A powerpoint presentation about Ilocano Literature for '21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World' Subject in Senior High School (SHS)

1. ILOCANO LITERATURE
A Powerpoint Presentation
Prepared by Group 4
(VERDEFLOR, MANCILLA, DELOS REYES, FERRER,
AGUILAR, PASCUAL, ANTONIO, GUTIERREZ)

2. ESSAY

3. DEFINITION
• It is an analytic, interpretative, or critical
literary composition usually much
shorter and less systematic and formal
than a dissertation or thesis and usually
dealing with its subject from a limited
and often personal point of view

4. DEFINITION ACCORDING TO AN ESSAYIST
A literary device
for saying almost
everything about
almost anything.
ALDOUS HUXLEY

5. HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY
• INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH
 accomplishes three purposes
i. it captures the reader’s interest
ii. it suggests the importance of the essay’s topic
iii. it ends with a thesis sentence
THESIS SENTENCE
- offers a concise summary of the main point or
claim of the essay, research paper, etc.

7. HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY
• BODY PARAGRAPH
 begins with a topic sentence
 If the thesis sentence contains multiple points or
assertions, each body paragraph should support
or justify them, preferably in the order the
assertions originally stated in the thesis

8. HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY
• CONCLUDING PARAGRAPH
 usually restates the thesis and leaves the
reader something about the topic to think
about
 If appropriate, it may also use a call to act,
inviting the reader to make a specific course of
action with regard to the points that the essay
presented

9. TYPES OF ESSAY
• There are two forms of essays; literary and
non-literary. Literary essays are of four types:
 Expository
 Descriptive
 Narrative
 Persuasive

10. EXPOSITORY ESSAY
• In an expository essay, the writers give
explanation of an idea, theme or issue
to the audience by giving their personal
opinions. This essay is presented
through examples, definitions,
comparison, and contrast.

11. EXPOSITORY ESSAY
• Example:
According to Wolf (2004), globalization is deemed as a
movement in the direction of greater integration, as both
natural and manmade barriers to international economic
exchange continue to fall. This definition includes not only
the increased international mobility of goods within the
world economy, but also the greater mobility of services,
capital, labour and financial assets.

12. DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY
• As it sounds like, it gives description
about a particular topic or describes the
traits and characteristics of something
or a person in details. It allows artistic
freedom and creates images in the
minds of readers through the use of five
senses.

13. DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY
• Example
“As I passed through the gates I heard a squeaky voice. A diminutive
middle-aged man came out from behind the trees — the caretaker. He
worked a toothbrush-sized stick around in his mouth, digging into the
crevices between algae’d stubs of teeth. e was barefoot; he wore a
blue batik shirt known as a buba, baggy purple trousers, and an
embroidered skullcap. I asked him if he would show me around the
shrine. Motioning me to follow, he spat out the results of his stick work
and set off down the trail.”
(From “The Sacred Grove of Oshogbo” by Jeffrey Tayler)

14. DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY
• This is an example of a descriptive
essay, as the author has used
descriptive language to paint a
dramatic picture for his readers of
an encounter with a stranger.

15. NARRATIVE ESSAY
• Narrative essay is non-fiction, but
describes a story with sensory
descriptions. The writers not only
tell story, but also make a point
by giving reasons.

16. NARRATIVE ESSAY
• Example:
“I am afraid I do not attract attention, and yet there is not a
single home in which I could done without. I am only a small,
black kettle but I have much to interest me, for something new
happens to me every day. The kitchen is not always a cheerful
place in which to live, but still I find plenty of excitement there,
and I am quite happy and contented with my lot…”
(The Autobiography of a Kettle by John Russell)

17. NARRATIVE ESSAY
• In the following example, the author is
telling an autobiography of a kettle and
describes the whole story in
chronological order. The author has
described kettle as a human being, and
allows the readers to feel, as he has felt.

18. PERSUASIVE ESSAY
• In this type of essay, a writer tries to
convince his readers to adopt his position on
a point of view or issue after he provides
them solid reasoning in this connection. It
requires a lot of research to claim and
defend an idea. It is also called an
argumentative essay.

