AP WORLD HISTORY - CHAPTER 16 WAYS OF THE WORLD. The Early Modern world, 1450 to 1750- Political transformations of empires and encounters. (sorry for the grammar mistakes)

1. POLITICAL
TRANSFORMATIONS
EMPIRES AND ENCOUNTERS
1450-1750
CHAPTER 13
AP WORLD HISTORY 2015 SOFISANDOVAL

2. EARLY MODERN ERA
• Chapter 13 to 15 are conventionally labeled as “Early
Modern Era”. – historians are suggesting that during
these three centuries we can find some initial signs of
markers of the modern world.
• The beginnings of genuine globalization, elements of
distinctly modern societies, and a growing European
presence in world affairs.
• The most obvious expression of globalization, of
course, lay in the oceanic journeys of European
explorers and the European conquest and colonial
settlement of the Americas.

3. EUROPEAN EMPIRES IN
THE AMERICAS
• Spanish focused their empire building
efforts in the Caribbean and then, in
the early 16th century to mainland,
with stunning conquests of powerful
but fragile Aztec and Inca empires.
• Portuguese established themselves
along the coast of present day Brazil.
• British, French, and Dutch launched
colonial settlements along the eastern
coast of North America.

4. EUROPEAN ADVANTAGE
• Geography provides a starting point for explaining Europes American empires.
• Portugal, Spain, Britain and France were simply closer to the Americas than Asian competitors.
• Fixed winds of the Atalntic blew in the same direction.
• European innovations in mapmaking, navigation, sailing techniques.
• Highly motivated *Economic
• Elites were increasingly aware of their regions marginal position in the rich world.
• European population recovered from the plagues
• Growing desire for sugar, tobacco, meat and fish.
• Merchant class in rapidly commercializing Europe.
• Missionaries inspired by crusading zeal to enlarge the realm of Christendom.
• Minorities in search of a new life.

5. European intentions
• “We came here to serve God,
the King and to get rich.” –
Spanish Conquistador.

6. THE GREAT DYING
• Aztec and Inca empires had no
immunities to Europes diseases:
smallpox, measles, typhus, malaria and
yellow fever. = Native American people
died in appalling numbers.
• Caribbean islands virtually vanished –
10 million, to 1 million by 1650.
• In North America, governor Bradford of
Plymouth: “Sweeping away great
multitudes of the natives…that will
make room for us.”

7. THE COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE
• Labor shortage and certainly did
make room for immigrant
newcomers. = combinations of
indigenous, European and African
peopes created a new society in the
Americas.
• Europeans and Africans brought not
only their germs and their people but
also their plants and animals. =
transformed the landscape.
• Even more revolutionary were their
animals: horses, pigs, cattle, goat
and sheep. = New domesticated
animals made possible the ranching
economies and cowboy cultures
(North American West), hunting
bison by horseback.

8. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

9. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
• 60 million in 1400 to 390 million in
1900. Those Amerindian crops later
provided cheap and reasonably
nutritious food for millions of industrial
workers.
• American stimulants such as tobacco
and chocolate.
• Never before in human history had
such a large scale and consequential
diffusion of plants and animals
operated to remake the biological
environment.
• Globalization -> reshaped the whole
economy.

10. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
• The plantation owners of the tripical
lowland regions needed workers and
found them by the millions in Africa.
• The slave trade which bought these
workers to the colonies, and the sugar
and cotton trade, which distributed the
fruits of their labor abroad, created a
lasting link among Africa.
• This enormous network of
communication, migration, trade,
disease, and the transfer of plants and
animals, all generated by European
colonial empires in the Americas, has
been dubbed the COLUMBIAN
EXCHANGE.

11. NEW UNDERSTANDING OF
THE WORLD
• Two worlds were joined – creating a
new world of global dimensions. But
very unequally distribuited.
• New information flooded into Europe,
shaking up conventional understandings
of the world and contribuiting to the
revolutionary new way of thinking,
known as the Scientific Revolution.
• The wealth of the colonies *metals,
natural resources, new food crops,
slave labor, colonial markets provided
one of the foundations on which
Europe’s Industrial Revolution was built.

12. COMPARING COLONIAL
SOCIETIES
• “Old World” gave the rise to a
“New World” in the Americas.
Their colonial empires: Spanish,
Portuguese, British and French
did not simply conquer and
govern societies, but rather
generated new societies.
• European rulers viewed their
realms through the lens of the
economic theory known as
MERCANTILISM. – Encouraging
exports and accumulating bullion
*precious metals: Silver and Gold.
Which were believed to be the
source of national prosperity.

