!
off! any! plugged! in! device! from! across! the! world! or! just! your!
living! room.! Save! money! and! conserve! energy! over! time! by!
eliminating! standby! power,! measure! and! record! the! power!
usage!of!any!device,!and!increase!its!operating!lifespan!through!
more!efficient!use!and!scheduling.!
Keep!Your!Plants!Alive!
Whether! taking! care! of! a! small! hydroponic! system! or! a! large!
backyard! lawn,! systems! like! HarvestGeek! with! their! suite! of!
sensors!and!web!connectivity!help!save!you!time!and!resources!
by!keeping!plants!fed!based!on!their!actual!growing!needs!and!
conditions!while!automating!much!of!the!labor!processes.!
Stop!Driving!in!Circles!
With! the! use! of! installed! sensors,! mobile! apps,! and! real'time!
web! applications! like! those! provided! in! Streetline’s! ParkSight!
service,!cities!can!optimize!revenue,!parking!space!availability!
and! enable! citizens! to! reduce! their! environmental! impact! by!
helping!them!quickly!find!an!open!spot!for!their!cars.!
Keep!Your!Streets!Clean!
Products!like! the! cellular! communication! enabled! Smart! Belly!
trash! use! real'time! data! collection! and! alerts! to! let! municipal!
services! know! when! a! bin! needs! to! be! emptied.! This!
information! can! drastically! reduce! the! number! of! pick'ups!
required,! and! translates! into! fuel! and! financial! savings! for!
communities!service!departments.!
Monitor!Pollution!Levels!
The! Air! Quality! Egg! is! a! community'led! air! quality! sensing!
system! designed! to! allow! anyone! to! collect! high! resolution!
readings!of!NO2!and!CO!concentrations!outside!of!their!home!
using!an!RF!transmitter!and!ethernet!driven!base!station.!The!
data!can!then!be!shared!to!create!a!network!of!readings!to!be!
used!by!the!community!and!general!public.!

!
21!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
Track!Water!
The! University! of! Berkeley's! Floating! Sensor! Network! project!
uses! motorized! drifters! (Outfitted! with! cell! communication,!
GPS,! temperature,! and! salinity! sensors)! that! can! be! quickly!
deployed!in!response!to!unanticipated!events!such!as!floods!to!
track! the! movement! of! water,! contaminants,! and! other!
conditions!in!waterways.!
Stop!The!Bleeding!
Invisible! Tracck! is! a! wireless! device! being! used! in! pilot!
programs! to! help! combat! illegal! deforestation! taking! place! in!
the! Amazon.! The! battery'operated! devices! are! installed! on!
select!trees!and!as!soon!as!the!logged!trees!are!in!transit!and!
able!to!connect!to!a!mobile!network!(Up!to!a!20!mile!range),!an!
alert! notification! with! location! coordinates! is! sent! to! the!
Brazilian!Institute!of!Environment!so!they!can!take!action.!

!
22!
THE!TRIPLE!A!
All!in!all,!remember!that!anything!will!be!connectable!to!the!Internet!(directly!or!
indirectly)!at!anytime!(24h/24h)!and!anywhere,!which!in!return!enables!new!
forms!of!monitoring,!communication!and!decision'making!between!people!and!
things,!and!between!things!themselves.!!!
!
MIND!BOGGLING!NUMBERS!!
Considering!that!networks!and!indeed!the!network!of!networks!(the!Internet)!
can! now! be! programmed! to! communicate! with! anything,! including! living!
beings11,!this!brings!humanity!to!a!whole!new!level.!!
!
Today,!it!is!estimated!that!4,000!exabytes!of!information!is!on!the!Internet.!To!
give! an! idea:! If! you! stacked! books! one! on! top! of! the! other,! starting! from! the!
surface! of! the! Earth,! the! amount! of! information! in! 4,000! exabytes! would! take!
that!stack!from!Earth!to!Pluto,!and!back!'!80!times12.!!
!
Furthermore,!it!is!estimated!that!only!10!billion!of!the!total!1.5!trillion!things!are!
connected!to!the!Internet.!There!are!approximately!200!connectable!things!per!
person!in!the!world!today13.!!!In!other!words,!99.4%!of!physical!objects!are!still!
unconnected.! Cisco! predicts! that! annual! Internet! traffic! volume! will! hit! 1.3!
Zettabytes!by!2016!(view!appendix:!Table!1!'!What!is!a!zettabyte?)!
!
With!the!activation!of!the!Internet!of!Everything,!the!process!of!inputting!data!
into! computer! systems! is! being! delegated! to! smart! devices.! Increasingly,! IoT'
enabled!services!are!capable!of!collecting,!processing!and!mining!data!to!create!
information.!As!technologies!will!become!smarter,!they!will!–!or!already!are!able!
to!–!collect!information!to!create!knowledge!and!to!ultimately!reach!wisdom.!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
11!A!Dutch!startup!is!using!wireless!sensors!on!cows!so!that!when!one!is!sick!or!pregnant,!it!sends!
a!message!to!the!farmer.!Each!cow!transmits!200mbof!data!per!year.!Sources:!Cisco!IBSG,!Jim!
Cicconi,!AT&T,!Steve!Leibson,!Computer!History!Museum,!CNN,!University!of!Michigan.!
12!Source:!Create!Moments!of!Random!Social!Kindness,!Bryan!Kramer,!CEO!Pure!Matter,!October!
14,!2013.!
13!Source:!“How!the!Next!Evolution!of!the!Internet!Is!Changing!Everything”,!Cisco!Internet!
Business!Solutions!Group,!2011.!

!
23!
In!fact,!we!are!entering!a!realm,!where!technologies!are!being!empowered!with!
cognitive!and!learning!capabilities,!like!humans.!It!is!therefore!interesting!to!take!
a!look!at!the!human!cognitive!process!–!DIKW!Pyramid!–!and!see!how!it!can!be!
applied!to!computer!science.!
!
DIKW!PYRAMID!
The!DIKW!–!Data,!Information,!Knowledge,!Wisdom!–!pyramid!is!a!depiction!of!
the! human! cognitive! process.! Our! senses! gather! data! –! eyes! collect! light,! for!
example! –! which! is! then! processed! to! the! brain.! The! brain! provides! us! with!
information!about!our!physical!environment.!After,!this!information!is!processed!
and! assessed! with! other! stored! information! (memories)! in! our! brain! to! get! a!
bearing,! knowledge! and! even! understanding! of! what! is! happening! within! our!
surroundings!to!react/behave!appropriately.!Ultimately,!what!all!humans!would!
like! to! master! is! to! acquire! knowledge! of! what! is! right! coupled! with! just!
judgment!–!wisdom.!!!
!
Now!let’s!have!a!look!at!how!this!process!can!be!applicable!in!computer!science,!
which! will! in! return! help! us! have! a! better! understanding! of! the! relam! the!
Internet!of!Everything.!!
!
Increasingly,!computer!systems!will!collect!a!great!deal!of!data!through!sensors;!
a!big!opportunity!for!the!data!management!industry.!But!data!is!raw,!as!it!has!no!
significance.!With!the!ability!of!distributing!and!analyzing!data!–!with!wireless!
connectivity,!processors!and!cloud!computing,!for!example!'!we!can!effectively!
and!efficiently!make!sense!of!data!'!information14.!!
Information!provides!answers.!In!other!words,!we!see!things!in!data!that!we!
didn’t!see!before.!Data!is!mined.!“Who",!"what",!"where",!and!"when"!questions!
may!now!be!answered!for!any!given!thing.!!
!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
14!Technologies!still!need!to!be!optimized!for!several!reasons!to!enable!the!Internet!of!
Everything:!energy!efficient!requirements,!cost!effectiveness,!smartness,!and!miniaturization!of!
these!technologies.!!