19. PERSUASIVE ESSAY
• Example:
“It is impossible to love, and be wise … Love is a child of folly. … Love is
ever rewarded either with the reciprocal, or with an inward and secret
contempt. You may observe that amongst all the great and worthy
persons…there is not one that hath been transported to the mad
degree of love: which shows that great spirits and great business do
keep out this weak passion…That he had preferred Helena, quitted the
gifts of Juno and Pallas. For whosoever esteemeth too much of
amorous affection quitted both riches and wisdom.”
(Of Love by Francis Bacon)

20. PERSUASIVE ESSAY
• In this excerpt, Bacon attempts to persuade the
readers that people, who want to be successful in
this world, they must never fall in love. By giving an
example of famous people like Paris, who chose
Helen as his beloved but lost his wealth and wisdom,
the author attempts to convince the audience that
they can lose their mental balance by falling in love.

21. ELEMENTS OF AN ESSAY
• The following are the
elements of an essay:
 Idea
 Motive
 Structure
 Evidence
 Explanation
 Coherence
 Implication
 Presence

22. IDEA
• the general proposition or thesis that your essay
argues about its topic
• It should be:
(1) true, but
(2) arguable--not obviously true, and
(3) limited enough in scope to be argued in a
short composition and with available evidence

23. MOTIVE
• a reason for writing, suggested at the
start of the essay
• establishing why you thought the topic
needed taking up
• why the reader should care (the "so
what" factor)

24. STRUCTURE
• the shape your idea takes
• the sequence of sub-topics and sections
through which it is unfolded and developed
• this happens by the complementary
activities of CONVINCING your reader and
EXPLORING your topic

25. EVIDENCE
• the facts or details, summarized
or quoted, that you use to
support, demonstrate, and prove
your main idea and sub-ideas

26. EVIDENCE
• Evidence needs to be:
• ample and concrete--enough quotation and vivid
summary so readers can experience the texture of the
work, its sound and feel, so they feel able to judge your
analysis
• explicitly connected to the idea--so it's always clear
exactly what inference is being made from the evidence,
exactly how the details support the idea or sub-idea.

27. EXPLANATION
• bits of background information,
summary, context to orient the
reader who isn't familiar with the
text you're discussing

28. COHERENCE
• smooth flow of argument created
bytransition sentences that show how the
next paragraph or section follows from the
preceding one, thus sustaining momentum
• echoing key words or resonant phrases
quoted or stated earlier

29. IMPLICATION
• places where you speculate on the general
significance of your particular analysis of a particular
text
• you suggest what issues your argument raises about
the author's work generally, or about works of its
kind (e.g. all short stories), or about the way fiction
or criticism works, etc.

30. PRESENCE
• the sensation of life in the writing, of a
mind invested in and focused on a
subject, freely directing and developing
the essay--not surrendering control (out
of laziness or fear) to easy ideas,
sentiments, or stock phrases.

31. FUNCTION OF ESSAY
• The function of an essay depends upon the subject matter,
whether the writer wants to inform, persuade, explain or
entertain. In fact, the essay increases the analytical and
intellectual abilities of the writers as well as readers. It
evaluates and tests the writing skills of a writer and organizes
his/her thinking to respond personally or critically to an issue.
Through an essay, the writers present their arguments in a
more sophisticated manner. In addition, it encourages the
students to develop concepts and skills such as analysis,
comparison and contrast, clarity, exposition, conciseness, and
persuasion.

