Genetics:mendel powerpoint

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توضیح وراثت به طور کلی و گسترده در دهه 1800، و به طور مشخص فرضیه "مخلوط شدن" مورد پسند دانشمندان و زیست شناسان عصر خود بود. براساس این ایده، مواد ژنتیکی توسط والدین و درست همان طور که رنگ های آبی و زرد برای تبدیل شدن به رنگ سبز ترکیب می‌شوند، مخلوط می‌شدند. البته این فرضیه توضیح نمی‌داد که چگونه صفات پس از کنار رفتن یک نسل دوباره در نسل بعدی ظاهر می‌شوند. یک گزینه جایگزین برای مدل مخلوط شدن مواد ژنتیکی، فرضیه وراثت "ذرات معلق" است یا همان ایده ژن. در این مدل، والدین واحدهای موروثی به نام ژنها را که هویت جداگانه خود را در فرزندان حفظ می کنند، منتقل می‌کنند. گریگور مندل راهبی بود كه سازوكار ذره‌ای این نوع وارثت را با استفاده از گیاه نخود فرنگی به اثبات رساند. The explanation of heredity most widely in favor during the 1800s was the “blending” hypothesis, the idea that genetic material contributed by the two parents, mixes just as blue and yellow paints blend to make green. The blending hypothesis failed to explain how traits can reappear after they’ve skipped a generation. An alternative to the blending model is a “particulate” hypothesis of inheritance: the gene idea. In this model, parents pass on discrete heritable units—genes— that retain their separate identities in offspring. Gregor Mendel was the monk who documented a particulate mechanism for this form of inheritance using pea plants.

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Mendel\'s Principles Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. List and describe his principles and describe how each contributes to genetic variability. How might biology have be different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades. Mendel\'s Principles Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. List and describe his principles and describe how each contributes to genetic variability. How might biology have be different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades. Mendel used mathematics and experimentation to derive major principles that have helped us understand inheritance. His ideas were totally different than the explanation for passage of characteristics from parents to offspring that was common to his time. List and describe his principles and describe how each contributes to genetic variability. How might biology have be different if his discoveries had not been lost for decades. Solution Mendelian Laws or principles of Heredity: 1.Principle of Unit Characters: Mendel assumed that the unit of hereditary characters is the factors of determiners which occur in pairs. One of each comes from the mother while the other comes from the father. The unit character or factor is now called as gene. 2.Law of Dominance: When a pair of contrasting characters (alleles) are present together, only one of them expresses itself and the other remains suppressed of hidden The character which is expressed (or is visible) is called as dominant and the character which remains hidden is termed as recessive. 3. Law of Segregation or Purity of Gametes: The allelic factors or genes present together in the hybrids segregate (separate) from one another and are placed in different gametes in the next generation. 4. Law of Independent Assortment: When two or more pairs of contrasting characters are taken into consideration in a cross, each factor, assort or place itself independently of the other. The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop. We now know that this independent assortment of genes occurs during meiosis in eukaryotes. Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a parent cell by half to produce four reproductive cells called gametes and this separation, or assortment, of homologous chromosomes is random. This means that all of the maternal chromosomes will not be separated into one cell, while the all paternal chromosomes are separated into another. Instead, after meiosis occurs, each haploid cell.

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