!
24!
The!appropriate!collection!and!
acquisition!of!information!leads!
to! knowledge.! It! is! a!
deterministic! process 15 .!
Knowledge!will!help!system!to!
“how! to”! deal! with! things!
through! the! appropriate!
collection! of! information.! True!
cognitive! and! analytical! ability!
is! needed! to! develop!
synthesized! new! knowledge,!
therefore!giving!you!even!more!
insight!and!understanding.!In!computer!parlance,!artificial!intelligence!systems!
possess! understanding! in! the! sense! that! they! are! able! to! synthesize! new!
knowledge!from!previously!stored!information!and!knowledge.!
Finally,!wisdom!calls!upon!all!the!previous!levels!of!consciousness!–!to!make!the!
right! decision.! It! beckons! to! give! us! understanding! about! which! there! has!
previously! been! no! understanding,! and! in! doing! so,! goes! far! beyond!
understanding!itself.!It!is!the!essence!of!philosophical!probing.!It!asks!questions!
to!which!there!is!no!easily'achievable!answer,!and!in!some!cases,!to!which!there!
can!be!no!humanly'known!answer16.!!
!
Visionaries,!such!as!John!Barrett,!believe!that!with!people’s!good!intentions,!the!
Internet! of! Things! and! artificial! intelligence! will! help! us! develop! wisdom! to!
ultimately!better!allocate!resources!to!everybody!according!to!their!needs.!To!a!
certain!extent,!this!is!already!happening!with!IBM’s!Smarter!City!initiative!(eg:!
fighting!traffic!and!eliminating!the!carnage!in!our!roads).!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
15!“When!someone!"memorizes"!information,!then!they!have!amassed!knowledge.!For!example,!
elementary!school!children!memorize,!or!amass!knowledge!of,!the!"times!table".!They!can!tell!
you!that!"2!x!2!=!4"!because!they!have!amassed!that!knowledge!(it!being!included!in!the!times!
table).!But!when!asked!what!is!"1267!x!300",!they!can!not!respond!correctly!because!that!entry!is!
not!in!their!times!table.!To!correctly!answer!such!a!question!requires!a!true!cognitive!and!
analytical!ability!that!is!only!encompassed!in!the!next!level...!understanding.”!!Systems!Thinking!
in!Action!Discussions!by!Gene!Bellinger.
16!Source:!“Data,!Information,!Knowledge!and!Wisdom”,!Systems!Thinking!in!Action!Discussions!
by!Gene!Bellinger.!
Figure!4!'!DIKW!Pyramid!
Depiction! of! the! human! cognitive! process;! alike!
computer!science/artificial!intelligence.!
!

!
25!
TECHNOLOGIES!FOR!THE!INTERNET!OF!THINGS!
!
Now!that!we!have!a!fairly!good!grasp!at!what!the!Internet!of!Things!is,!we!will!!
go!through!the!enablers!to!understand!how!its!continuous!research!and!
development!is!fundamental!!for!its!promotion.!!
!
The! Internet! of! Things! is! at! a! nascent! point! and! will! soon! be! reaching!
mainstream! consciousness.! Billions! of! computers,! phones! and! televisions! are!
now! connected! to! the! Internet.! Progressively,! consumers! are! adopting! new!
categories!of!connected!of!objects,!such!as!the!smart!watch!from!Samsung!and!
the!smart!thermostat!and!glasses!from!Google.!This!means!that!our!houses!and!
even!our!bodies!are!increasingly!being!connected!to!a!network!or!the!Internet.!!!
In!fact,!anything!within!our!environment!will!have!the!potential!to!be!connected.!
This! is! why! it! is! of! utmost! importance! that! all! players! –! governments,! policy!
makers,! scientists,! academia,! industries! and! business! –! must! contribute! and!
collaborate!with!the!advances!in!the!Internet!of!Everything.!!
!
The! promotion! and! development! of! IoT! depends! on! several! key! enablers! '!
dynamic! technical! innovations.! ! These! innovations! include! enhanced! item!
identification,! data! collection,! embedded! intelligence,! operating! systems,!
interoperable!communication!and!management!standards,!cloud!computing!and!
its!miniaturization.!!
To!keep!it!simple,!we!can!divide!these!enablers!into!four!categories:!!
• Shrinking!Technologies!–!eg:!miniaturization!and!nanotechnologies.!
• Tagging!Technologies!–!eg:!RFID,!Bluetooth,!WiFi,!etc.!
• Sensing!Technologies!–!eg:!movement!sensors,!temperature!sensors!etc.!
• Thinking! Technologies! –! eg:! objects! that! can! access! the! semantic! web,!
cloud! analytics! and! applications! to! respond! appropriately! to! its!
environment.!
These! enablers! already! exist! but! are! not! quite! yet.! In! the! past! decade! or! so,!
companies! (IoT! consortium! comprised! of! 28! companies17),! institutions! (2005:!
United! Nations’! first! report! on! IOT,! 2006:! IoT! is! recognized! by! the! European!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
17!http://iofthings.org/!

!
26!
Commission)!and!academia!(the!connected!coffee!pot!at!Cambridge!University)!
have!put!in!a!lot!of!effort!and!investment!to!make!it!where!we!are!at!right!now.!
Yet,! we! still! need! to! promote! the! Internet! of! Things! to! offer! best! consumer!
experience!–!leveraging!ambient!intelligence,!for!example.!!
!
According!to!Gartner’s!Hype!Cycle!2013,!the!Internet!if!Things!is!still!under!the!
peak!of!inflated!expectations!category.!Indeed!early!publicity!produces!a!number!
of! success! stories—often! accompanied! by! scores! of! failures.! Some! companies!
take!action;!many!do!not.18!It!will!take!more!than!ten!years!to!reach!the!plateau!
of!productivity!to!finally!be!adopted!by!mainstream!society.!!
!
SHRINKING!TECHNOLOGIES!
!
Moore’s!law19!has!demonstrated!that!the!density!of!transistors!in!any!given!area!
will!double!every!two!years.!However,!there!is!a!point!of!Moore’s!law!which!will!
reach! maximum! density.! According! to! futurists! like! Raymond! Kurzweil! and!
others,!we!will!move!beyond!silicon!based!computing!to!other!nanotechnologies!
such!as!nanotubes20.!All!types!of!technologies!are!bound!to!become!smaller!and!
smaller! as! researchers! and! businesses! are! continuously! striving! to! make! it!
happen.!Take!for!example!your!computer!ten!years!ago.!How!does!it!look!like!
today?! There! is! no! doubt! that! we! will! be! able! to! connect! anything! in! our!
environment.!!!
!
In! addition,! we! will! reach! powers! of! computing! that! are! exponentially! higher!
than!what!we!currently!have.!With!miniaturization,!not!only!can!we!do!more,!but!
also! consume! less! power.! The! smart'watch! is! a! very! good! example! of! how!
miniaturization!of!technologies!is!affecting!the!consumer!market.!But!this!is!only!
the!beginning,!as!it!will!transform!life,!businesses!and!the!global!economy.!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
18!Source:!Methodologies,!Hype!Cycles,!Gartner.!
19!Moore’s!Law!is!a!computing!term!which!originated!around!1970;!the!simplified!version!of!this!
law!states!that!processor!speeds,!or!overall!processing!power!for!computers!will!double!every!
two!years.!Source:!www.mooreslaw.org.!
20!Source:!Faster!Computer!with!nanotechnology,!Science!Daily,!University!of!Gothenburg,!June!1!
2010.!

!
27!
Innovating! in! miniaturization! will! tremendously! promote! the! IoT! in! the! next!
years!and!decades!to!come.!
Here,! is! an! illustration! from! the! International! Telecommunication! Union21!'!
showing!how!miniaturization!will!increase!the!amount!of!connected!things!while!
prices!will!substantially!decrease!over!time.!!
!
!
!
!
SENSING!TECHNOLOGIES!
!
One! may! wonder! '! how! are! things/objects! able! to! respond! to! temperature!
changes,! movements! and! sound! variation?! Sensor! technologies,! such! as!
thermostats,! do! the! job,! and! they! are! increasingly! becoming! smaller,! smarter,!
diverse!and!cheaper.!!!
!
The! ability! to! detect! changes! in! the! physical! status! of! things! is! essential! for!
recording!changes!in!the!environment.!Sensors!play!a!pivotal!role!in!bridging!the!
gap!between!the!physical!and!virtual!worlds,!and!enabling!things!to!respond!to!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
21!United!Nations’!specialized!agency!for!information!and!communication!technologies.!
Figure!5!–!Evolution!of!shrinking!technologies!versus!cost!!
Source:!ITU!
!

!
28!
changes! in! their! physical! environment.! In! other! words,! sensing! technologies!
offers!our!physical!world!a!digital!nervous!system!composed!of!virtual!organs!
and!senses,!allowing!everyday!objects!to!react!to!its!environment.!
!
Sensors!collect!data!from!their!environment,!which!is!then!processed!locally!or!
remotely! via! embedded! processing! nodes.! Information! is! then! created! and!
digitized!so!that!actuators!can!respond!accordingly.!!For!example,!sensors!in!a!
smart! house! collect! data! about! changes! in! external! temperature! and! weather!
forecast.!Data!is!mined!and!distributed!to!actuators!to!cool!down!or!heat!up!the!
house.!!
!
Example!of!sensors:!
• See:! machine! vision,! optical! ambient! light! /! motion,! velocity,!
displacement!/!position,!presence,!proximity!/!leaks,!levels!/!acceleration.!
• Feel:!temperature!/!humidity,!moisture!/!flow!/!force,!load,!pressure!/!
electric,!magnetic.!
• Hear:!acoustic,!sound,!vibration.!
• Smell:!chemical,!gas.!
!
Sensing!technologies!have!no!use!if!they!can’t!communicate!collected!data!from!
their! physical! environment.! Communication! is! triggered! by! Tagging!
Technologies.!!
!
TAGGING!TECHNOLOGIES!
!
Tagging! technologies! are! crucial! for! the! development! of! the! IoT! to! connect!
everyday! objects! to! other! objects,! database! infrastructures! and! systems! via!
networks!and/or!the!network!of!networks!(the!internet).!!
!
In!order!for!an!everyday!object!to!transfer!data!from!its!chip,!a!sort!of!antenna!
needs!to!be!placed;!we!call!this!system!a!transponder.!In!addition!a!reader!with!
an!antenna!is!also!indispensable!to!allow!two'way!communication.!From!there!

