Introduction Class Zygomycetes General characters of Zygomycetes Order Mucorales Order Entomophthorales Order Zoopagales Life cycle of zygomycetes in Rhizopus stolonifer

2. Kingdom Fungi
Phylum Zygomycota
Class Zygomycetes

3. Presented To : Ma`am Hira
Fatima

4. Content :
Introduction
Class Zygomycetes
General characters of Zygomycetes
Order Mucorales
Order Entomophthorales
Order Zoopagales
Life cycle of zygomycetes in Rhizopus stolonifer

5. Scientific classification:
 Kingdom – Fungi
 Division _ Zygomycota ( C. Moreau 1954 informal)
 Class _ Zygomycetes (Winter 1881 )
 Order _ Mucoromycotina
 Kicixellomycotina
 Entomophthoromycotina
 Zoopagomycotina

6. Introduction :
 Zygomycota or zygote fungi is a division of fungi
 It is also known as conjugated fungi
 They are mostly terrestrial in habitat
 Zygomycota has two classes:
1.Zygomycetes
2.Trichomycetes

7. Zygomycota

8. Classes of Zygomycota:
Zygomycetes: Trichomycetes :
.Its has so many economics
importance and has many
orders.
 It includes individuals
belonged to insects.
 It is not very important
economically

9. Introduction:
 Zygomycota, a group of 1090 species included in 181
genera is defined by the presence of a thick walled
resting spores are called zygospores and the
absence of falagellum
 Asexual reproduction takes places usually by the
aplanospores(non motile) or arthrospores.
 Spores are produced in sporangia
 Spores are dispersed by the wind , water, brusting of
sporangia ,rain or animals

10. Zygomycota :

11. Characteristics of
Zygomycota:
 Zygomycota , all true fungi, produced cell wall contain
chitin
 Somatic phase as mycelia, hyphae which are generally
coenocytic because they lack cross walls of septa
 Gametangial copulation is a type of sexual
reproduction in Zygomycota in general the gametangia
fuse with each other, lose their identity and develop
into a zygospore
 Most reproduce asexually by producing
sporangiospores

12. Class Zygomycetes:
 It is characterized by the presence of conenocytic
hyphae,absence of motile cells
 Asexual reproduction ususlly by non-motile
sporangiospores
 Sexual reproduction is done by gametangial copulation
that results in the formation of a zygospores with in
zygosporangium
 The members may either be saprobic in nature or weak
parasite of plants, or specialized parasites of animals or
obligates parasites of fungi including other members of
Zygomycetes

13. General characters:
 Life cycle is non motile
 It can reproduced both asexually and sexually.
 Asexually reproduced by:
 1.Aplanospores
 2.Sporangiospores
 It comprise about 1060 species,including commom
bread molds,as well as both freshwater and marine
species
 Most have rapidly growing hyphae, but some are
unicellular

14. Continue …
 Zygomycetes hyphae may be coenocytic, forming
septa only where reproductive structure are formed.
 Most species of Zygomycetes are live in soil . Or on
decaying plant and animal matter
 Aquatic species are primarily found in sediments or
algae, but some species are free-floating or attached
to aquatic animals or decaying leaves
 Some are parasites of plants, insects, or small soil
animals. Still other causes serious infections in
human and domestic animals

15. Continue …
 The different genera may be distinguished based on
the size and shape of the sporangia, presence or
absence of rhizoids and their location
 Zygomycetes carry out the sexual reproduction by
means of spores produce thick walled sexual
structures called Zygosporangia which can remain
dominant for long time

16. Continue …
 These sporangia, many Zygotes produce
multiple sporangiospores inside a single
sporangium
 Some multiple small sporangia that
contain only few sporangiospores, even a
single one.

17. Pictures
From left to right
1. Zygospores
2.Pilobolus
3.Sporulation

18. Classification of
Zygomycetes:
 Traditionally ,earlier zygomycetes was classified into
7 orders
 Following are the names of these 7 orders:
1. Mucorales
2. Entomophthorales
3. Zoopagales
4.Glomales

19. Continue …
5.Kickxellales
6.Dimargaritales
7.Endogonales

20. 1.Mucorales
 The order Mucorales is characterized by chiefly
scprobic forms which reproduced by nonmotile but
sometimes appendaged sporangiospores born in
sporangia , merosporangia or as one-spored
sporangia or ‘conidia’
 This order contain 47 genera and 130 species
 The member of this order are commonly known as
‘pin mold’ because of their sporangia which appear
as black dots in the cobweb like hyphae

21. Mucorales:
Some are important in
spoiling food common
bread molds, storage
diseases of fruit and
vegetables.
Some infects human
and animals
opportunistic
pathogens.