13. COLONIAL SOCITIES IN
THE AMERICAS
• Mercantilist thinkers fueled European
wars and colonial rivalries around the
world: competing.
• Piracy and smuggling allowed
Spanish colonists to exhange goods
with Spain’s rivals.
• Some differences grew out of the
societies of the colonizing power such
as the contrast between semi-feudal
and Catholic Spain, and a more
rapidly changing Protestant England.
• This economy established a settler
dominated agriculture, slave based
plantations, ranching or mining.

14. WOMEN IN THE AMERICAS
• Women and men often experienced colonial
intrusion in quite distinct ways.
• Conquest was often accompanied by the
transfer of women to the new colonial rulers.
• Spanish men married elite native women –
as a means for cementing their new
relationship. (Aztecs exchanged female
slaves and viceversa)
• Women often experienced sexual violence
and abuse. = Rape accompanied conquest
in many places, enslaved women performed
sexual services to European men.
• This tragedy and humiliation for native and
enslaved men as well, for they were unable
to protect their women.

15. THE LANDS OF THE
AZTECS AND THE INCAS
• A century before the British had even
begun their colonizing efforts in North
America, the Spanish in Mexico and
Peru had established nearly a dozen
major cities, even universities,
churches, cathedrals and
administrative bureaucracy.
• The economic foundation for this
emerging colonial society lay in
commercial agriculture, and the silver
and gold mining.
• African slaves provided most of the
labor. Almost everywhere it was forced
labor.

16. ENCOMIENDA AND
HACIENDA SYSTEM
• A legal system known as
ENCOMIENDA, the Spanish crown
granted to particular Spanish settlers
a number of local native people from
whom they could acquire labor, gold,
or agricultural produce and to whom
they owed “protection” and instruction
in the Christian faith.
• By the 17th century the HACIENDA
system had taken shape by which the
owners of large states directly
employed native workers. With low
wages, high taxes, and large debts to
the landowners, the PEONS who
worked these estates had little
control over their lives.

17. SOCIAL CLASS IN THE
AMERICAS
• At the top of this colonial society were the
Spanish settlers, who were politically and
economically dominant = aristocracy.
• Spaniards born in the Americas
CREOLES, resented the pretensions to
superiority of those born in Spain
PENINSULARES.
• Spanish missionaries and church
authorities were often worried of how these
settlers treated Natives.
• Spanish women shared only racial
privilages, viewed as the “bearers of
civilization” were essential link for
transmitting male wealth, honor and status
to future generations. To continue the
PURITY OF BLOOD

18. MESTIZOS
• The problem was that there were very
few of Spanish women.
• The emergence of MESTIZO or mixed
race, = Spanish and Indian women.
• Mestizo numbers grew substantially,
becoming the majority of the populations
in Mexico. Even though dozens of
separate groups evolved, CASTAS,
based on racial heritage and skin color
(African with Spanish, Native with
African…)
• Mestizos were largely Hispanic in
culture, but Spaniards looked down on
them during much of the colonial era,
regarding them as illegitimate of not born
of “proper” marriages.

19. INDIANS
• Particularly in Mexico, mestizo identity
blurred the sense of sharp racial difference
between Spanish and Indian peoples and
became a major element in the identity of
modern Mexico.
• At the bottom of the Mexican and Perivian
colonial societies were the indigenous,
known to Europeans as INDIANS.
• They were subject to gross abuse and
exploitation, since they were the primary
source of labor for mines.
• Many learned Spanish, converted to
Christianity, moved to cities to work for
minimun wages, ate their diet.

20. THE TUPAC AMARU
REVOLT
• Tupac Amaru II was the leader of an indigenous
uprising in 1780 against the Spanish in Peru. He
later became a mythical figure in the Peruvian
struggle for independence and indigenous rights
movement.
• The Rebellion of Tupac Amaru II, was an
uprising of native and mestizo peasants against
the Bourbon reforms of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
Tupac Amaru was executed in 1781. But the
rebellion continued for another year.
• The goernment of Spain, in an effort of
controlling the colonial empire, began
introducing what became known was the Burbon
Reforms throughout South America. Creating
Viceroyalties. Separating territories, specially the
economically important that had silver mines.