!
29!
on,!the!detection,!identification,!and!location!of!objects!is!activated!via!wireless!
connectivity!between!two!or!more!things.!!!
!
!
For!energy!saving,!efficiency!reasons!and!to!better!serve!the!network,!many!new!
types!of!tagging!technologies!have!been!developed!in!the!past!few!years,!as!the!
number!of!connected!devices!will!substantially!increase.!!Cisco!predicts!that!50!
billion!objects!will!be!connected!to!the!Internet!by!2020.!And!it!is!estimated!that!
for!each!household,!50!Internet'connected!devices!will!be!owned!by!2020.!22!
!
You!will!find,!hereafter,!a!non'exhaustive!list!of!different!tagging!technologies,!
belonging! to! different! types! of! networks! –! PAN,! Personal! Area! Network;! LAN,!
Local! Area! Network;! MAN,! Metropolitan! Area! Network;! WAN,! Wide! Area!
Network!–!and!serving!different!purposes!for!consumers,!businesses!and!specific!
industries!(more!info!can!be!viewed!in!Table!2!'!List!of!tagging/communication!
technologies)!
• PAN! connectivity:! Ethernet,! powerline,! RFID,! ANT,! ZIGBEE,! Z'WAVE,!
Bluetooth.!
• LAN!connectivity:!WiFi,!DASH!7.!
• MAN:!WIMAX,!Weigthless.!
• WAN:!LTE!Advanced,!4G.!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
22!The!Internet!Of!Things:!By!2020,!You'll!Own!50!Internet'Connected!Devices,!The!Huffington!
Post,!Paul!Casciato,!April!23,!2014!

!
30!
!!
!
!
!
!
Once! things! can! sense! their! environment! and! communicate! data,! we! need! to!
empower!technologies!to!analyze!data!and!provide!information!to!these!objects.!!
!
THINKING!TECHNOLOGIES!
Today,!computer!systems,!such!as!powerful!microprocessors,!are!able!to!mine!a!
great! amount! of! data! remotely 23 !or! locally.! They! have! the! capability! of!
interpreting!and!executing!program!instructions!as!well!as!handling!arithmetic!
operations.!Thereupon,!thinking!technologies!play!an!extremely!important!role!
as!they!provide!the!intelligence!for!each!connected!device.!!
!
Local! Embedded! Processing! Nodes:! with! local! microcontrollers! or!
microprocessors!units!(MCU,!MPU),!things!are!able!to!process!data!in!real!time!
and!can!also!act!upon!data!received!from!other!nodes!and/or!networks.!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
23!Referring!to!the!cloud.!
Figure!6!–!How!communication!technologies!belong!to!different!categories!of!
networks!
Source:!Harbor!Research!and!Postscapes!

!
31!
Remote!Embedded!Processing!Nodes:!cloud!computing!is!essential!to!analyze!
data!and!provide!feedback!to!connected!things.!In!contrary!to!local!embedded!
processing! nodes,! cloud! computing! has! the! capability! of! accumulating! and!
analyzing! vast! amount! of! data! –! big! data! –! from! different! connected! things.!
Dedicated! applications! and! software! can! become! very! useful! to! help!
understanding!the!complexity!of!crossed!data!and!information.!!
This! is! not! only! very! interesting! for! households/consumers! but! also! for!
businesses!and!industries.!Massive!increases!in!storage!and!computing!power!'!
some!of!it!available!via!cloud!computing!'!make!number!crunching!possible!at!
very!large!scale!and!at!declining!cost.24!
!
Software,! middleware! and! hardware! to! support! and! automate! tasks!
harmoniously:!having!all!objects!to!communicate!with!each!other!harmoniously!
is!a!challenge.!Therefore,!it!is!essential!to!deploy!software!and!middleware!that!
will! enable! various! heterogeneous! devices! to! talk! with! each! other! and! its!
infrastructure,!in!more!powerful!and!efficient!ways.!!
!
THE!MAKER!REVOLUTION!
!
Crowdfunding!will!contribute!to!making!new!discoveries!and!promote!the!world!
of!the!Internet!of!Things!to!the!masses.!It!gives!people!the!power!to!make!their!
project!a!reality;!by!moving!from!the!prototype!phase!to!the!production!phase.!!
Furthermore,!3D!printers!are!now!available!to!mainstream!society!at!a!decent!
price;!anyone!can!now!take!prototypes!out.!!
!
A! whole! new! “maker! industry”! in! information! technology! has! flourished! in!
providing! affordable! tools,! such! as! open! source! hardware! and! software! (eg:!
Arduino,!Beagleboard,!Netduino!and!Raspberry!Pi).!It!makes!it!very!accessible!to!
everyone!out!there,!even!with!very!minimal!electronic!knowledge,!to!be!able!to!
plug!the!right!types!of!sensors!and!right!types!of!codes.!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
24!The!Internet!of!Things,!McKinsey,!Michael!Chui,!Markus!Loffler,!Roger!Roberts,!March!2010.!

!
32!
MOBILE!DEVICES!
Today,!the!average!smartphone!has!sensors!(a!compass,!GPS,!light,!sound!etc.).!
Via!applications,!it!can!monitor!our!health,!the!velocity!of!our!car,!the!magnitude!
of!earthquakes!and!countless!other!things!that!its!creators!never!envisioned25.!!
!
“You’re!now!carrying!the!perfect!tool!with!you!in!the!form!of!your!smartphone,!
to! stay! connected! to! your! physical! graph26,”! says! Alex! Hawkinson,! CEO! of!
Smartthings.!Smartphones!are!like!tricoders27!as!it!is!a!medium!to!connect!with!
the!virtual!world.!Soon,!you!will!be!able!to!use!it!as!a!universal!remote!control,!as!
a!dashboard!to!access!and!control!your!connected!devices!'!thermostats,!coffee!
machines,!cars,!front!doors,!lights,!work!stations!etc!'!and!to!choreograph!them!
to!respond!to!your!needs!and!solve!your!problems.!!
!
Today! a! lot! of! consumers! are! not! ready! to! invest! and! accept! such! connected!
technologies!in!their!houses.!A!$4,000!smart!fridge!with!a!tablet!on!its!front!door!
may!find!very!few!takers.!However,!many!seamless!connected!devices!en!rapport!
with!smartphones!are!very!likely!to!be!in!the!houses!of!millions!in!the!next!few!
years.!!
!
In!home!security,!miniature!connected!motion!sensors28!permits!users!to!know,!
via! their! smartphone,! if! unusual! activity! is! taking! place,! or! if! someone! has!
entered!their!house!or!a!room.!In!fitness!and!health,!connected!wristbands29!to!
your!smartphone!and!the!internet!allows!users!to!gain!insight!about!their!body!
activity!and!other!information!such!as!pulse,!miles!run,!burned!calories,!steps!
taken!and!other!fitness!and!health!goals.!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
25!Source:!The!Internet!of!Everything!–!Four!Technologies!We'll!Actually!Use!within!Three!Years,!
Cisco,!Kristi!Essick,!March!26,!2014.!
26!Physical!graph:!connected!things.!
27!In!the!fictional!Star!Trek!universe,!a!tricorder!is!a!multifunction!hand'held!device!used!for!
sensor!scanning,!data!analysis,!and!recording!data.!
28!Companies!that!develop!these!products:!Smartsense'motion!and!Dropcam.!
29!Companies!that!develop!these!products:!FitBit,!Nike!FuelBand,!Jawbone!Up,!Lively,!BeClose.!

!
33!
Smartphones!will!inevitably!benefit!the!adoption!of!internet'connected!devices!
in!the!mass'market,!in!a!smoother!and!progressive!way!and!without!“disturbing”!
the!minds!of!millions,!and!potentially!billions!of!users.!!
!
SYNERGISTIC!TECHNOLOGIES!
!
Best!consumer!experience!and!added!value!is!always!a!plus.!To!leverage!the!
most!out!of!the!Internet!of!Things,!the!promotion!of!synergistic!technologies!
must!be!taken!into!account:!
• Geo'tagging/geo'caching!
• Biometrics!
• Machine!vision!
• Robotics!
• Augmented!reality!
• Mirror!worlds!
• Telepresence!and!adjustable!autonomy!!
• Life!recorders!and!personal!black!boxes!!
• Tangible!user!interfaces!
• Clean!technologies30!
!
!
With!the!explosion!of!smartphones!and!the!continuous!development!of!smaller,!
smarter,! cheaper! technologies,! we! will! be! able! to! connect! anything! over!
networks!and!the!network!of!networks!–!the!Internet.!!
!
MAIN!CHALLENGES!FOR!THE!IOT!
!
Building!an!ecosystem!with!connected!smart!things!can!help!solve!a!lot!of!our!
problems! and! even! save! lives.! However,! the! Internet! of! Things! poses! several!
challenges!due!to!interoperability!and!sensor!energy!inefficiency,!security!and!
privacy!concerns!and!the!sheer!scale!of!its!deployment.!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
30!SRI!CBI:!Strategic!Research!Institute!Consulting!Business!Intelligence.!

