The document provides an overview of the Milan Internet eXchange (MIX) including:
- MIX was founded in 2000 and is now an internationally recognized internet exchange point.
- It is located in via Caldera in Milan where many operators were already interconnected, providing a critical mass.
- MIX operates an on-site datacenter with over 800 sqm of space and infrastructure to support over 1800 devices and 3000 fiber connections.
- Traffic has grown significantly over time, reaching peaks over 2.38 Tbit/s, and is impacted by special events like sporting matches.
- MIX interconnects many autonomous systems including ISPs, cloud providers, content delivery networks, and more.
Modular Monolith - a Practical Alternative to Microservices @ Devoxx UK 2024
Behind the scenes of our everyday Internet: the role of an IXP like MIX
1. Milan Internet eXchange
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2. You’ve already been (t)here
on-line
shopping
software
update
…without even realising it
on-line gaming
social network
streaming
5. Why Caldera? Why MIX?
• Early ‘90: Unisource is selling interconnection
services (towards Europe and USA) to Italian
operators
• 1996: a first experimental mix is born, while
the critical mass of operators in via Caldera
continues to grow
• 2000: 28 charter members officially found
MIX s.r.l.
• Today: an internationally well-known node,
with thousands of active links
6. A name indicates what we seek.
An address indicates where it is.
A route indicates how to get there.
Jon Postel
RFC 791
1981
7. IPv4/IPv6 addresses
• IPv4, 32 bits, ~4 billion addresses
• IPv6, 128 bits, a sh*tload of them
‣ We rarely have to think about them anyway
How are addresses managed?
Where does mine come from?
Have you ever wondered…
8. IP address management
1. A central body (IANA) manages the whole addressing space
2. IANA assigns “blocks” to the various continents
3. A special Registry (Regional Internet Registry - RIR) assigns smaller
blocks to the operators within the continent
4. Every operator manages the assigned block autonomously
11. Autonomous
System
• Indicates a “family” of routers and networks
• Essential parameter for traffic exchange over the Internet
• Unique number
• Assigned by the RIPE NCC (or equivalent RIR)
185.1.224.0 / 24
217.29.72.0 / 21
2001:1ac0:: /48
13. IPv4 depletion
• There are basically no more IPv4
addresses available
• New phenomena:
‣ limited assignments
‣ reclaim unused space
‣ IPv4 marketplace
• No catastrophes, just work on IPv6
https://labs.ripe.net/Members/wilhelm/so-long-last-8-and-thanks-for-all-the-allocations
April 17th 2018
October 2nd 2019
Last /22 within the last /8 is assigned
Last contiguous /22 within the
recovered space is assigned
November 25th 2019
Last /22-equivalent is assigned
Now Waiting list for a /24
14. IPv4 depletion
• There are basically no more IPv4
addresses available
• New phenomena:
‣ limited assignments
‣ reclaim unused space
‣ IPv4 marketplace
• No catastrophes, just work on IPv6
https://labs.ripe.net/Members/wilhelm/so-long-last-8-and-thanks-for-all-the-allocations
April 17th 2018
October 2nd 2019
Last /22 within the last /8 is assigned
Last contiguous /22 within the
recovered space is assigned
November 25th 2019
Last /22-equivalent is assigned
Now Waiting list for a /24
At its meeting on 21 April 2023,
the RIPE NCC Executive Board
resolved to suspend the ability
of RIPE NCC members to submit
new applications to the IPv4
waiting list until further notice.
15. Interconnections
AS 12
AS 23
AS 34
AS 50
AS 20
AS 10
AS 70
AS 60
2
N x (N -1)
AS 40
AS 30
23.15.10.0 / 23
7.12.22.0 / 24
2002:a61f:c001::/48
203.116.10.0 / 23
94.38.224.0 / 19
2001:1ac0::/48
16. AS 34
AS 50
AS 20
AS 30
AS 40
AS 10
AS 70
AS 60
AS 12
AS 23
Peering
17. AS 10
AS 40 AS 60
AS 30
AS 20
AS 50
217.29.66.2 217.29.66.48
217.29.66.10
217.29.66.64
217.29.66.55
217.29.66.92
Ethernet LAN
Internet eXchange Point
property
of MIX
property
of MIX
members
18. AS 10
AS 40 AS 60
AS 30
AS 20
AS 50
217.29.66.2 217.29.66.48
217.29.66.10
217.29.66.64
217.29.66.55
217.29.66.92
Ethernet LAN
Internet eXchange Point
property
of MIX
property
of MIX
members
37. 13 February 2022 - Atalanta - Juventus
New traffic records
19 September 2021 - Juventus - Milan 29 September 2021 - Juventus - Chelsea
17 October 2021 - Juventus - Roma
15 March 2023 - Napoli - Eintracht