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- 1. Sm-AHTR – the Small Modular Advanced High Temperature Reactor Presented to 4th Annual Asia-Pacific Nuclear Energy Forum Berkeley, CA June 18, 2010 By Sherrell Greene Director, Nuclear Technology Programs Oak Ridge National Laboratory greenesr@ornl.gov, 865.574.0626
- 2. Presentation overview • SmAHTR design objectives • Preliminary SmAHTR concept • SmAHTR concept optimization and design trades • Principal SmAHTR development challenges 2 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 3. The SmAHTR concept is the product of ORNL’s ongoing investigation of the FHR design space • Reactor power level • Physical size • System complexity • Operating temperatures • Fuel forms • Material classes • Economics 3 Managed by UT-Battelle • Safety for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 4. SmAHTR design objectives target both electricity and process heat production • Initial concept operating temperature of 700 ºC with future evolution path to 850 ºC and 1000 ºC • Thermal size matched to early process heat markets • Integral system architectures compatible with remote operations • Passive decay heat removal • Dry heat rejection • Truck transportable 4 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 5. SmAHTR is a small, integral system, thermal spectrum FHR Overall System Parameters Parameter Value Power (MWt / MWe) 125 / 50+ Primary Coolant LiF-‐BeF2 Primary Pressure (atm) ~1 Core Inlet Temperature (ºC) 650 Core Outlet Temperature (ºC) 700 Core coolant flow rate (kg/s) 1020 OperaJonal Heat Removal 3 – 50% loops Passive Decay Heat Removal 3 – 50% loops Power Conversion Brayton Reactor Vessel PenetraJons None 5 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 6. SmAHTR is small… SmAHTR AHTR 6 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 7. SmAHTR employs prismatic core block concept with removable TRISO compacted stringer fuel elements Prismatic SmAHTR Core Parameters Stringer fuel fuel block Parameter Value Fuel Design TRISO UCO fuel in stringer fuel assemblies Number fuel assembly columns 19 Number fuel pins/column 72 Number graphite pins / column 19 IniJal Fissile Mass (kg) 195 Total Heavy Metal (kg) 987 Enrichment 19.75% Avg. Power Density (MW/m3) 9.4 Coolant hole in Radial re6lector Refueling Interval (yr) 2.5 radial re6lector graphite 7 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 8. SmAHTR employs “two-out-of-three” heat transport design philosophy Intermediate Heat Transport Loop Parameters Parameter Value Number of Intermediate Heat Exchangers (IHX) 3 Number IHX needed for full power opera@ons 2 IHX Design Concept Single-‐pass, tube-‐in-‐shell Primary Coolant LiF-‐BeF2 Primary Inlet Temperature (ºC) 700 Primary Outlet Temperature (ºC) 650 Primary flow rate (kg/s) 350 (each) Secondary Coolant LiF-‐NaF-‐KF Secondary Inlet Temperature (ºC) 582 Primary Outlet Temperature (ºC) 610 Secondary flow rate (kg/s) 800 (each) 8 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 9. SmAHTR employs “two-out-of-three” passive decay heat removal In-vessel Passive Decay Heat Removal System Parameters In-‐vessel DRACS HX Parameter Value Number DRACS in-‐vessel heat exchangers 3 Number DRACS loops needed for full 2 power opera@on DRACS Salt-‐to-‐Salt Design Concept Single-‐pass, tube-‐in-‐shell Primary Coolant LiF-‐BeF2 Secondary Coolant LiF-‐NaF-‐KF 9 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 10. SmAHTR employs “two out of three” passive decay heat removal Ex-vessel Passive Decay Heat Removal System Parameters Ex-‐vessel DRACS HX Parameter Value Salt-to- FLiNaK Air Number DRACS 3 Radiator Number DRACS needed for full power 2 opera@ons DRACS Salt-‐to-‐Air Design Concept Ver@cal finned tube radiator Primary Coolant LiF-‐NaF-‐KF Air Air Flow Area (m2) 4 In- vessel In-‐vessel HX – to – air HX riser height (m) 8 DRACS HX Total chimney height (m) 12 FLiBe ~ 10 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 11. SmAHTR is good match with indirect Brayton power conversion approaches • Options – Standard closed – Supercritical