1. Elias Jabbour, MD
University of Texas – M. D. Anderson
Cancer Center
CML and Imatinib Resistance:
Which TKI and When?
2. CML and Imatinib Resistance:
Which TKI and When?
Marcos de Lima, MD
Stem Cell Transplantation Program
Case Western Reserve University
University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center
Cleveland - OH
3. Results with Imatinib in Early CP
CML – The IRIS Trial at 8-Years
• 304 (55%) patients on imatinib on study
• Projected results at 8 years:
–CCyR 83%
• 82 (18%) lost CCyR, 15 (3%) progressed to
AP/BP
–Event-free survival 81%
–Transformation-free survival 92%
• If MMR at 12 mo: 100%
–Survival 85% (93% CML-related)
• Annual rate of transformation: 1.5%, 2.8%,
1.8%, 0.9%, 0.5%, 0%, 0%, & 0.4%
Deininger et al; Blood 2009; 114: Abst# 1126
5. 5
IRIS. Survival Without AP/BC Worse If No
Major CG Response at 12 mos
Estimated rate at 60 months
n= 86 93%
n= 73 81%
n= 350 97%
} p<0.001} p=0.20CCyR
PCyR
No MCyR
Response at 12 months
%withoutAP/BC
0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0
1 0 0
M o n th s s in c e r a n d o m iz a tio n
0 6 1 2 1 8 2 4 3 0 3 6 4 2 4 8 5 4 6 0 6 6
Rx aim: major CG response (Ph ≤ 35%)
6. Criteria for Failure and Suboptimal
Response to Imatinib
Time
(mo)
Response
Failure Suboptimal Optimal
3 No CHR No CG
Response < 65% Ph+
6 No CHR
>95% Ph+ ≥35% Ph+ ≤35% Ph+
12 ≥35% Ph+ 1-35% Ph+ 0% Ph+
18 ≥5% Ph+ No MMR MMR
Any
Loss of CHR
Loss of CCgR
Mutation
CE
Loss of MMR
Mutation
Stable or
improving
MMR
Baccarani. JCO 2009; 27: 6041-51
7. NCCN Treatment Recommendations
3-Month Follow-up Therapy
BCR-ABL
transcript levels
≤10% by QPCR
International
Scale (IS)
or
PCyR on bone
marrow
cytogenetics
BCR-ABL
transcript
levels >10% by
QPCR using the
IS
or
<PCyR on bone
marrow
cytogenetics
Continue
same dose
of IM,
DAS, or
NIL
• Evaluate patient
compliance and
drug-drug
interactions
• Mutational
analysis
Monitor
with
QPCR
every
3 mo
DAS 100 mg daily
NIL 400 mg BID
Evaluation and
discussion of HSCT
Clinical trial
3-mo
evaluation
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic myelogenous
leukemia. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp. Revised September 13, 2012.
No
relapse
Relapse
8. Adherence Is the Most Important Factor
Contributing to Molecular Responses
Marin D et al. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(14):2381-2388.
Adherence monitored over a period of 3 months using a microelectronic
monitoring device in the imatinib bottle cap. Patients were not aware of the
device.
0.1
12
Time Since Start of Imatinib Therapy (months)
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0 6 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72
ProbabilityofMMR Adherence >90% (n = 64)
Adherence ≤90% (n = 23)
P<0.001
10. MDACC Retrospective Analysis:
MCyR at 6 Months Associated With OS
Patients with MCyR have better OS than patients that do not
Landmark analysis at 6 mos
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Cytogenetic response at 6 mos Total Dead P-value
Complete 201 5
Partial 39 1
Minor 10 3
Othersa
9 3
0.85
0.01
0.62
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Proportionalive
Months
Kantarjian H. Cancer. 2008;112:837–845.
11. MDACC Retrospective Analysis:
CCyR at 12 Months Associated With PFS
Patients with CCyR have better PFS than patients that do not.
Similar results were observed in patients achieving CCyR at 18 and 24 mos.
Landmark analysis at 12 mos
ProportionPFS
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Months
Cytogenetic
response at
12 mos Total Failure P-value
Complete 214 7
Partial 19 3
Minor 5 2
Others 8 5
0.02
0.2
0.22
Kantarjian H. Cancer. 2008;112:837–845.
12. EFS and Survival by 12-month Response-CCyR
with vs without MMR with TKI Frontline Rx
Jabbour E et al. Blood. 2011.