!
34!
!
Sensor!energy!
Sensors!are!everywhere,!and!they!will!highly!increase!with!the!development!of!
the!IoT.!They!will!continue!to!be!deployed!across!the!planet!and!in!space.!It!is!
therefore! paramount! for! sensors! to! be! self'sustaining! as! it! is! not! viable! and!
practical!to!change!batteries!every!now!and!then.!What!is!needed,!is!a!way!for!
sensors!to!generate!electricity!from!environmental!elements!such!as!vibrations,!
light,!and!airflow.31!
!
Scientists!recently!announced!a!commercially!viable!nanogenerator!—!a!flexible!
chip! that! uses! body! movements! such! as! the! pinch! of! a! finger! to! generate!
electricity—at! the! 241st! National! Meeting! &! Exposition! of! the! American!
Chemical!Society!in!March!201132.!
!
IPV6!
The!world!ran!out!of!available!IPV4!in!2010.!This!meant!that!we!could!no!longer!
assign!unique!addresses!to!newly!connected!devices.!!
To!solve!this!problem,!IPV6!was!launched!in!2012.!Even!though!no!real!impact!
has! been! noticed! by! the! general! public,! there! are! still! great! concerns! among!
network!engineers33.!
!
Privacy!and!security!!
One! of! the! most! preoccupying! and! challenging! implications! is! privacy! and!
security!and!even!how!companies!are!organized.!!
!
As!connected!things!will!be!capable!to!take!action!without!a!human!operator,!
many! nodes! are! subject! to! hacking! by! anyone,! including! malicious! hackers,!
criminals!or!terrorists.!Home!automation!poses!great!questions!as!it!means!that!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
31!Source:!“Smart!Dust!Sensor!Network!with!Piezoelectric!Energy!Harvesting,”!Yee!Win!Shwe!&!
Yung!C.!Liang,!ICITA,!2009.!
32!Source:!“First!Practical!Nanogenerator!Produces!Electricity!with!Pinch!of!the!Fingers,”!March!
29,!2011.!
33!Know!more!about!IPV6!security!on!The!Internet!Society!web!page:!
http://www.internetsociety.org/deploy360/resources/rfc'7123'security'implications'of'ipv6'
on'ipv4'networks/!

!
35!
the!houses!of!billions!of!people!are!potentially!exposed!to!both!privacy!breaches!
and!security!threats.!!
!
These!concerns!must!be!tackled!before!society!fully!embraces!the!realm!of!the!
Internet!of!Things!
!
Cost!!
For! the! IoE34!to! grow! rapidly,! enablers! such! as! sensors,! wireless! and! smart!
technologies! must! become! cost! efficient.! Today,! we! are! on! the! right! track! as!
components!will!drop!15%!to!45%!from!2010!to!201535.!!
!
!
! !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
34!Internet!of!Everything!
35!Falling!Cost!of!Components!Will!Help!Drive!The!Pervasiveness!of!the!Internet!of!Things,!
Gartner,!2011.!

!
36!
BRIEF!HISTORY!
!
In! this! part,! you! will! be! introduced! to! how! information! and! communication!
technology! and! the! Internet! of! Things! has! evolved! since! 1832,! including!
milestone!projects,!discoveries,!recognitions!and!important!people.!!
!
In! the! first! half! of! the! 19th! century,!the!first!electromagnetic!telegraph!was!
created! by! Baron! Shiling.! It! was! the! first! relatively! small! telecommunication!
technology! that! allowed! human'to'human! communication! of! coded! text!
messages!over!long!distances.!!
Later! on,! the! first! public! morse! code! –! “What! hath! God! wrought?"! from!
Washington,!D.C.!to!Baltimore!–!was!communicated!by!Samuel!Morse36.!
Nikola! Tesla,! another! important! person! in! the! history! of! telecommunication,!
made!revolutionary!discoveries.!He!is!seen!by!many!as!the!creator!of!the!radio.!
In!1926,!in!an!interview!with!Colliers!Magazine,!Nikola!Tesla!foresees!the!future;!
as!systems!will!become!smaller!and!more!intelligent,!he!predicted!what!we!are!
all!carrying!today:!cell!phones.!!!
!
In! 1950,! Alan! Turing,! brought! great! insight! in! computer! science,! and! more!
specifically!in!the!formalization!of!the!concepts!of!algorithm!and!computation!
with! the! Turing! machine.! He! is! considered! to! be! the! father! of! theoretical!
computer!science!and!artificial!intelligence37.!!
!
Between!1950!and!1999,!revolutionary!systems!and!thinking!was!brought!to!
the! realm! of! communication! and! connected! things.! Home! computers! were!
introduced!in!the!second!half!of!the!20th!century,!and!its!enablers,!such!as!semi'
conductors!and!processors,!were!getting!smaller!and!smarter.!!In!the!beginning!
of!the!1990s,!the!world!wide!web!was!introduced!to!civilians.!Academia!started!
hacking!it,!and!came!up!with!innovative!projects!such!as!the!Internet!toaster!and!
the!Trojan!Room!Coffee!Pot.!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
36!Source:!http://www.morsetelegraphclub.org/
37!Source:!!“Allan!Turing:!His!Work!and!Impact”,!S.!Barry!Cooper,!J.!van!Leeuwen!

!
37!
1999! was! a! very! important! year! in! the! world! of! ubiquitous! computing.! The!
“Internet!of!Things”!was!coined!for!the!first!time!by!Kevin!Ashton!in!1999.!He!
was!working!for!Procter!&!Gamble,!and!in!an!interview!for!the!RFID!Journal!he!
said:! ! ! "I! could! be! wrong,! but! I'm! fairly! sure! the! phrase! "Internet! of! Things"!
started!life!as!the!title!of!a!presentation!I!made!at!Procter!&!Gamble!(P&G)!in!
1999.!Linking!the!new!idea!of!RFID!in!P&G's!supply!chain!to!the!then'red'hot!
topic!of!the!Internet!was!more!than!just!a!good!way!to!get!executive!attention.!It!
summed!up!an!important!insight!which!is!still!often!misunderstood."38!!
!
The!IoT!started!to!gain!momentum,!in!the!early!2000s,!as!it!hit!the!headlines!of!
several! international! news! agencies:! The! Guardian39,! Scientific! American40!and!
the!Boston!Globe41.!
!
In! 2005,! the! International! Telecommunication! Union,! United! Nations’!
specialized!agency!for!information!and!communication!technologies,!publishes!a!
report!about!the!IoT!–!“Anytime,!anyplace,!anything”!
%“The%next%logical%step%in%the%technological%revolution%connecting%people%anytime%
anywhere%is%to%connect%inanimate%objects.%This%is%the%vision%underlying%the%Internet%
of%things:%anytime,%anywhere%by%anyone%and%anything”%–%IUT,%November%2005%
%
It!is!only!in!2006!that!the!Internet!of!things!is!recognized!by!the!European!
Commission.!A!report!is!officially!submitted!at!a!conference!entitled!“From!RFID!
to! the! Internet! of! Things,! Pervasive! network! systems”! organized! by! DG!
Information!Media!and!Society!in!Brussels42.!!
!
In! 2008,! the! US! National! Intelligence! Council! states,! in! the! Disruptive! Civil!
Technologies!conference!report,!that!the!IoT!is!among!the!six!technologies!with!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
38!Source:!http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/view/4986!
39Source:!The!internet!of!things,!A!tiny!microchip!is!set!to!replace!the!barcode!on!all!retail!items!
but!opposition!is!growing!to!its!use.!The!Guardian,!Sean!Dodson,!October!9,!2003.
40!The!Internet!of!Things,!The!principles!that!gave!rise!to!the!Internet!are!now!leading!to!a!new!
kind!of!network!of!everyday!devices,!an!"Internet'0",!Scientific!American,!October!1,!2004.!
41!Source:!“The!Internet!of!things,!Start'ups!jump!into!next!big!thing:!tiny!networked!chips”,!
Boston!Globe,!Robert!Weisman,!October!25,!2004.!
42!Official!report!here:!ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/ist/docs/ka4/au_conf670306_buckley_en.pdf