21. VICEROYALTIES

22. COLONIES OF SUGAR
• Europeans found a very profitable substitute
in sugar, which was much demanded in
Europe.
• Sugar based colonies produced almost
exclusively for export. (large scale sugar
production had been pioneered by Arabs,
but Europeans learned their technique and
transferred it to their Atlantic possessions->
then to Americas.
• Portuguese planters along the northeast
coast of Brazil dominated the world market
for sugar.
• British, French, and Dutch turned their
Caribbean territories into highly productive
sugar producing colonies, breaking the
Portuguese and Brazilian monopoly.

23. COLONIES OF SUGAR
• Sugar transformed Brazil and the
Caribbean.
• It was perhas the first modern
industry in that it produced for an
international and mass market, using
capital and expertise from Europe.
• Use of massive slave labor. Worked
in horrendous conditions. The heat
and fire from the cauldrons= scenes
from hell. -> death rates 10% a year.

24. WOMEN IN SUGAR
PLANTATIONS
• Women field gangs that did the
heavy work of planting and
harvesting sugarcane. They were
subject to brutal punishments.
• Women who worked in urban areas
-> domestic chores, laundries and
brothels.
• Majority of Brazil population was
either partially or wholly black –
African descent.
• In the French Caribbean colony of
Haiti 1790, the figure was 95%.

25. SLAVERY AND RACISM
• Mulattoes produt of Portuguese and African
unions, predominated. -> more than 30 separate
named groups indicating racial mixture.
• Southern colonies of British North America where
tobacco, cotton were major crops. But social
outcomes were quite different from those south.
• American slaves had been born in the New World,
in contrast with Latin America where large scale
importation of new slaves continued well into the
19th century.
• Mulattoes in Brazil had more economic
opportunities than did their counterparts in the
United States.
• Does this mean that racism was absent in Brazil?
NO, but it was quite different from racism in North
America.

26. WHITE PEOPLE
• White had enormously greater
privileges and opportunities
than others. Skin color in Brazil
and Latin America generally
meant class status, and the
perception of color changed
with the educational or
economic standing of
individuals.

27. SETTLER COLONIES IN
NORTH AMERICA
• 18th century British colonies remained far less
prominent on the world stage than those of
Spain or Portugal.
• British launched its colonial ventures in 17th
centurym it had already experienced
considerable conflict between Catholics and
Protestants.
• The emergence of Parliament as a check on
the authority of the Kings.
• Although they brought much of their English
culture, many of British settlers were: Puritans
in Massachusetts and Quakers in
Pennsylvania. (much of them escaping
aspects of an Old European society rather
than to re-create it)

28. WOMEN IN NORTH
AMERICA
• While Puritan Christianity praised the
family and a woman´s role as wife and
mother, it reinforced largely inlimited
male authority.
• “God has made him the Head and set
him above me.”
• Women were prosecuted from the
crime of “fornication” far more often
than male companions.
• Few girls attended school, and could
never become ministers of church or
even aspire political life.

29. DIFFERENCES
• British settlers were far more numerous than
their Spanish counterparts, outnumbering
them 5 to 1 by 1750.
• By the time of the American Revolution,
some 90% of these colonies’ populations
were Europeans.
• Slaves were not needed in agricultural
economy, but dominated in small scale
independent farmers working their land.
• A largely Protestant England was far less
interested in spreading Christianity among
the natives.

30. CONTRAST
• The Church and State were not intimately
connected as they were in Latin America.
• Protestant emphasis on reading the Bible
for oneself led to a greater mass literacy
than in Latin America.
• 75% of white males in British North
America were literate by 1770s.
• British settler colonies evolved traditions
of local self government more extensively
than in Latin America. -> Preferring to rely
on joint stock companies.

31. NORTH AMERICA AND
SOUTH AMERICA
• English King and Parliament meant that the
British government paid little attention to the
internal affairs of the colonies.
• The grand irony of modern history of the
Americas – for 100´s of years, the major
centers of wealth, power, commerce and
innovation lay in Mesoamerica and the
Andes.
• Spanish and Portuguese colonies seemed
far more prosperous and successful than
their British or French counterparts in North
America. - By the 19th and 20th centuries
the balance shifted.
• United States became more politically stable,
democratic and economically successful.