13. Outcome by 12-Month Response
in CML CP
•848 pts randomized to IM 400mg, IM 800mg,
or IM 400 + IFN
•Median FU: 40 months
12-month
BCR-ABL/ABL (IS)
N
Percentage
PFS OS
<0.1% 341 99 99
0.1-1% 240 97 98
>1% 267 94 93
P value 0.0023 0.0011
•Outcome independent of treatment arm
Hehlman et al. JCO 2011;29:1634-42
CCyR
14. Probabilityofsurvival
Time from onset of imatinib therapy (years)
BCR-ABL/ABL<9.8% OS= 93.3%
BCR-ABL/ABL>9.8% OS= 54%
p<0.0001
Survival After Imatinib Therapy by
Molecular Response Achieved at 3
Months
Marin et al, JCO 2011; [Epub ahead of print
• Optimal PCR value determined by Receiver operating
characteristic (ROC) curve
15. CML IV: Long-Term Impact of
Response at 3 Months
•1223 pts randomized to imatinib 400, imatinib +
IFN, imatinib + ara-C, imatinib 800
•3 month analysis: PCR in 692 pts, cytogenetics in
460
•3 mo transcript levels predictive of achievement
of CCyR and MMR
% 5-year
outcome
Cytogenetics
(% Ph+)
Molecular
[BCR-ABL/ABL (IS)]
≤35% >35% ≤10% >10%
PFS 94 87 93 87
OS 95 87 95 87
Hanfstein et al. ASH 2011; Abstract #783
16. OS by Response to TKI at 3
Months at MDACC
Naqvi et al. ASH 2011; Abstract #3784
17. EFS by Response to TKI at 3
Months at MDACC
Naqvi et al. ASH 2011; Abstract #3784
18. Failure On Imatinib And Strategies
Imatinib Failure ↑ Imatinib
Second
Generation
TKI
• Ph 100% at 6 mos _ +
• Ph ≥ 35% at 12
mos
+ +
• No CGCR in yr 2 + +
• CG relapse + +
• Hematologic
relapse
_
+
30. 2nd
-Generation TKI in CML CP
Post- Imatinib Failure
Toxicity Dasatinib Nilotinib Bosutinib
Anemia 13 11 13
Neutropenia 35 31 18
Thrombocytopenia 23 30 24
Shah et al. Haematologica 2010; 95: 232-40
Kantarjian et al. Blood 2011; 117: 1141-45
Cortes et al. Blood 2011; 118; 4567-76
31. Better Outcome on Dasatinib with
Earlier Intervention
• Patients on dasatinib studies analyzed by
failure status on imatinib: loss of MCyR vs
loss of CHR
• Status at IM Failure No.
Percentage
CCyR MMR
Loss of MCyR 151 72 60
Loss of CHR & MCyR 33 42 29
Loss of CHR (never MCyR) 109 26 26
Quintás-Cardama. Cancer 115: 2912-21, 2009
32. Dasatinib Early Intervention
EFS & OS
Quintás-Cardama. Cancer 115: 2912-21, 2009
Event-Free Survival Overall Survival
Time to intervene:
Loss of MCyR
33. Prognosis with 2nd
TKIs. Survival
•Adverse factors: PS ≥1 and lack of CyR to imatinib
Jabbour. Blood 117: 1822-7, 2011
34. No MCyR (27)
MCyR (59)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 12 24 36
Months on second TKI
PFS(%)
PFS and Response to 2nd
TKI
Response @
12 mo
% AP/BP/Death/CHR
loss Next Year
MCyR 3%
No MCyR 17%
• 113 CML CP pts receiving nilotinib (n=43) or dasatinib
(n=70) after imatinib failure
Tam. Blood 112: 516-8, 2008
p = 0.003
35. Optimal Response to 2nd
TKIs. Survival
3-year survival (%)
Parameter Event-free Overall
CCyR by 3 months Yes 74 98
No 43 79
36. How Do You Choose The Second
Generation TKIs
• Disease characteristics
- AP/BP: favor dasatinib (?) and combinations
- chronic: see below
• Mutations
-T315I → none
- nilotinib IC50 > 150nM → avoid
- dasatinib IC50 > 3nM → avoid
• Patient Hx
- Hypertension, CHF, lung problems, COPD →
avoid dasatinib, consider bosutinib/nilotinib
- Severe diabetes, pancreatitis Hx,
atherosclerosis → avoid nilotinib, consider
bosutinib/dasatinib
- QTc problems → be cautious with all (?)
37. Ponatinib Phase 2 Study - PACE
Response Characteristics CP-CML
• 93% failed ≥2 TKI, 58% failed ≥3 TKI
Response Rate, n (%) N=267
Any Cytogenetic Response 180 (67)
MCyR 149 (56)
CCyR 124 (46)
MMR 91 (34)
MR4.5
39 (15)
BCR-ABL ≤10% at 3 months, n/N(%) 142/240 (59)
1 prior approved TKI 14/16 (88)
Median Time to Response*
, months [range]
MCyR 2.8 [1.6 – 11.3]
MMR 5.5 [1.8 – 19.2]
• 91% MCyR sustained at 12 months (K-M)
Cortes J, et al. Blood. 2012;120: Abstract 163.
