1. ආචාර්ය සුජිත් නිශාන්ත ෙහේවෙග්
04 mrspzfPAoh ( 04 Chapter )
fu;a;d ixl,amh : Z{dk jsNd.Sh moku
( Metta Concept : Epistemological Foundation )
Epistemology f,i idudkHfhka yeZoskafjkafka Z{dk uSudxidjhs'1 fuh we;euz
bx.@Sis lD;Skaj, Theory of knowledge whqrska o fmkajd oS ;sfnz'2 Z{dk jsNd.h hk wrA:fhys
Epistemological yd Epistemologically hk jpk folu Ndjs;d jS we;'3 we;euz jsg
Epistemology hk jpkh isxy, NdIdfjka Z{dk uSudxidj hk wrA:fhys o fhdod ;sfnz'4 fuys
oelafjk uSudxid hkak jSuxid hk mofhys wrA:hg iu.duSj Ndjs;d flfrA' jSuxid hkq
jsurAYkh hkakhs' fyj;a .fjzIKh fldg jsuid ne,Su hkakhs' ta wkqj Z{dk uSudxidj hk
mofhys wrA:h o fuz wkqj Z{dkh ms<snZoj jsuid n,d .fjzIKh lsrSu f,i f;areuz .; yelsh'
fuz ksid Z{dk jsNd.h hk wrA:h f.koSu msKsi Z{dk uSudxidj" Z{dk jSuxidj yd oekqu
ms<snZo isoaOdka; f,i fndfyda Ydia;@Sh ,sms f,aLK yd mrAfhaIK ksnJOkj, Ndjs;d jS ;sfnz'
fuz flfia l`ukdldrfhka wrA: js.@y l<;a fmd|=fjz bka ,efnk wrA:h jkqfha nqoaOs jsIhsl
m@ia;`; .fjzIKh lsrSu hk f;reuuh'5 fuu Z{k jsNd.h hk woyi ;`< Z{dkh fnod js.@y
lsrSu wrA:j;a jk nj meyeos,s flrS we;' fuys oS Z{dk jsNd.h jsjsOdrA:fhka we;euz wjia:dj,
oS yeZoskajSug fya;`j meyeos,s lr.; hq;`h' Z{dk jsNd.h hk jpkfhys wrA:h jkqfha lsishuz
m@ia;`;hla ukiska oel th wjfndaO fldgf.k ms<s.;a iuzu; Ydia;@Sh mokul msysgd isg ta
ms<snZoj ukiskau lrkq ,nk jsoHdkQl~, jsYaf,aIK jsOsl@uhls' fuh tla;rd |=rlg
wrA:l:kuh iajNdjhla .kshs' orAYkh ms<snZo ms<s.;a ksrAjpkj, oelafjk mrsos th Z{dkh
ms<snZoj jQ Z{dkhls' tfia fyhska Z{dk jsNd.h jQ l,S orAYk jsIhhg olajkakd jQ by; iZoyka
jQ iuznJO;djh u; Z{dk jsNd.hg jsIh jkafka o odrAYksl ixl,amhka fuka nqoaOs jsIhsl
lreKq nejz meyeos,s lr.; yelsfjz' ta wkqj nqoaOs jsIhsl m@ia;`; ufkda uQ,sl f,i jsYaf,aIKh
fldg oelajSu Z{dk jsNd.fhys idudkHfhka is|=flfrk l@shdj<shla nejz jgyd .ekSu wiSre
fkdfjz' fu;a;d ixl,amh fulS Z{dk jsNd.h iZoyd m@ia;`; lr.ekSfuz oS iuia; Z{dk jsNd.