32. THE STEPPES AND SIBERIA: THE MAKING
OF A RUSSIAN EMPIRE
• Europeans were building their empires in the
Americas, while Russian Empire was beginning to
take shape.
• City of Moscow was emerging from two centuries of
Mongol rule. Conquered a number of neighbouring
Russian speaking cities and incorporating them into
its territory.
• Over the next 3 centuries, Russian domination over
the vast tundra, forests and grasslands of northern
Asia extended.
• Some 200,000 in the 17th century and speaking
100 languages and mostly dedicated to hunting,
gathering and herding people – no access to
weapons.

33. MAKING RUSSIAN EMPIRE
• Russians saw Siberia as an
opportinuty – as primarily the “soft
gold” of fur bearing animals.
• Enormous Russian Empire took
shape in the three centuries
between 1500-1800. A growing line
of wooden forts to offer protection.
• Political leaders .– defined the
empire in terms of: defending
Russian frontiers, enhacing power
of the Russian state and bringing
Christianity.

34. EXPERIENCING RUSSIAN
EMPIRE
• Empire meant conquest. –Russian
authorities demanded an oath to
their territories “eternal submission
to the grand Tsar.”
• They also demanded YASAK or
tribute, paid in cash or in kind.
Siberia sent enormous quantities of
fur.
• Nevertheless conquest was
acompanied by epidemics.
• Existed the pressure to convert to
Christianity = tax centives for
conversion.
• Catherine the Great established
religious tolerance for Muslims.

35. RUSSIA AND SIBERIA
• 700,000 Russians lived in Siberia thus
reducing the native Siberians to 30
percent of the total population.
• The loss of hunting lands for the
agricultural settlers led to be depedent
on Russian markets for grain, alcohol,
sigar, tea. = Pastoral people
abandoned their nomadic ways.
• “The grass and the water belong to
heaven, and why should we pay any
fees?”
• Over the course of three cenruries both
Siberia and the steppes were
incorporated to Russian state. =
Adopting >Russian language and
Christianity

36. RUSSIANS AND EMPIRE
• Multiethnic empire, Russians remained
politically dominant. Among Slavik speaking and
Belorussians predominated. Rich agricultural
lands, valuable furs, mineral deposits playes a
major role in making Russia one of the great
powers of Europe. *by the 18th century
• During the late 17th centuries, Russia acquired
substantial territories in the Baltic region, Poland
and Ukraine. This contact with Europe also
fostered an awareness of Russias backwarness
relative to Europe and prompted and extensive
program of westernization.
• Particularly, during Peter The Great (1689-
1725), he led to vast changes in the
modernization and enlargement of Russian
military forces.

37. CATHERINE THE GREAT
AND RUSSIAS EMPIRE
• Catherine The Great (1762-1766) followed
up with further efforts to Europeanize
Russian cultural and intellectual life,
viewing herself as part of the European
enlightenment.
• Was Russia a backward European
country, destined to follow the lead of
more highly developed Western European
socities?
• The size of that empire, bordering on
virtually all of the great agrarian
civilizations of outer Eurasia, turned
Russia, into a highly militarized state, “A
society organized for continous war”. =
required a powerful monarchy to hold its
vast domains and highly diverse peoples
together.

38. ASIAN EMPIRES
• West Europeans were building their empires in the
Americas and Russia across the Siberia. Turko
Mongol invaders from Central Asia created the
Mughal Empire, bringing Hindu and Islamic rule.
While the Ottoman Empire brought Christian
population with Islamic to Turkish grounds.
• None of these empires had the global reach or
worldwide impact of Europe´s American colonies.
Nor did they have the same devastating and
transforming impact on their conquered peoples.

39. MAKING CHINA EMPIRE
• China built another kind of empire on its northern and
western frontiers that vastly enlarged the territorial size of
the country and incorporated a number of non Chinese
peoples.
• China’s Qing dynasty or many called it Manchu Dynasty
*1644-1912
• Qing Dynasty was itself of foreign and nomadic origin,
hailing from Manchuria *north conquered China.
• Confucian teachings and used chinese bureaucratic
techniques to govern the empire. Perhaps because they
were foreigners Qing rulers went to great lengths to
reinforce Confucian gender roles, honoring men who were
loyal sons, officials, and women who demostrated loyalty
to spouses.

40. Qing Dynasty
• For many centuries, the Chinese had
interacted with the nomaidc peoples who
inhabited the dry and lightly populated
regions now known as Mongolia,,
Xinjiang, and Tibet. / trade, tribute and
warfare ensured tat these ecologically
and culturally different worlds were well
known to each other.
• Qing dynasty undertool an 80 year
military effort *1680 to 1760 that brought
these huge regions solidly under
Chinese control.
• Creation of a substantial state west
Mongol region known as Zunghars –
revived Chinese memories of an earlier
Mongol conquest. Therefore the great
expansion was viewed as a necessity.