32. ILOCANO LITERATURE

33. ILOCANO LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
• pertains to the literary works of writers of Ilocano
ancestry regardless of the language used
• the terms "Iloko" and "Ilocano" are different
“ILOKO” – language
“ILOKANO” – people or the ethnicity of the people
who speak the Iloko language

34. • one of several regional Philippine
literatures
• one of the most active tributaries to
the general Philippine literature

35. HISTORY OF ILOCANO LITERATURE
• Ilocanos are descendants of Austronesian-speaking people
from southern China via Taiwan
• Families and clans arrived by viray or bilog, meaning "boat"
• The term Ilokano originates from i-, "from", and looc, "cove
or bay", thus "people of the bay.“
• Ilokanos also refer to themselves as Samtoy, a contraction
from the Ilokano phrase sao mi ditoy, "our language here"

36. PRECOLONIAL TIMES TO THE 19TH CENTURY
• Composed of:
 folk songs
 riddles
 proverbs
 lamentations – dung aw
 epic stories (written or oral)

37. • Ancient Ilokano poets expressed themselves in folk
and war songs
Example: Dallot – improvised, versified and at times
impromptu long poem delivered in sing-song manner
• During Spanish regime, Ilokano poetry was generally
patterned after Spanish models

38. • Earliest known written Iloko
poems
 Romances translated from
Spanish by Francisco Lopez

39. FRANCISCO LOPEZ
• an Augustinian friar who, in 1621,
published his own Iloko translation of
the Doctrina Cristiana by Cardinal
Bellarmine, the first book to be
printed in Iloko

40. DOCTRINA
CRISTIANA
• it is the oldest example of
Christian literature in the
local language. It is based on
the teachings of Cardinal
Bellarmine, a theologian and
doctor of the Church

41. • Study of Iloko Poetry
 Gramatika Ilokana
- published in 1895
- based on Lopez's Arte de la Lengua Iloca,
earlier published in 1627, but was probably written
before 1606.

42. PEDRO BUCANEG
• collaborated with Lopez in the
translation of the Doctrina into
Iloko
• first known Ilokano poet
• "Father of Ilokano Poetry and
Literature“
• blind since childhood
• Biag ni Lam-ang

43. BIAG NI LAM-ANG
• “Life of Lam-ang”
• 17th century
• Published in El Ilocano –
December 1889 to
February 1890
• “Vida de Lam-ang”

44. 18TH CENTURY
• Missionaries used religious, secular
literatures → Christianity
• Religious works
 “Sumario de las Indulgencias” (1719)
- Fr. Jacinto Rivera
 “Pasion” (St. Vincent Ferrer’s Sermons into Iloko)
(1845)
- Fr. Antonio Mejia

45. 19TH CENTURY
• Leona Florentino - “National Poetess of the
Philippines” “Ilocana Mother of Filipino Poetry”
opoems appeared too syrupy for comfort
otoo sentimental to the point of
mawkishness
oUtterly devoid of form

46. LEONA
FLORENTINO

47. FR. JUSTO CLAUDIO FOJAS
• Fr. Justo Claudio Fojas- Ilokano secular priest, Leona
Florentino’s Contemporary. He wrote:
oNovenas
oPrayerbooks
oCatechism

48. FR. JUSTO CLAUDIO FOJAS
oMetrical Romances
oDramas
oBiographies
oSpanish grammar dictionary
oIloko-Spanish dictionary

49. ISABELO DELOS REYES
• Leona’s son who wrote:
o Poems
o Stories
o Folklore
o Studies
o Seemingly interminable religious
o Political Articles

50. ISABELO
DELOS REYES

51. • The achievement of both Claudio
Fojas and de los Reyes is possibly
more significant than the critical
reader of Iloko literature today is
ready to admit

52. COMEDIA AND ZARZUELA
• Comedia (moro-moro) & Zarzuela
opresented for the first time in the
Ilocos (19th Century)
oStill popular today as they were
first staged

53. COMEDIA (MORO-
MORO)

54. COMEDIA (MORO-MORO)
• is a play that became popular in the Philippines
during the Spanish colonial period. It depicted battles
between Christians and Moros-as Muslims in the
Philippines are popularly known-with the Moros as
the perpetual villains who always lost to the
Christians in the end
• a highly picturesque presentation of the wars
between Christians and Muslims

55. ZARZUELA

56. ZARZUELA
• is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between
spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic
and popular song, as well as dance
• an equally picturesque depiction of what is at once
melodrama, comic-opera, and the skit interminably
preoccupied with the eternal theme of boy-meets-girl-who-
always-live-happily-ever-after-against-seemingly-
impossible-odds are still as popular today as they were
when first staged in the Ilocos