uQ, OrAuhka tlS ixl,amfhys oDIaGsfldKfhka jsuid ne,Sug is|= fjz' ta wkqj ljrdldr Z{dkh
ms<snZo jsYaf,aIKhla jqj;a tys .enzfjkakd jQ ke;fyd;a thg wka;rA.; jsh yelald jQ fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys jsjsO iajrEmhka ms<snZo w;sYhskau m@udKd;aul js.@yhla fuz ;`<ska wfmaCIs; nejz
fmfka'
1

2. nqoaOs jsIhsl m@ia;`; fuz wdldrfhka jsYaf,aIKh lsrSu yd jspdr mQrAjlj ta
Tiafia kj mrAfhaIK lsrSu uZ.ska Wly.kakd ,o Ydia;@Sh YsCIKh yd wjfndaOh
m@udKfldgf.k t;`<ska hf:dala; jsIh ms<snZo jsjsO uQ,OrAu ( Principales ) f.dvk.df.k
;sfnz' tmuKla fkdj ta weiqrska jsjsO wdpdrAhjdohka hgf;a jsjsO .`re l`, ( Schools ) yd
wdpdrAh iuzm@odhhka mjd nsysj ;sfnz' f,dalm@lg ngysr yd fmros. odrAYkslhkaf.a kuzj,ska
fulS .`re l`, yd wdpdrAhjdo yZ|=kajkq ,nhs' fuu jsjsO .`re l`, yd wdpdrAh jdohkaj, fu;a;d
ixl,amh ms<snZoj iDcqj iZoyka fkdfj;;a" fu;a;d ixl,amhg iuznJO fyda fu;a;d
ixl,amhg mej;sh yels udkisl jgdmsgdjla ms<snZoj jsgska jsg idlpzPd flrS we;'6
jsfYaIfhkau idrOrAu we;sjSug yd idrOrAuj, meje;au flfrys buy;a f,i n,mdkq ,nk
ffu;@S mQrAjx.u iqL mru ixfjzokh flaJ|@fldg.;a ngysr jsjsO odrAYksl u;jdo yryd
fu;a;d ixl,amfhys meje;au ms<snZoj idlpzPdjg md;@ jS ;sfnz'7 nqoaOsjsIhsl m@ia;`; Z{dk
jsNd.fhys ,d jsYaf,aIKh flfrkqfha wod, uQ< OrAu yd .`re l`, uZ.ska fulS fCIa;@h fj;
;s,sK lrk ,o fkdfhla l@ufjzohka mdolfldg f.kh' ngysr odrAYksl .`re l`, j,g jvd
fmros. odrAYksl .`re l`, uZ.ska fu;a;d ixl,amhg iudk b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a flrS we;' ngysr
lf;da,sl wd.usl b.ekajSuz j,g fu;a;d ixl,amh iudk wd.usl woyia we;`ZM jS ;sfnkqfha
hqfojz b.ekajSuz Tiafia nejz fuys yeZoskajSfuz oS idlpzPdjg nZ|=ka lrk ,oS' ta wkqj iuia;
lf;da,sl oyfuz yrh f,i yeZoskafjk fm@auh iuznJO jsjsO wF:!l:k fu;a;d ixl,amhg
iudk hqfojz wd.usl u;jdohka yryd meusK we;s fyhska o hqfojzjka yg wdoS bka|= jdiSkaf.ka
fulS wd.usl ixluKh jS we;ehs fmfkk nejska o jrA;udkfhys fu;a;d ixl,amhg iudk
ngysr u;jdohka mjd ilia jSug fmros. wd.usl ixl,am msysg fldgf.k we;s nejz meyeos,s
fjz' fuz lreK b;du;a jsia;r iys;j yeZoskajSfuys oS idlpzPdjg nZ|=ka lrk ,o nejska ;ej;
fkdolajk ,oS'
fu;a;d idrOu!fhys Z{dk jsNd.Sh moku wh;a jkafka ishZM oDIaGs .;Skaf.ka
jshqla;j udkisl ixjrAOkh we;s lr .ekSu msKsi nqoaOs jsIhsl jYfhka wdOdr lr.kakd
whqre yeoErSuhs' fuz hgf;a m@Odk jYfhkau Ydiaj; yd WpzfPAo oDIaGs m@ydKh lsrSu msKsi
bjy,a jkakd jQ ufkda jsoHd;aul lrekq .eUqrska js.@y lsrSu wfmaCIs;hs' Ydiaj; yd WpzfPAo
oDIaGSka nsysjSug ldu yd m@;s> ixl,amhka bjy,a fjz' ta f,iskau ldu yd m@;s> ixZ{djka |=re
lsrSug fu;a;d ixl,amh WmldrS jkjd fiau fu;a;d ixl,amh jO!kh lsrSu ;`,ska Ydiaj; yd