!
38!
potential!impacts!on!US!interests!out!to!202543.!
!
Between! 2008! and! 2009,! the! threshold! of! connecting! more! objects! to! the!
Internet!than!people!took!place.!The!Internet! of! Things! is! born,!claims!Cisco!
Internet!Business!Solutions!Group.!
!
Many!countries!have!started!to!put!in!effort!in!the!realm!of!the!IoT!as!it!is!
becoming!increasingly!strategic.!In!2010,!China!declared!its!interest!in!the!IoT!at!
the!China!IoT!Conference!in!Shanghai,!as!the!prime!minister!mentions!that!it!is!
one!of!the!key!industry!areas!for!China.!!
!
In! the! beginning! of! the! 2010s,! IoT! communities! grow! and! reach! a! certain!
maturity.!For!example,!the!Linkedin!group,!“Internet!of!Things”,!has!reached!its!
maximum!and!default!number!of!20!000!members.!Recently,!it!was!approved!to!
surpass!the!default!number!–!so!you!can!still!join!in44.!!
The! Meetup! community! has! reached! 3000! members! in! London,! 1500! in! San!
Francisco,!1100!in!Paris,!200'500!in!New!York,!Berlin!and!Singapore;!where!each!
Meetup!brings!about!100!to!200!participants.!
!
As!there!was!a!shortage!of!IPV4!addresses!available,!IPV6!was!created!in!2011!
in!order!to!cover!the!increasing!demand!of!IP!addresses.!In!the!same!year,!the!
term!Internet!of!Things!is!also!introduced!in!Gartner’s!hype!cycle..!!
Arduino!and!other!hardware!platforms!mature!and!make!the!Internet!of!Things!
accessible!to!DIY'er.!!!
!
In! March! 2014,!the!IIC,!Industrial!Internet!Consortium45,!was!founded!by!the!
biggest! information! technology! and! communication! players,! including! AT&T,!
Cisco,!GE,!Intel!and!IBM.!Their!mission!seems!the!same!as!the!Internet!of!Things!
Consortium46!'! “driving! adoption! of! IoT! products! &! services! through! curated!
networking,!consumer!research,!and!industry!education”.!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
43!View!the!full!document:!http://www.fas.org/irp/nic/disruptive.pdf!
44!Linkedin!group:!click!here.!
45!http://www.iiconsortium.org/about'us.htm!
46!Created!back!in!January!2013!by!several!startups.!

!
39!
!!!
Last! but! not! least,! Google! trends! shows! an! exponential! growth! of! the! term!
Internet!of!Things,!starting!from!August!2013!and!beyond47:!
!
Figure!4!–!Growth!of!the!search!term!“Internet!of!Things”!on!the!Internet,!Google!
Trends!
! !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
47!http://www.google.com/trends/explore#q=internet+of+things!

!
40!
3.FUTURE!SOCIETY!
!
The!Internet!of!Things!applications!will!increasingly!transform!individuals’!lives!
within! the! macro! and! micro! environment,! the! personal! and! professional!
environment!and!across!all!industries.!
!
Consumers!will!be!empowered!to!do!things!that!were!previously!infeasible.!They!
will!be!able!to!see!and!understand!things!they!didn’t!see!and!understand!before.!
They! will! be! able! to! take! wiser! decisions,! money! and! energy! savings! (smart!
meters),!reassure!themselves!(Sen.se)!and!even!better!manage!their!time!(your!
calendar!connected!to!your!to!do!list!and!other!meaningful!information).!They!
will! have! a! whole! new! relationship! with! the! physical! space.! Companies! and!
industries!will!develop!new!business!models,!improve!business!processes!and!
reduce!cost!and!risks,!hereby,!impacting!the!work!style!of!employees,!managers!
and!owners.!!
!
In!fact,!all!levels!of!society!'!nations!and!governments;!industries!and!businesses;!
cities!and!infrastructure;!citizens,!households,!consumers!and!individuals!–!will!
be!hit!by!pervasive!computing.!!
!
The!Internet!of!Things!is!still!at!a!nascent!point!where!its!plateau!of!productivity!
has!not!been!reached!in!order!to!largely!affect!mainstream!society.!According!to!
Gartner’s!Hype!Cycle!2013,!it!will!take!more!than!10!years!to!reach!this!stage.!!It!
is! not! until! we! reach! a!
certain! amount! of!
everyday! connected!
objects! per! person! that!
we! will! be! in! the! era! of!
Internet! of! Everything.!
Controversially,! some!
experts! say! that! we! have!
already!entered!this!time!Figure!5!'!Gartner’s!Hype!Cycle!2013!

!
41!
period.!!
!
Research!director!at!Gartner,!Peter!Middleton,!commented!in!a!press!release!in!
December!2013:!!"By!2020,!component!costs!will!have!come!down!to!the!point!
that!connectivity!will!become!a!standard!feature,!even!for!processors!costing!less!
than!$1.!This!opens!up!the!possibility!of!connecting!just!about!anything,!from!the!
very!simple!to!the!very!complex,!to!offer!remote!control,!monitoring!and!sensing.!
The! fact! is,! that! today,! many! categories! of! connected! things! in! 2020! don't! yet!
exist.!As!product!designers!dream!up!ways!to!exploit!the!inherent!connectivity!
that! will! be! offered! in! intelligent! products,! we! expect! the! variety! of! devices!
offered!to!explode."!
!
With! the! effort! of! different! players,! such! as! policy! markers,! standard!
development! organizations,! national! research! centers,! service! providers,!
network!operators,!and!lead!users,!the!Internet!of!Things!is!bound!to!proliferate!
in!the!lives!of!billions!of!citizens.!!
!
Even! though! businesses,! researchers! and! experts! have! not! come! upon! a!
consensus,! market! opportunities! and! future! forecast! are! huge.! ! Trillions! of!
dollars!are!at!stake!within!the!next!years.!
SRI! Consulting! Business!
Intelligence48!have! prepared!
a!report!for!the!US!National!
Intelligence! Council! and!
stressed! that! “"by! 2025!
Internet!nodes!may!reside!in!
everyday! things! –! food!
packages,! furniture,! paper!
documents,! and! more.!
Today's! developments!
point!to!future!opportunities!and!risks!that!will!arise!when!people!can!remotely!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
48!SRI!CBI:!Strategic!Research!Institute!Consulting!Business!Intelligence.!
Technology!Reach!
Figure!6!–!Technology!Roadmap!of!the!IoT!
Source:!SRI!consulting!Intelligence!

!
42!
control,! locate,! and! monitor! even! the! most! mundane! devices! and! articles.!
Popular! demand! combined! with! technology! advances! could! drive! widespread!
diffusion! of! an! Internet! of! Things! (IoT)! that! could,! like! the! present! Internet,!
contribute!invaluably!to!economic!development!and!military!capability."!
!
Over!the!next!10!to!15!years,!the!Internet!of!Things!is!likely!to!proliferate!and!
shape! a! more! advanced! information! society! and! knowledge! economy,! but! the!
direction!and!pace!with!which!developments!will!occur!are!difficult!to!forecast.!
!
PREDICTIONS!
!
STATISTICS!
As!you!can!see!below,!predictions!from!experts!in!the!domain!vary.!However,!we!
can!agree!that!the!explosion!of!the!IoT!will!happen!in!the!next!few!years.!!
!
!!
!!
!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!
!
!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!
!
!
!
!
2003!
!
!
!
2008!
2009!
2013!
!
2015!
!
2020!
!
The! number! of! people! connected! to! the! Internet! was! much! higher!
than! the! number! of! things! connected! to! the! Internet.! World!
population!reached!6.3!billion!versus!500!million!connected!devices.!
(Cisco!IBSG,!2013)!
The!threshold!is!crossed.!More!things!than!people!are!connected!to!
the!Internet.!(Cisco!IBSG,!2011)!
10!billion!connected!devices.!(ABI!Research)!
6! billion! (Bosch),! 15! billion! (Intel)! to! 25! billion! (Cisco)! connected!!!
devices.!
26!billion!(Gartner)!to!50!billion!(Cisco)!connected!devices.!

!
43!
WHAT!EXPERTS!ARE!SAYING!–!NUMBER!OF!CONNECTED!DEVICES!
!
Cisco!IBSG!!
"There!will!be!25!billion!devices!connected!to!the!Internet!by!2015!and!50!billion!
by!2020.”!
!
ABI!Research!!
“There! are! more! than! 10! billion! wirelessly! connected! devices! in! the! market!
today;!with!over!30!billion!devices!expected!by!2020.”!!
!
Gartner!!
"The!Internet!of!Things!will!include!26!billion!units!installed!by!2020.!
!
Bosch!!!
“From!vehicles!and!smart!phones!to!containers!and!machines!–!by!2015!more!
than!6!billion!things!will!be!connected!to!the!internet.”!!
!
Intel!!
“15!billion!devices!will!be!communicating!over!the!network!by!the!year!2015"! !
!
Gartner/IDC!!
In!the!chart,!below,!you!can!notice!6!categories!of!connected!devices:!personal!
computers,!smartphones,!tablets,!Internet!of!Things!devices!(previously!“inert”!
and!mundane!objects),!smart!TVs!and!wearables.!Interestingly,!smart!TVs!and!
wearables!are!at!the!very!top,!followed!by!the!IoT!category.!