41. CHINESE EMPIRE
• China was ruled now through a new office called
the COURT OF COLONIAL AFFAIRS. Like other
Colonal powers, the Chinese made actice use of
local notables *Mongol aristocrats, Muslim
Officials, Buddhist leaders, as they attempeted to
govern the region (confucian based teachings).
Nevertheless, what helped them was that they
respect certain traditions of Mongols, Tibeta,
Muslims.
• Still Chinese authorities sharply restricted and
control the entrance of foreign merchants and
other immigrants to preserve their culture.
• Chinese and Russian Empire transformed Central
Asia. Hosting the Silk Road network, and enduring
encounters between nomads of steppes and
farmers.

42. timeline

43. QING DYNASTY

44. MUSLIMS AND HINDUS IN
THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
• Indias Mughal Empire hsted a different kind of
encounter. Long interaction of Islamic and Hindu
cutlures in South Asia. = Muslims in religion and
Turkic in culture.
• There was political unity (1526-1707) with a variety
of small states, tribes, castes, sects and
ethnolinguistic groups.
• The central division within Mughal India was religius.
The ruling dynasty 20% Muslims. – the rest Hinduism
• AKBAR (1556-1605) acted deliberately to
accommodate Hindu majority.

45. AKBAR
• Akbar married several of their princesses but not
require to convert to Islam. He incorporated Hindus
into political military elite of the empirea and supported
the building of Hindu temples. He encourage widows
to remarry and baned SATI.
• His 20th wife and favorite Jahangir (1605-1627) was
widely regarded as the power behind the throne.
• Abkar imposed a policy of toleration, removing the
speacial tax (jizya) on non muslims, constructed the
house of Worship (intellectual discussions of many
religions)

46. AURANGZEB
• Such policies fostered sharp opposition among
some Muslims. –Specially in AURANGZEB (1658-
1707) who reversed Akbars policy of
accommodation and imposed Islamic supremacy.
• Music and dance were banned as well as drinking,
prostitution and gambling. Hindu temples
destroyed.
• Fractured the Mughal empire and after
Aurangzebs death in 1707 opened the way for
Britih takeover.

47. MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• Ottoman Empire was also the creation of Turkic
warrior groups. Ottoman Turks over the next three
centuries created Islamic world´s most significant
empire. Ottoman empire was transformed into
prosperous, powerful, cosmopolitan empire.
• Its sultan combined the roles of a Turkic warrior
prince, a Muslim caliph and conquering emperor =
chief defender of the faith.
• Turks adopted Islam, and Turkish women found
themselves secluded and often veiled.

48. WOMEN OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
• Official censuses did not count women and
Muslim reformers sought to restrict womens
religious gatherings.
• Women of the royal court (elite) did had influence
in political matters “sultanate of women”. Islamic
law permitted to elites woen property rights, some
became quite wealthy, allowed divorce and
inheritance.

49. OTTOMAN EMPIRE
• Ottoman Empire now incorporated a large numbers of
Arabs. The responsability and prestige of protecting
Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, the holy cities of Islam,
now fell to the Ottoman empire.
• This empire, was also a cross cultural encounter like
the Mughal empire. Extended across Anatolia, its
mostly Christian population converted in large
numbers to Islam as the Byzantine empire weakened.
• In 1453 when Constantinople fell to the invaders,
renamed Istambul, that splendid Christian city became
the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

50. CHRISTIANS IN OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
• Many of these Christians had welcomed Ottoman
conquest because taxes were lighter and opperssion
less pronounced than under their former Christian
rulers.
• Christian churches were granted considerable
autonomy in regulating their internal social, religious,
educational affairs.
• Greek merchants, government officials, high clergy
became part of the Ottoman elite, without converting to
Islam.
• Fleeing Christian and Jewish refugees persecuted
from Spain were liberated.

51. DEVSHIRME
• Turkish rule bore heavily on Christians, through a
process known as the DEVSHIRME (collecting
and gathering) were require to hand over a quota
of young boys, who were then removed from their
families, required to learn Turkish, usually
converted to Islam, and trained for military servise
as JANISSARY units.
• These loss was terrible but also devshirme
represented means of upward mobility within the
Ottoman empire. (at high price) :S