38. Ponatinib Phase 2 Study - PACE
Response by Baseline Mutation CP-CML
Baseline Mutations in at Least 2 Patients (Excluding T315I)
P-Loop Non P-Loop
NumberofPatients
MCyR
CP-CML
N=267
n/N (%)
R/I, no
mutation 66/136 (49)
R/I, any
non-T315I
mutation
38/67 (57)
T315I
mutation 45/64 (70)
Cortes J, et al. Blood. 2012;120: Abstract 163.
39. Ponatinib Phase 2 Study - PACE
Response in Advanced Phase
n (%)
AP-CML
N=83
BP-CML N=62
Ph+ ALL
N=32Myeloid
N=52
Lymphoid
N=10
MaHR* 47 (57) 15 (29) 4 (40) 13 (41)
Any CyR** 46 (55) 19 (37) 5 (50) 15 (47)
MCyR 32 (39) 10 (19) 4 (40) 15 (47)
CCyR 20 (24) 8 (15) 3 (30) 12 (38)
MMR#
13 (16) N/A N/A N/A
*MaHR = primary endpoint; 14 AP-CML patients with baseline MaHR and 1 AP-CML patient with no baseline MaHR
assessment counted as non-responders
**CCyR + PCyR + minor CyR + minimal CyR
#
MMR was assessed on the International Scale using peripheral blood; Patients missing a valid baseline MMR
assessment , or who met the criteria for MMR at baseline, were counted as non-responders
Kantarjian HM, et al. Blood. 2012;120: Abstract 915.
40. Omacetaxine for CML CP After
Failure to ≥2 TKI
• 122 pts with CML CP (n=81) or AP (n=41) with ≥2
prior TKI
• Omacetaxine 1.25 mg/m2
BID x14d, then x7d
Response, % CP
N=81
AP
N=41
Primary endpoint MCyR 20% MaHR 27%
CCyR 10% CHR 24%
Median duration, mo 17.7 9
Median PFS, mo 9.6 4.7
Median OS, mo 33.9 16
• 11 pts (9 CP, 2 AP) ongoing response
• Median 35 cycles over median 39 months
• Median response duration: 14 mo CP, 24 mo AP
Kantarjian HM, et al. Blood. 2012;120: Abstract 2767.
41. Allo SCT. Second or Third Salvage?
• Imatinib failure in AP, BP: use new TKI as bridge to MRD, then
alloSCT ASAP
• T315I mutation in any CML phase: use AP 24534, other T315I
inhibitors, HHT, HU, others as bridge to MRD, then allo SCT
ASAP
• Imatinib failure in CP:
– if IC50 ↑, clonal evolution, or no major CG in 12 mos →
allo SCT (risk should also be reasonable: young, good
match)
– If not → TKI until failure
• Age ≥ 70 yrs or if poor match: may decide to forgo curative
allo SCT option for several years of CML control;
• Young patient (?)
• Financial considerations
42. Monitoring Patients with CML
While on TKI Therapy
• Adequate monitoring required to optimize
outcome / Not too much, not too little
• CCyR is associated with survival benefit
• MMR is associated with durable CCyR and may
therefore decrease probability of relapse
• CMR offers hope for treatment discontinuation
(clinical trials only)
• Results should be interpreted in the context of
alternative options
• Not failure criterion / QPCR ↑ in CCyR
Overall survival by MCyR vs no MCyR at 3 months p=0.156
Event free survival by MCyR vs No MCyR at 3 months p=0
Introducing dasatinib in patients with CML CP failing imatinib after loss of MCyR was associated with improved CCyR rates as well as EFS, PFS, and OS, compared with introducing dasatinib after loss of CHR or loss of CHR and CCyR, thus supporting the notion that switching therapy from imatinib to dasatinib early during the course of failure increases the chances of a favorable long-term outcome.
These 2 factors, older age and lack of any CG respose to previous imatinib therapy had similar effect on the EFS Patients with 0, 1, or 2 adverse factors had an estimated 18-month event-free survival with second generation TKI therapy of 81%, 54%, and 20%, respectively.
Achieving a major cytogenetic response is a known major determinant of outcome in previous generations of therapy including interferon alpha and imatinib. In a previous report from our institution, patients who achieved a major cytogenetic response after 12 months of therapy with second generation TKI had at least a better progression-free survival.
In the univariate analysis for event-free survival, factors associated with poor event-free survival were older age (> 55 years), lack of any cytogenetic response to previous imatinib therapy, an ECOG performance status ≥1 at the start of second generation TKI therapy, and more than ≥ 90% Philadelphia-positive metaphases at the start of second generation TKI therapy. Kinase domain sequencing was performed in only 88 patients. When added to the analysis, the presence of KD mutations with intermediate IC50 at the start of second generation TKI was associated with poor event-free survival. In the subsequent multivariate analysis, the lack of any cytogenetic response to previous imatinib therapy (p<0.001), and an ECOG performance status ≥1 at the start of second generation TKI therapy (p=0.007) were selected as independent factors associated with poor event-free survival.