!
44!
!
In!2020,!26!billion!units!of!connected!devices!will!be!installed,!excluding!PCs,!
tablets!and!smartphones.!In!contrast,!by!2020,!the!number!of!PCs,!smartphones!
and!tablets!in!use!will!reach!a!much!lower!rate:!7.3!billion!units.!!
!
WHAT!EXPERTS!ARE!SAYING!–!ECONOMIC!VALUE!OF!THE!IoT!
!
Experts!agree!that!trillions!of!dollars!are!at!stake!in!the!next!few!years.!Let’s!see!
what!their!predictions!are.!!
!
McKinsey!Global!Institute!!
"We!estimate!the!potential!economic!impact!of!the!Internet!of!Things!to!be!$2.7!
trillion! to! $6.2! trillion! per! year! by! 2025! through! use! in! a! half'dozen! major!
applications!that!we!have!sized.!!!
!
!
Figure!7!–!Number!of!Connected!Devices!
Source:!Gartner!

!
45!
!
IDC!!
“IoT! technology! and! services! spending! to! generate! global! revenues! of! $4.8!
trillion!in!2012!and!$8.9!trillion!by!2020,!growing!at!a!compound!annual!rate!
(CAGR)!of!7.9%.”!!
!
Gartner!!
“IoT!product!and!service!suppliers!will!generate!incremental!revenue!exceeding!
$300!billion,!mostly!in!services,!in!2020.!It!will!result!in!$1.9!trillion!in!global!
economic!value'add!through!sales!into!diverse!end!markets."!
And,! “Economic! value'add! (which! represents! the! aggregate! benefits! that!
businesses!derive!through!the!sale!and!usage!of!IoT!technology)!is!forecast!to!be!
$1.9!trillion!across!sectors!in!2020.!The!verticals!that!are!leading!its!adoption!are!
manufacturing! (15! percent),! healthcare! (15! percent)! and! insurance! (11!
percent).”!
!
Cisco!IBSG!!
“The! IoE! Value! at! Stake! will! be! $14.4! trillion! for! companies! and! industries!
worldwide! in! the! next! decade.! More! specifically,! over! the! next! 10! years,! the!
Value!at!Stake!represents!an!opportunity!to!increase!global!corporate!profits!by!
about!21!percent.”!2011!
!
Harbor!!
“Service!Revenues!for!the!IoT!will!reach!$500!Billion!by!2018,!dwarfing!the!$33!
Billion!in!revenue!expected!from!devices!in!2018.”!!
!
! !

!
46!
ENVIRONMENTAL!TRANSFORMATION!
!
The!Internet!of!Things!is!the!first!real!evolution!of!the!Internet—a!leap!that!will!
lead! to! revolutionary! applications! that! have! the! potential! to! dramatically!
improve!the!way!people!live,!learn,!work,!and!entertain!themselves.!It!is!such!a!
sweeping!concept!that!it!is!a!challenge!to!list!all!the!possible!ways!in!which!it!will!
impact!society.!
!
For!the!first!time,!computing!systems!are!now!able!to!collect!data!from!almost!
anything,!allowing!us!to!monitor!the!well'being!and!performance!of!machines,!
devices,!things,!land!and!even!individuals.!!!
!
In! the! following! pages,! we! will! study! how! healthcare,! home! automation,!
transportation! and! mobility,! real! estate! and! infrastructures,! and! city!
management!will!be!transformed;!ultimately!affecting!each!one!of!us.!!
!
!
!Figure!8!–!How!markets!will!be!affected!
Source:!Postscape!and!Harbor!Research!
!

!
47!
!
Healthcare!and!the!Quantified!Self!
A!category!of!emerging!IoT'enabled!services!is!aimed!at!helping!people!monitor!
their! own! physical! state:! the! “quantified! self”.! It! allows! consumers! to! become!
highly! involved! in! their! healthcare! by! using! devices! for! monitoring! health!
conditions! such! as! blood! pressure! and! maintaining! a! continuous! record! of!
physical!activity.!In!2020,!about!360!million!devices!pertaining!to!the!quantified!
self!are!expected!to!be!connected49.!!!
!
Nike+,!FuelBand,!Fitbit,!and!Jawbone!are!wearable!sensors!that!are!designed!to!
continuously! record! physical! activity;! some! devices! can! even! monitor! sleep!
patterns.!!
!
When!combined!with!medical!sensors!like!the!Proteus!ingestible!sensors,!which!
can!relay!information!via!smartphone!to!a!physician,!these!systems!promise!to!
provide!a!new!level!of!health!and!disease!management!that!could!generate!more!
continuous! data! to! help! consumers! better! manage! their! own! health50,! and!
empower!doctors!to!diagnose!and!determine!the!causes!of!certain!diseases.!!
!
Therefore,! with! the! miniaturization! of! the! IoT! we! are! expanding! into! places!
where!until!now!have!been!unreachable.!It!will!change!the!relationship!between!
doctors!and!patients!and!give!new!information!and!insight!about!our!body.!It!will!
make! health! monitoring,! diagnostics! and! treatment! more! personalized,! timely!
and!convenient,!while!also!lowering!costs!for!people,!hospitals!and!the!country’s!
social!security.!!
!
Households!
Homes!and!individuals’!daily!life!will!be!impacted.!In!fact,!the!Internet!of!Things!
will!affect!our!behavior,!as!our!relationship!with!the!physical!environment!will!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
49!Source:!Harbor!Research,!Growth!Strategy!for!The!Internet!of!Things.!
50!Source:!!Ten!IT'enabled!business!trends!for!the!decade!ahead,!McKinsey!Global!Institute,!May!
2013.!

!
48!
evolve.!In!2020,!nearly!4!billion!devices!at!home!are!expected!to!be!connected!
(excluding!mobile!phones)51.!!
!
Future!homes!will!be!equipped!with!a!multitude!of!connected!devices!such!as!
light! bulbs,! pet! feeding,! irrigation! controllers,! smoke! alarms,! refrigerators,!
infotainment,! washers! and! dryers,! stoves! and! energy! monitoring.! These!
connected! things! will! most! probably! be! wirelessly! connected! to! your!
smartphone!(and!other!media!of!the!future).!They!will!interact!with!each!other!
to!alert!you,!advise!you!and!make!smart!decisions,!to!make!your!life!less!of!a!
hassle!and!more!comfortable,!and!helping!you!to!see!and!understand!things!you!
never!managed!to!do!before.!!
!
For!example,!smart!meters!have!the!capability!to!communicate!with!your!smart!
appliances! and! the! general! grid.! This! in! return! will! allow! each! household! to!
activate!their!appliances!at!the!best!time!in!the!day/night!in!order!to!get!cheaper!
electricity,!consume!more!efficiently!and!make!energy!savings.!This!phenomenon!
has!already!started.!In!the!United!States,!it!is!estimated!that!the!smart!grid!can!
increase! efficiency! by! 9%! by! 2030.! This! is! equivalent! to! 400! billion! kilowatt'
hours!or!$42!billion!dollars!savings!each!year.52!!
!
With! Sense! Mother53,! you! will! be! able! to! make! your! daily! life! more! serene,!
healthy!and!pleasurable.!It!will!intuitively!assist!you!in!your!everyday!life!–!such!
as! staying! fit,! taking! your! medication! on! time,! knowing! that! your! son! is! back!
home!safe,!and!looking!after!your!family’s!well'being54.!!
!
Transportation!and!Mobility!
Transportation! and! Mobility! will! see! the! number! of! connected! devices!
substantially! grow.! In! 2020,! nearly! 400! million! connected! devices! in!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
52!Source:!Smart!Grid:!Where!Power!is!Going,!by!the!Smart!Grid!Consumer!Collaborative!
Organization.!
53!www.sen.se!
54!You!can!watch!the!explanatory!video!here:!http://vimeo.com/80887929!