WpzfPAo oDIaGSka |=re lr .ekSug wjldY ie,fikq we;' ld,du iQ;@fhys m@;sfCIams; jQ oi
jeoereuz Z{dk .fjzIK l@u wkqidrfhka nq|= ysushka fmkajd jod<d jQ fn#oaO Z{dk jsNd.hg
fu;a;d idrOu!fhka ,efnk msgsjy, wod< iQ;@dkQidrfhka .eUqrska jsurAYkh lsrSu uZ.ska
fn#oaO Z{dk jsNd.fhys iajrEmh ms<snZoj jsfYaI oekqula ,ensh yelsjkq we;' fn#oaO Z{dk
jsNd.h m@Odk jYfhkau iliaj we;af;a Ydiaj; yd WpzfPAo oDIaGSkaf.ka we;sjsh yels wys;lr
;;ajhkaf.ka bj;a jSu msKsi nq|=iufhys ksrAfoaY flrS we;s l@ufjzoh myod .ekSu iZoydh'
2

3. fuu w.;s.duS oDIaGSka oevsj je<oZ.ekSu ksid iudc iuznJO;djhkays ksjeros iajrEmh
jgyd.ekSug wfmdfydi;a jSu u; oafjzIh yd lduh we;s lrjhs' ldu oafjzI ixl,amhkaf.ka
jshqla;jSug kuz yels;dla fu;a;d ixl,amh isf;ys jO!kh l< hq;`h' fu;a;d ixl,amh iys;
is;l oDIaGSka nsys fkdfjz' fu;a;d ixl,amh jO!kh lsrSfuz .eUqreu wjia:dfjz oS iSud iuzfNaoh
|=re lrkjd hkafkka lshfjkafka ilaldh oDIaGsh ksid ;uka yd wkHhka w;r ukiska we;s
lrf.k ;sfnkakd jQ udkisl mjqr bj;a lr ishZM oDIaGSka j,ska uki ksoyia lr.ekSu fyda
tfia ksoyia lr.ekSu iZoyd fhda.H udkisl jd;djrKhla f.dvkZ.d .ekSuhs' tu ksid
ffu;@sfhys kshu iajrEmh u;`jSug kuz ishZM oDIaGSkaf.ka jshqla; jSula we;sjsh hq;`h'
ngysr odrAYkslhka fndfyda fofkla Z{dk jsNd.Sh moku ms<snZoj jsjsO woyia
yd u;jdohka /ila bosrsm;a lr we;o ta wh w;rska Z{dk jsNd.Sh isoaOdka; ms<snZoj b;du;a
m@p,s; yd jspdr mQrAjl kjH wdl,am oerEfjl` f,i buEkqfj,a ldkagz iuzNdjkdjg md;@ jS
;sfnz' buEkqfj,a ldkagzf.a Z{dk jsNd.h ms<snZoj bosrsm;a fldg we;s kHdh ngysr odrAYkslhka
w;r buy;a iuzNdjkdjg md;@ jS ;sfnz' jsfYaIfhka ngysr odrAYkslhka w;rska iamsfkdaid"
ngz,rA" yHquz" ldkagz iy iscAjsla jeks w;sYh iuzNdjkdjg md;@ jQ odrAYkslhskaf.a Z{dk jsNd.
uQ, OrAu ngysr Z{dk jsNd.Sh isoaOdka; ixjrAOkhg m;a lsrSu iZoyd fnfyjska Wmfhda.S jS
;sfnz' fudjqkaf.a odrAYksl u;jdohkays fu;a;d ixl,amhg iudk b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a flrS we;'8
jsfYaIfhkau udkj ys;jdoh" wkHhka flfrys us;@YS,S wdl,amhlska hqla;j l@shdlsrSu"
3

4. iudcfhys wdpdr Ou! iqrCIs; jsh hq;`jkafka wkHhka flfrys cSj ys;jdoS mrsirhla ksrAudKh
lroSu fjkqfjka nj oelafjk ixl,am jeks lreKq ngysr odrAYksl u;jdohkays nyq,
jYfhka wka;rA.; jS we;' fmros.ska jsfYaIfhkau Ndr;fhys b;du;au wE; w;S;fhys mgka
jsjsO odrAYksl .`re l`,j,g wh;a jsjsO Z{dk jsNd.Sh isoaOdka; wkqu iajlSh oekquz moaO;s
f.dv kxjd.kq ,enQ pska;lhka jdih lr ;sfnz' fndfyda fldgu fujka pska;lhka
odrAYkslhska jYfhka fkdj iudc we.hqug md;@ jS ;sfnkqfha jsjsO wd.usl lKavdhuzj,
wd.usl b.ekajSuz f,ihs' uq,a jrg Ndrh flaJ|@ lrf.k yg.kq ,enQ nq|=oyu mjd iajlSh Ou!