57. COMEDIA AND ZARZUELA
• Comedia – scripted from corridos
oPrince Don Juan
oAri Esteban ken Reyna Hipolita
oDoce Paris
oBernardo Carpio
oJaime Del Prado

58. COMEDIA AND ZARZUELA
• Marcelino Mena Crisologo -helped
popularize the zarzuela based on
the culture and tradition of the
Ilokanos particularly those in Vigan,
Ilocos Sur

59. MARCELINO
MENA
CRISOLOGO

60. COMEDIA AND ZARZUELA
• Pascual Agcaoili y Guerrero (1880-1958)
– he is from Ilocos Norte who wrote and
staged “Daguiti Agpaspasukmon Basi”
• Isaias R. Lazo (1887-1983)
– he is from San Vicente, Ilocos Sur who
wrote comedia and zarzuela

61. YEAR 1892
• first Iloko novel, written by Fr.
Rufino Redondo
–RUFINO REDONDO
an Augustinian friar, titled
"Matilde de Sinapangan.“

62. YEAR 1892
• Don Quintin Alcid
- wrote another Iloko novel,
"Ayat, Kaanonto Ngata?" ("Love,
When Shall it Be?")

63. YEAR 1892
• Arturo Centeno of Vigan
- he is from Ilocos Sur who also wrote three novels
titled:
 "Apay a Di Mangasawa?" ("Why Doesn't He Get
Married?"),
"Dispensara" and;
"Padi a Puraw Wenno Naamo a Kibin" ("A White Priest or
a Good Guide").

64. THE 20TH CENTURY LITERATURE
• more intense in literary activity
• Some of the literature in this period are:
"Biag ti Maysa a Lakay, Wenno Nakaam-ames a Bales"
("Life of an Old Man, or a Dreadful Revenge") by Mariano
Gaerlan (1909);
"Uray Narigat no Paguimbagan" ("Improvement Despite
Obstacles") by Facundo Madriaga (1911);
"Mining Wenno Ayat ti Cararua" ("Mining or Spiritual
Love") by Marcelino Peña Crisologo (1914);

65. THE 20TH CENTURY LITERATURE
 "Nasam-it ken Narucbos nga Sabong dagiti Dardarepdep ti
Agbaniaga" ("Sweet and Fresh Flower of a Traveller's Dreams")
by Marcos E. Millon (1921);
 "Sabsabong ken Lulua" ("Flowers and Tears") by R. Respicio
(1930);
 "Apay a Pinatayda ni Naw Simon?" ("Why Did They Kill Don
Simon?"), first known detective novel in Iloko by Leon C.
Pichay (1935);
 "Puso ti Ina" ("A Mother's Heart") by Leon C. Pichay (1936).

66. THE 20TH CENTURY LITERATURE
• November 3, 1934 – Bannawag
Magazine (sister publication of
Liwayway, Bisaya and Hiligaynon)
 Iloko literature reached a headland
 Many Ilokanos started to write
literary pieces

67. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE

68. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE
• (Iloko word meaning "dawn") is a Philippine weekly
magazine published in the Philippines by Liwayway
Publications Inc. It contains serialized novels/comics,
short stories, poetry, essays, news features,
entertainment news and articles, among others, that
are written in Ilokano, a language common in the
northern regions of the Philippines

69. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE
• Bannawag’s short stories showed sustained
growth
• 1920 – short stories written were poor
imitations of equally poor American fiction
and early short story writers had practically
no literary background in their attempts.

70. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE
• 1947 – growth of the short story was not apparent until Bannawag
resumed publication in this period
• Most of the stories published dealt with themes of:
War
Guerilla activities
Japanese Artrocities
Murder
Pillage
Death

71. 20TH CENTURY LITERATURE
• While many articles have been written by Ilokanos
and non-Ilokanos about the Ilocos Region, few
scholarly studies have been conducted. Among these
scholars were:
 Leopoldo Y. Yabes (UP)
– made a brief survey of Iloko Literature (1934)
Findings: Iloko Literature began with Pedro Bukaneg

72. 20TH CENTURY LITERATURE
 Thomas B. Alcid (UST)
– made a study on Iloko prose fiction
– discussed the Iloko short story and the Iloko
novel and their possibilities in Philippine Literature
(1940)
• Findings: Short stories and novels were still young
and needed more improvement

73. 20TH CENTURY LITERATURE
• 1954 – Mercedes F. Guerrero (MLQEI) - made
a master thesis titled “Critical Analysis of the
Outstanding Iloko Short Stories Published in
the Bannawag from 1948 to 1952”
• Findings: Iloko Stories offer a mine of
information about the ideals and customs of
the Filipino people

74. 20TH CENTURY LITERATURE
• Guerrero also found out that the Ilokano author served his
society by:
1) Preserving the ideals, customs and traditions of the people.
2) Bringing out the social consciousness of the era—its mood,
conflicts, struggles, and rehabilitation.
3) Awakening man's sensibilities to the joys, sorrows, loves,
hatreds and jealousies of the people.
4) Casting away sectional sentiments and prejudices and
bringing about fuller understanding of the different ethnic
groups.

75. 20TH CENTURY LITERATURE
• “Dalang: An Introduction to Philippine Literature
in Iloko” – Dr. Marcelino A. Foronda, Jr. (1967)
o traits and characteristics of the Ilokanos
• Of their literature, he stated: "...The Ilokano
language is so highly developed as to have
produced the greatest number of printed works
in any Philippine language, next to Tagalog

76. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE
Bannawag has played and still plays a major role in the development of Iloko
literature. It is the only magazine where Ilokano writers hope to publish most of their
writingsAt present, it publishes:
 Poems (daniw)
 Short Stories (sarita)
 Novels (nobela)
 Essays (salaysay)
 Comics
 Biographies
 Folktales
 And many other writings

77. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE
• 1930s – most of its contents were
translations from the Liwayway
magazine save a novel by Hermogenes
F. Belen titled "Nadaraan a Linnaaw"
(Blood-stained Dew) which was
serialized in 1947

78. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE
• Other writers at that time included:
 Benjamin M. Pascual
David D. Campañano
Godofredo S. Reyes
Benito de Castro
Jose P. Acance
Benjamin Gray
Marcelino A. Foronda,Jr.

79. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE
• 1960s – poems, short stories and novels
published by the Bannawag became better
— in craftsmanship, development of plots
and themes, among others. and Writers by
then, most of whom were college students
and professionals, had a bigger library of
literary books

80. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE
• 1961 – for the development of the Iloko short
story, Bannawag launched a writing contest.
• Judges were:
Prof. Santiago Alcantara of the National University
Prof. Angel C. Anden of the Manuel L. Quezon
University and;
 Dr. Marcelino A. Foronda, Jr. of the De La Salle
University-Manila

81. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE
• The said contest lasted until 1970
• One of the judges said the quality
of Iloko short stories was
competitive with those written in
English

82. BANNAWAG MAGAZINE
• Before the martial-law era, most of the poems, stories
and novels dwelt on political unrest and protests, like
rallies and demonstrations by students, professionals and
workers against the government. (From an essay by Jose
A. Bragado. Bragado is one of the foremost writers in
contemporary Ilokano literature. He is a former literary
editor of Bannawag magazine and past president of
GUMIL, an international association of Ilokano writers.)

83. ILOKO LITERATURE: TODAY AND TOMORROW
• Ilokano writers have also published
their works in foreign countries
• One of the most popular authors of
Ilocano ancestry abroad was the late
Carlos Bulosan

84. CARLOS
BULOSAN
• a California
immigrant born to
Ilokano parents in
Pangasinan

85. F. SIONIL JOSE

86. F. SIONIL JOSE
• Born: December 3, 1924
• A Filipino journalist and fictionist
• Currently the most internationally translated Filipino
author
• Declared as National Artist for Literature in 2001
• Has been called as a Philippine National Treasure