!
49!
transportation! will! be! connected55.! ! This! concerns! traffic! routing,! telematics,!
package! monitoring,! smart! parking,! insurance! adjustments,! shipping,! public!
transport,! airlines,! trains! and! much! more.! Consumer! experience! will! hence!
completely!change.!!
!
You!will!be!able!to!know!if!your!delivered!package!was!damaged!during!delivery.!
Waiting!time!for!buses,!trains!and!airplanes!will!be!provided!to!you!in!real!time!
via!your!smartphone!or!digital!screens.!Smart!parking!–!an!emerging!technology!
in!private!parking!lots!and!cities!–!allows!people!to!find!parking!space!instantly.!
These! few! examples! illustrate! well! how! citizens’! life! is! made! easier.!
Transportation!will!play!a!big!role!in!the!future!of!smart!cities.!!
!
Buildings!and!Infrastructures!
This!another!field!which!will!highly!evolve!in!the!next!few!years.!In!2020,!nearly!
2! billion! objects! in! buildings! and! infrastructures! will! be! connected 56 .!!
Things/equipment! in! buildings! and! infrastructures! will! be! connected! to! the!
Intranet! to! serve! people! in! their! workspace! for! example.! The! connection! of!
things! will! create! a! smart! network,! which! will! in! return! create! operational!
efficiencies,!reduce!energy!consumption,!improve!occupant!experiences!(DAS!to!
security)!and!achieve!sustainability!goals.!
!
Real!estate!businesses!have!already!taken!interest!in!the!following!connectable!
equipment:! heating,! ventilation,! air'conditioning,! lighting,! electrical,! transit,!
emergency!alerts,!structural!integrity,!occupancy!and!energy!credits.!
!
It!is!important!to!underline!that!cloud!hosted!data!management!and!analytics!
software! will! help! make! sense! of! all! data! received! from! each!
things/equipment/machines.! Facility! managers! will! be! empowered! to! take!
meaningful!and!efficient!decisions!if!needed.!For!example,!smart!buildings!utilize!
monitoring!devices!that!track!usage!and!empower!users!and!service!providers!to!
better!control!and!reduce!electricity!demand.!Panaptix,!an!emerging!IoT'enabled!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
55!Source:!Harbor!Research,!Growth!Strategy!for!The!Internet!of!Things.!!

!
50!
service,!will!interconnect!units!of!equipment!which!will!work!together!to!find!the!
most! efficient! way! to! heat! or! cool! a! facility! without! human! intervention.!
Machines!will!diagnose!their!own!need!for!maintenance,!which!will!be!scheduled!
automatically.57!!
!
Thereupon,! the! experience! within! buildings! will! be! more! pleasurable! for! each!
individual.!!
!
Cities!!
Since!2010,!more!than!half!of!the!worldwide!population!lives!in!a!city.!By!2030,!6!
out! of! every! 10! people! will! live! in! a! city,! and! by! 2050,! this! proportion! will!
increase!to!7!out!of!10!people.58!In!addition,!it!is!estimated!that!cities!use!60%!to!
80%!of!the!world’s!annual!energy!needs.!!
!
As!cities!are!becoming!overpopulated,!city!councils!have!encountered!more!and!
more! challenges! and! problems! where! ultimately! citizens’! well'being! is!
compromised.! ! Implementing! smart! devices! all! over! the! city! to! build! an!
interconnected!system!of!systems!will!help!cities!and!municipalities!to!reduce!
their!environmental!impact,!promote!security,!make!cost!savings,!offer!citizens!
better!lives59!and!become!more!competitive.!In!2020,!about!1.5!billion!connected!
devices!will!be!shipped!to!make!cities!smarter60.!!
!
With! the! aggregation! of! low! power! sensors,! wireless! networks! and! citizen!
engagement! through! web! and! mobile'based! applications,! smart! cities! will!
proliferate!and!are!bound!to!become!smarter!and!more!efficient.!!
!
In!short,!smarter!cities!will!trigger:!
• Better! planning! and! management! for! government! and! agency!
administration,! for! urban! planning! and! for! public! and! environmental!
safety.!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
57!Source:!Sensors,!Buildings!and!the!Coming!Internet!of!Things,!Johnson!Controls!
58!Source:!Urban!Population!Growth,!World!Health!Organization!
59!What!are!smart!cities?!,!Smart!Cities!and!Communities!

!
51!
• Enhanced!wellbeing!in!social!programs,!healthcare!and!education.!
• Better! management! of! infrastructures! through! transportation,! energy,!
water!and!environmental!issues.!61!
!
Below!is!an!illustration!of!a!few!existing!IoT!enabled!services:!!
!
Figure!9!–!Smart!City!
Source:!Lubelium!Smart!World!
!
Today,!the!real!challenge!is!to!connect!all!of!these!devices!in!a!single!network!to!
create!collective!intelligence.!!
!
COMPOUND!APPLICATIONS!
!
We’ve!talked!about!how!different!industries!will!impact!the!life!of!millions!and!
even!billions!of!people!with!pervasive!computing.!But!these!smart!systems!are!
specific!to!each!industry!and!are!not!fully!capable!of!communicating!and!taking!
action!across!different!industries!to!better!serve!consumers.!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
61!Source:!What!is!a!smart!city,!IBM!!

!
52!
This!is!when!the!world!of!compound!applications!becomes!interesting!for!our!
society.! When! different! applications! across! several! industries! may! utilize! the!
same!data!and!information!from!one!or!several!nodes,!we!will!create!insightful!
services! for! consumers.! With! the! correct! cloud! platform! and! seamless!
interoperability! of! all! nodes,! we! will! leverage! collective! intelligence;! and!
therefore!offer!exceptional!services!to!society.!!
!
Below!are!examples!of!how!compound!applications!may!work!out!very!well!for!
our!society.!!
!
Transportation!+!Smart!Cities!
It!is!well!know!that!people!spend!a!lot!of!time!looking!for!a!parking!spot!in!cities.!!
For! example,! the! Municipal! Transportation! Agency! of! San! Francisco! estimates!
that!20%!to!30%!of!all!traffic!jams!in!downtown!San!Francisco!are!caused!by!
people!hunting!for!a!parking!spot.!Sometimes,!it!can!take!up!to!15!minutes!or!
even!more!to!find!a!parking!spot,!leading!to!great!frustration,!inefficient!use!of!
fuel!and!often!creating!tardiness!in!arrival!times!for!appointments!and!meetings.!!
In! addition,! we! hardly! find! the! time! to! successfully! manage! our!
professional/personal!projects!and!to!dos!on!a!daily!basis.!!!!
!
Here,!is!an!example!of!how!IoT'enabled!services!may!solve!this!problem!using!
compound!applications:!
Greg!and!his!daughter!Chloe!are!on!their!way!to!downtown!San!Francisco!for!a!
tennis!practice.!Wireless!sensors!embedded!in!parking!spaces!help!direct!the!car!
to! the! vacant! spot! in! the! neighborhood! whilst! also! initiating! the! parking! fee,!
payable!on!their!smartphone.!!On!top!of!that,!if!any!mechanical!problem!arises,!
using! the! car’s! parking! details,! Greg’s! smart! vehicle! will! schedule! a! mobile!
mechanic!to!fix!the!car!while!the!family!is!at!the!tennis!practice.!!
!
Healthcare!+!Smart!Homes!
According!to!the!Administration!for!Community!Living!of!the!US!Department!of!
Health!and!Human!Services,!40!million!adults,!aged!65!and!over,!will!be!living!
alone!in!Europe,!Canada!and!the!US.!

!
53!
Today,!millions!of!families!are!anxious!about!the!wellbeing!of!their!loved!ones.!
With!IoT'enabled!services,!the!problem!may!be!solved:!!
Aunty! Nathalie! is! aging! and! is! still! living! isolated! at! her! home.! Her! family! is!
worried!about!Aunty!Nathalie’s!safety!and!health!as!they!have!had!no!news!for!a!
few!days!now.!Wireless!sensors!installed!in!her!house!will!help!measure!health!
activity!levels,!medication!schedules!and!sleeping!patterns.!If!anything!unusual!
happens,! a! notification! is! automatically! sent! to! authorized! family! members! or!
health!care!services.!!
!
Retailing!+!agriculture!+!government!
Emmanuelle!and!her!sons!Greg!and!Max!are!heading!to!the!grocery!store!to!refill!
the!family’s!fridge.!Using!packaging!with!printed!sensors!and!their!smartphone,!
the!mother!can!make!sure!the!pork!they!are!purchasing!has!not!reached!unsafe!
temperature!levels!in!the!supply!chain.!!
!
Interestingly,! the! package! can! also! be! tagged! to! bring! up! the! pig’s! history62!'!
where!it!was!raised,!what!was!fed,!where!it!was!slaughtered!and!packaged,!how!
it!was!transported!and!the!last!time!it!was!inspected.!!
!
Two! days! later,! the! US! department! of! Agriculture! determines! that! the! pork,!
originating!from!a!regional!farm!and!sold!in!the!same!store!where!Emmanuelle!
habitually! goes,! is! contaminated! with! swine! flu.! All! packages! from! the! farm’s!
distributor!change!their!color!and!notifications!are!sent!to!those!shoppers!that!
may!have!been!impacted63.!!
!
Home!+!Work!+!City!Management!+!Transportation!!
The!following!is!another!brilliant!illustration!of!how!every!individual!will!be!able!
to!manage!and!take!better!control!of!their!day:!
Max!works!and!travels!a!lot.!Today,!his!alarm!clock!woke!him!up!half!an!hour!
later.!In!the!kitchen,!the!coffee!maker!automatically!turns!on,!as!a!signal!is!sent!
from! his! smartphone.! Likewise,! Max’s! car! starts! to! melt! the! ice! which! was!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
62!A!Dutch!startup!–!Sparked!'!is!using!wireless!sensors!on!cows!to!monitor!its!health.!!
63!Source:!Harbor!Research!