22. Black Bread Mold:
 Species of Rhizopus are important in the soft rot of
the sweet potatoes and in the so called ‘leak’ of
strawberries , raspberries , peaches and other fruits
 Some other members of the Rhizopus are found in
stored grain like Rhizopus , Mucors, Abisidia
 Rizopus species commonly cause rapid spoilage of
bread and one of its species R.solonifer referred to
as the Black bread mold

23. Black bread Mold:

24. 12 Families recognized by Kirk et
al in this order:
 1.Chaetocladiaceae 2.Choanephoraceae
 3.Cunnighamellaceae 4.Gilbertellaceae
 5.Mucoraceae 6.Mycotyphacea
 7.Phycomycetaceae 8.Pilobolaceae
 9.Radiomycetaceae 10.Saksenaeaceae
 11.Syncephalastraceae 12.Thamnidiaceae

25. 2.Entomophthorales:
 This is the small group of fungi, consisting of 22 genera
and 182 species
 These species are chiefly parasitic on insects while
others may be parasitic on desmids or ferns prothalli ,
a few being saprobic in soil , drugs or plants debris.
 Asexual reproduction is take place by asexual
propagules that are termed both ‘spores’ and ‘conidia’
 Sexual reproduction takes place by the fusion of equal
or unequal gametangia and results in thick-walled
zygospore with two to three layers

27. 6 Families of this order:
 1.Ancylistaceae 2.Basidiobolaceae
 3.Completoriaceae 4.Entomophthoraceae
 5.Neozygitaceae 6.Meristacraceae

28. Insects:

29. Order Zoopagales:
 Zoopagales is a large order consisting of 21 genera
and 163 species of economics importance
 These mostly occurring as mycoparasites and
predacious parasites of nematodes, amoebae and
other small terrestrial animals
 Asexual reproduction takes place by conidia or
meroporangia that may be of five kinds
 Sexual reproduction results in the formation of
zygospores

30. 5 Families of Zoopagales
1.Cocholonemataceae 2.Helicocephalidaceaa
3.Piptocephalidaceae 4.Sigmoideomycetaceae
5.Zoopagaceae

31.  Reproduction asexually by sporangiospores within a
special sac called sporangium in most of the order of
zygomycetes, conidia in the Entomophthorales and
arthospores in some Trichomycetes
 Sporangium types (4types):
 1.True Sporangium
 2.Sporangioles
 3. Monosporous sporangium
 4.Merosporangium

32. Types of sporangium:
 1. True sporangium _ True large spores
containing
 2. Sporangiols _ Much smaller in size than true
sporangia
 No columella produced and few spores (1-50)
 3.Monosporous sporangium _(one-spored
sporangium)
 4.Merosporangium_ sac containing 10-15
sporangiospores that occur

33. Group of Mucorales:
1. Multispored sporangia _ Mucoraceae,
Pilobolaceae, Mortierellaceae (also produces few-
spored and monoporous sporangiola),
Saksenaeaceae, Choanephoraceae (also produces
monosporous sporangiola).
2. Few-spored sporangiola_
Radiomycetaceae, Thamnidiaceae.

34. Continue ….
 3. Monosporous sporangiola on vesicles:
 Choanephoraceae,
Cunninghamelaceae, Helicocephalidaceae
 Few-spored merosporangia:
Syncephalastraceae

35. Sexual reproduction:
 Gametangial copulation is a type of sexual
reproduction
 Sexual spores are called zygospores contained with in a
zygosporangium
 Most of them are heterothallic
 Heterothallism: requiring a partner for sexual
reproduction
 Homothallism: able to reproduce sexually without a
partner exhibited among species in phylum
 They reproduce sexually when environmental
conditions becomes unfavorable

36. Sexual reproduction of
Zygomycota:

37.  To produce sexually , two opposing mating strains
must fuse or conjugate, leading to karyogamy.
 To developing diploid zygospore have thick coats
that protects them from other hazards. They remain
dormant until environmental codition become
favorable.
 When the zygospores germinates , it undergoes
meiosis and produce haploid spores.
 Grown in to a new organism.

38. Asexual reproduction:

40. Life cycle of Zygomycota:
 Vegetative mycelium is haploid, reproduces asexually
by producing sporangiospores in sporangia.
 In a heterothallic species, when two compatible
strains come together, hyphal progametangia.
 Septa form, producing multinucleate gametangia and
suspensors.
 Plasmogamy occurs end wall of gametangia dissolve
and cytoplasm of gametangia mixes.

41. Structure of Rhizopus:

42. Life cycle…..
 Zygospores forms the inside zygosporangium.
 Zygospores develops thick wall, warty appearance,
dark in color.
 Karyogamy occurs at different times in zygospores
formation in different species, so zygospore in
diploid at some point.
 When zygospores germinates, meiosis occurs to
start the haploid portion of the life cycle.

43. Cycle…
 Mycelia of different mating types (-) and (+) forming
hyphal extension (gametangia) which each of the
mycelia encloses several haploid nuclei.

During plasmogamy, a zygosporangium forms,
containing multiple haploid nuclei from the two
parents.

44. Cycle…
 The zygosporangium develops a rough and thick-
walled coating that can resist harsh condition for
month.
 When the condition are favorable , karyogamy
occurs, then later, the meiosis also occurs.
 During meiosis, the zygosporangium germinates into
a sporangium on a short stalk.

45. Cycle….
 Next, the sporangium disperses genetically diverse
haploid spore.
 The spores germinate and grow into new mycelia.
Asexual reproduction :
 Mycelia can also reproduce asexually by forming
sporangia that produce genetically identical haploid
spore.

46. Life cycle of Rhizopus
stolonifer

47. Any Question