87. F. SIONIL JOSE
• Late fifties, he founded the Philippine branch of PEN
which is an international organization of poets,
playwrights and novelists
• 1965 – he started his own publishing house
SOLIDARIDAD
• 1966 – he began publishing the remarkable Solidarity
which is a journal current affairs, ideas and arts, still
going strong today

88. F. SIONIL JOSE
• His works are available in 28 languages
• He has been awarded numerous fellowships and
awards; most notable in:
 1980 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism,
Literature and Creative Communication
 2004 Pablo Neruda Centennial Award from Chile

89. F. SIONIL JOSE
•WORK:
“Yabang: Our curse
and undoing”

90. F. SIONIL JOSE
• Other works: (Essay and non-fiction)
In Search of the Word (De La Salle University Press, March
15, 1998
We Filipinos: Our Moral Malaise, Our Heroic Heritage
Soba, Senbei and Shibuya: A Memoir of Post-War Japan
Heroes in the Attic, Termites in the Sala: Why We are Poor
(2005)
This I Believe: Gleanings from a Life in Literature (2006)
Literature and Liberation (co-author) (1988)

91. ILOKO LITERATURE: TODAY AND TOMORROW
•Back home, many Iloko
writers have won major
prizes in the annual Palanca
Awards

92. PALANCA AWARDS
• the most
prestigious and
most anticipated of
all literary contests
in the Philippines

93. PALANCA AWARDS
• These famous winners' names
include:
 Reynaldo A. Duque
 Ricarte Agnes
 Aurelio S. Agcaoili
 Lorenzo G. Tabin
 Jaime M. Agpalo Jr.
 Prescillano N. Bermudez
 William V. Alvarado
 Maria Fres-Felix
 Clarito G. de Francia
 Arnold Pascual Jose
 Eden Aquino Alviar
 Severino Pablo
 Ariel S. Tabag
 Daniel L. Nesperos
 Roy V. Aragon
 Danilo Antalan
 Joel B. Manuel
 Bernardo D. Tabbada
 Noli S. Dumlao and;
 others

94. CHILDREN’S BOOK
Ti Bantay A Nagayat Iti Maysa A Billit
• fully illustrated, colored children's picture book
• original story is The Mountain That Loved A Bird by Alice
McLerran
• Originally published in the United States with illustrations
by Eric Carle, the story has been translated to Iloko by
Herminio S. Beltran, Jr. and illustrated with new art by
Beaulah Pedregosa Taguiwalo drawn from the landscapes
of the Philippines

95. CHILDREN’S BOOK
Ti Bantay A Nagayat Iti Maysa A Billit
• publisher is Mother Tongue Publishing
Inc., a new publishing company based in
Manila, Philippines formed in November
2006 by Mario and Beaulah Taguiwalo
• mission is to publish books in as many
languages as possible

96. THE GUMIL - GUNGLO DAGITI MANNURAT NGA ILOKANO
• On October 19, 1968, GUMIL Filipinas (Ilokano
Writers Association of the Philippines) was
organized in Baguio City
• Arturo M. Padua, then mayor of Sison,
Pangasinan, was elected president.
• The officers took their oath of office before
President Ferdinand E. Marcos.

97. THE GUMIL - GUNGLO DAGITI MANNURAT NGA ILOKANO
• GUMIL Filipinas or Gunglo dagiti
Mannurat nga Ilokano iti Filipinas, Inc.,
was incorporated and registered with
the Philippine Securities and Exchange
Commission on January 8, 1977.

98. THE GUMIL - GUNGLO DAGITI MANNURAT NGA ILOKANO
• GUMIL Filipinas' main objectives are:
– To provide a forum in which Ilokano writers can undertake common and
cooperative efforts to improve their craft of writing literary, historical,
research and other works;
– To enrich Ilokano literature and cultural heritage as phases of the national
identity by encouraging the members to concentrate on writing
extensively and intensively about the social, economic, cultural and other
aspects of growth and development among the Ilokanos through
literature, history, research, or the like;
– To publish books of poetry, short stories, essays, novels, historical
accounts, research and critical studies, and other writings; and
– To assist each member in pursuing his/her writing career and in fulfilling
his life as a member of Philippines society.