closed – Open air (similar to ANP & HTRE) • Issues to consider – Physical size & weight – Multi-unit clustering – Heat exchanger pressure differentials – Efficiency and scalibility to higher temperatures – Tritium leakage – Compatibility with dry heat rejection • Analysis beginning 11 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 12. Peak center-line fuel temperatures during normal operations are acceptable 1178°C 650°C 700°C 12 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 13. Peak fuel temperatures for Alpha Transient (20 s pump coast-down with 10 s scram delay) only increase ~50 ºC 13 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 14. Two DRACS loops provided adequate decay heat removal 727°C 712°C 14 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 15. SmAHTR design attributes should promote favorable economics* Phenomenological FHR A]ribute Impact(s) Cost Implica@ons High primary coolant • Low fluid pumping requirements • Compact coolant and volumetric heat capacity • Near-‐constant-‐temperature energy heat transport loops transport (small pipes, pumps, heat exchangers) Low primary system • Low pipe break / LOCA energeJcs • Thin-‐walled reactor pressure • Low source term driving pressure vessel and piping • Smaller, less complex containments Transparent coolant with • Visible refueling operaJons • Efficient refueling low chemical acJvity • Low pipe break / LOCA energeJcs • Smaller containments High primary system • High power conversion efficiencies • Lower fuel costs temperatures • High temperature fluid – materials • Higher materials cost corrosion and strength performance • Hot refueling TRISO fuels • Large fuel temperature margins • Robust operaJng • Good fission product afenJon margins and safety case * Ingersoll et al., “Status of Preconceptual Design of the Advanced High-Temperature Reactor (AHTR)”, ORNL/TM-2004/104, May 2004 15 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 16. SmAHTR primary and secondary salt options match many desirable process heat applications LiF-BeF2 (67-33) R ange rature LiF-NaF-KF (46.5-11.5-42) Tempe Liquid ide Salt NaF-BeF2 (57-43) Fluor Melts Boils Electrolysis, H2 Prod., Coal Gasification Steam Reforming of Nat. Gas & Biomass Gasification Cogeneration of Electricity and Steam Oil Shale/Sand Processing Petro Refining 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 110 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 Temperature (C) 16 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 17. A SmAHTR materials technology evolution strategy is in development System Element @ 700 ºC @ 850 ºC @ 1000 ºC Graphite Internals Toyo Tanso IG110 or 430 Toyo Tanso IG110 or 430 Toyo Tanso IG110 or 430 Reactor Vessel Hastelloy-‐N • Ni-‐weld overlay on 800H • Interior-‐insulated low-‐ • Insulated low-‐alloy steel alloy steel • New Ni-‐based alloy Core barrel & other Hastelloy-‐N • C-‐C composite • C-‐C composite • New Ni-‐based alloy • SiC-‐SiC composite internals • New refractory metal Control rods and • C-‐C composites • C-‐C composites • C-‐C composites • Hastelloy-‐N • Nb-‐1Zr • Nb-‐1Zr internal drives • Nb-‐1Zr IHX & DRACS Hastelloy-‐N • New Ni-‐based alloy • C-‐C composite • Double-‐sided Ni cladding • SiC-‐SiC composite on 617 or 230 • Monolithic SiC Secondary (salt-‐to-‐ Coaxial extruded 800H • New Ni-‐based alloy ? tubes with Ni-‐based layer • Coaxial extruded 800H gas) HX tubes with Ni-‐based layer 17 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10
- 18. Summary • SmAHTR concept explores the small FHR design space • NOTHING OPTIMIZED – Many design trades still to be evaluated • Design objectives selected to – address near-term process heat and electricity applications – enable long-term evolution to higher efficiency electric generation and higher temperature process heat applications • SmAHTR relies on new configurations and architectures of many demonstrated technologies • SmAHTR attributes should promote cost-competitive system • Imagine … 18 Managed by UT-Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy S. R. Greene, 18 Jun 10