!
54!
formed! by! the! cold! winter! night.! As! he! walks! in! the! house! and! heads! to! the!
kitchen,!motion!sensors!turn!lights!on!and!off.!It!is!very!convenient!for!Max!as!he!
no! longer! needs! to! worry! about! energy! and! money! savings.! Finally,! as! he! sits!
down!next!to!the!dining!table,!he!discovers!on!his!smartphone!why!he!was!able!
to!oversleep!30!minutes.!!
In!fact,!his!meeting!was!pushed!back!40!minutes;!his!car!knows!it!will!need!to!fill!
up!the!gas!tank!to!make!it!to!the!airport!'!10!minutes!are!needed!for!the!fill!up;!
there!is!an!accident!on!his!driving!route,!causing!a!20!minute!detour;!and!finally!
his!flight!is!delayed!–!20!minutes!more.!
!
These! few! examples! among! many! other! possible! examples! illustrate! how!
collective! intelligence! will! progressively! transform! society! within! the! next!
decade.!!In!the!near!future,!hundreds!of!millions,!then!billions!of!individuals!and!
businesses! with! billions,! then! trillions,! of! IoT! technologies! will! expand! the!
boundaries!of!our!current!system!to!new!horizons.!!
!
!
“If we can harvest the Big Data insights from all of the things connected to
the Internet we can more precisely understand how our world actually
works. By making Internet of Things application development easier, the
answers to the grand challenges of our age becomes more feasible.”
Thorsten Kramp, Computer Scientist at IBM Research! !

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55!
4.CONCLUSION!
!
The!process!of!connecting!things!through!a!virtual!network!is!not!a!novelty,!and!
has! been! exploited! for! some! time! now,! but! still! to! a! very! limited! extent.! Yet,!
technology! has! evolved! enough! to! permit! the! realization! of! the! intelligent!
communication!of!things!on!a!much!larger!scale,!physically!and!geographically,!
which!has!implications!that!are!hard!to!foresee!accurately.!!
!
As! data! and! information! is! proliferating! with! the! development! of! smarter,!
smaller,! cheaper! and! connected! technologies,! we! are! entering! a! knowledge'
based! economy! where! information! and! knowledge! are! now! recognized! as! the!
drivers! of! productivity! and! economic! growth! in! a! continuously! challenging!
world.!!
!
Increasingly,!a!large!number!of!companies!are!investing!in!the!Internet!of!Things!
infrastructure!and!applications!to!promote!innovation!and!new!business!models!
and!processes,!and!hereby!driving!its!commercialization!to!the!mass!market.!!
!
Looking! back! at! how! the! Internet! has! drastically! reshaped! our! world,! the!
Internet!of!Things!is!bringing!a!new!level!of!evolution!to!nations,!industries,!as!
well!as!to!professional!and!personal!life.!Gradually,!our!electronic!environment,!
both!at!a!macro!and!micro!level,!will!transform!individuals’!lives,!consciously!or!
unconsciously.!!
!
Income!inequality,!overpopulation!of!cities,!global!warming!and!the!limitation!of!
our! planet’s! natural! resources! are! a! growing! concern! to! humanity.! As! our!
environment!will!grow!artificially!smarter,!we!will!create!a!new!sort!of!sensory!
planetary! awareness! and! responsiveness,! we! will! be! empowered! to! better!
understand! how! our! planet! works,! to! ultimately! solve! these! challenges,!
efficiently!and!wisely.!!
!
!

!
56!
But!a!long!path!awaits!us!to!reach!such!a!level!of!wisdom,!as!there!are!many!
concerns!to!be!addressed!in!regard!to!the!Internet!of!Things,!most!importantly,!
the!well!being,!security!and!privacy!of!every!human!being.!!We!need!to!remain!
conscious!of!the!impact!of!this!rising!technology!on!the!whole!planet!and!not!just!
at!what!seems!to!make!our!western!lives!easier!and!more!productive.!We!should!
remain!attentive!of!its!future!development!so!that!the!stability!and!well!being!of!
our!ecosystem!is!preserved!and!even!bettered.!
!
All! in! all,! it! is! of! utmost! importance! to! keep! the! Internet! of! Things! in! a! free!
market,!and!with!the!full!collaboration!and!goodwill!of!all!businesses,!industries,!
organizations,!academia,!institutions,!governments!and!citizens.!Today,!it!is!the!
perfect! time! for! policy! makers! to! rethink! the! way! they! address! information!
technology!affairs!to!embrace!the!dawn!of!a!disruptive64!technological!revolution!
that!will!affect!each!and!every!one!of!us.!!!!
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
64!Innovation!and!disruption!are!similar!in!that!they!are!both!makers!and!builders.!Disruption!
takes!a!left!turn!by!literally!uprooting!and!changing!how!we!think,!behave,!do!business,!learn!and!
go!about!our!day'to'day!(Source:!Forbes).!Harvard!Business!School!professor!and!disruption!
guru!Clayton!Christensen!says!that!a!disruption!displaces!an!existing!market,!industry,!or!
technology!and!produces!something!new!and!more!efficient!and!worthwhile.!It!is!at!once!
destructive!and!creative.!

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57!
APPENDIX!
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Table!1!'!What!is!a!zettabyte?!!
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Table!2!'!List!of!tagging/communication!technologies!
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Source:!Harbor!Research!and!Postscapes!
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58!
!Table!3!–!The!Internet!of!Things!Landscape!
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59!
Table!4!'!Resource!kit!
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In!case!anyone!desires!to!continue!reading!about!the!Internet!of!Things,!here!is!a!
list!of!interesting!websites.!
If!you!are!unable!to!open!the!provided!links!(compatibility!problem:!Microsoft!vs!
Mac),!feel!free!to!contact!me!via!stephane.saintdenis@kedgebs.com.!!
!
!
Media!websites! Link!
Business!week! Internet!of!Things!
Forbes! Internet!of!Things!
Venture!Beat! Internet!of!Things!
Wired! Internet!of!Things!
Wall!Street!Journal! Internet!of!Things!
!
Consultants/Vendor!websites! Link!
Harbor!Research! Website!
Postcapes! Website!
Intel! Simplifying!the!Internet!of!Things!!
IBM! The!Internet!of!Things!(video)!
Miscrosoft! Building!the!Internet!of!Things!!
Cisco!! Internet!of!Everything!
!
Social!Communities! Link!
Linkedin! Internet!of!Things!
Google!+!! Internet!of!Things!
Pinterest! Internet!of!Things!
Twitter! #IoT!
Tumblr! Internet!of!Things!
Youtube! Internet!of!Things!Playlists!
Tumblr! Internet!of!Things!
Meetup!Paris! Internet!of!Things!!
Meetup!London! Internet!of!Things!
Meetup!Bengalore! Internet!of!Things!
Meetup!NewVYork! Internet!of!Things!
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!
!
Analyst!websites! Link!
ABI!Research! ! Internet!of!Things!
ABI!Research! Wireless!Sensor!Networks!
Forrester! Internet!of!Things!
Forrester! Sensor!
Gartner! Internet!of!Things!
Forrester! Internet!of!Things!Blog!Posts!!
IDC! Internet!of!Things!
IDC! M2M!!

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60!
IoT!devices! Link!
HAPIFork! http://hapifork.com/!
CubeSensors! http://cubesensors.com/!
Tagg!Pet!Tracker! http://tagg.com/!
Fitbit! http://fitbit.com/!
Garmin!Forerunner!Watches!
https://buy.garmin.com/en'US/US/cIntoSports'
cRunning'p1.html!
Tile! http://thetileapp.com/!
Withings! http://withings.com!
!
DIY! Link!
Make!Magazine! http://makezine.com/!
Arduino! http://www.arduino.cc/!
Netduino! http://www.netduino.com/!
Beagle!Board! http://beagleboard.org/!
Raspberry!Pi! http://www.raspberrypi.org/!
SparkFun! http://sparkfun.com/!
Adafruit! http://adafruit.com/!
Parallax! http://parallax.com/!
Tindie! http://www.tindie.com/!
Makerbot! http://makerbot.com/!
Maker!Place,!San!Diego! http://makerplace.com/!
MQTT! http://mqtt.org/!
!
Other!websites! Link!
Internet!of!Things!Consortium! http://iofthings.org/!
Industrial!Internet!Consortium! http://www.iiconsortium.org/!
International!
Telecommunication!Union!! http://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx!
Crunchwear! http://www.crunchwear.com!
Andy!Standford!Clark's!TEDx!
Warwick!"Innovation!Begins!at!
Home"! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9nrm8q5eGg!
FundAGeek! http://fundageek.com/!
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