mKsjqvh bosrsm;a lrkq ,nkafka Z{dk jsNd.hl iajrEmfhka fkdj mqoa.,dNHka;r.;j
mj;akd wiykldrS njska ish,q wdldrfhys udkisl wd;;sj,ska uqZMukskau w;ausoS mQrAK
wdldrfha udkisl ksoyila w;am;a lr.ekSu iZoyd jk nejska tlS wruqK fjkqfjka bosrsm;a
lrk ,o Y@S ioaOu!h Z{dk jsNd.Sh isoaOdka; Tiafia idlpzPdjg ,la lrkqfha Ou!fhys
if;HCIK ldrAhNdrhg bka msgsjy,la ie,fi;ehs hk jsYajdihg jvd bka wmf.a jspdr
mQrAjl psk;khg msgsjy,la ie,fi;ehs wkqudk lrk nejsks' Z{dk jsNd.h iuznJOfhka
ldkagz fukau ngysr pska;lhka jsiska bosrsm;a lrkakg fh|=Kq isoaOdka; uqZMukskau ngysr
iuh ixl,am ;``<g tnznjSu mQrAK ksrjoH l@shdjla fkdjkakdla fuks' wd.fuys mrudrA:h
tlls' orAYkfhys mrudrA:h wfklls' wd.u yd orAYkh tla udj;l .uka lrk wjia:d
fukau tfia fkdjk wjia:djka o mj;shs' wd.ula odrAYkhla jkafka tys lsishuz jsoHd;aul
pska;khla .enz jkafka kuz muKs' jsoHd;aul pska;kfhys ldrAhNdrh jkqfha lsishuz ksYaps;
jevms<sfj<lg hg;aj oekqu m@ldYhg m;alsrSuhs' ke;fyd;a fmd;m; weiqfrka fyda iajhx
.fjzIKh wdY@h uZ.ska u;`lr .kq ,enQ oekqu lsishuz ksYaps; ms<sfj<lg wkqj fm< .iajd ta
Tiafia kj oekquz fldgzGdYhka yd wdl,am tuZ.ska u;` lr .ekSuhs'
nq|=iuh meyeos,s lrkqfha fu;a;d ixl,amh Ndjs;h uZ.ska u;`lr fokakd jQ
l@ufjzoh mjd yqfola oDIaGshla muKla fkdjk njhs' oDIaGs hk jpkh nq|= iufhys js.@y
lrkqfha ;uka fkdokakd jQ huzlsis fohla ms<snZoj wruqKq lsrSuz jYfhka nei .kakd ke;fyd;a
we;s lr.kakd jQ lsishuz wkqudkuh fohla yZ|=kajd oSu msKsih' th i;Hhla jYfhka ie,lSu
ksrjoH fkdjkafka thska ,efnk oekqu ;uka jsiska ;ukaf.a w;aoelSuz mdol fldgf.k jspdr
mQrAjlj t<fUk ,o huz huz wkqN~;Skag tlZ. fkdjk;dla muKs' fuhska lshfjkqfha irAj
iuzmQrAK jYfhkau ksjeros fkdfj;;a we;euz jsgl oS jspdr mQrAjl pska;kh mdol lr.kakd
,o oDIags uZ.ska i;H ms<snZoj lsishuzu fyda jegySula ,ndoSug iu;ajk njhs' ksoiqkla f,i
fida;dmkak M,hg m;a jQ wdrAhhka jykafia jsiska tfia jspdr mQrAjl pska;kh Tiafia we;s
lr.kakd ,o m@;HCIh mdol lr.kakd ,o wkqudkhla Ndjs;fhka i;Hhg <Z.djSu msKsi
lsishuz mrsY@uhla oerSu fmkajd osh yelsh' fid;dmkak M,hg m;ajSu;a iu.u m@ySK lrk
,o ixfhdck Ou! jk ilaldh osgzGs" jspslspzPd yd iS,nzn;mrudi hk ixfhdack Ou! ;`k ta
mqoa.,hdyg f,dalh ms<snZoj" ;uka ms<snZoj yd ;uka jsiska wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk l@shd ms<sfj<
ms<snZoj ;j |=rg;a jrAOkh fjkakd jQ iel ixld rys; njhs' fuh tla;rd w;lg udkisl
4

5. iqrCIs; iajNdjhls' fujka udkisl iqrCIs; njlska hqla; jQfjl`yg wkHhka ms<snZoj o we;s
lr.; yelafla tjka iqrCIs; yeZ.Sula jk w;r th fu;a;d ixl,amh fmdaIKhg yd jrAOkh
b;du;au hym;a udkisl jgdmsgdjla fjz' fuysoS Wkajykafia ,o fid;dmkak M,h m@;HCIh
jk w;r tu m@;HCIh mdol lr .ksuska wrAy;ajh ms<snZoj lsishuz wkqudkhla we;s lr .ekSu
iuHla oDIagsh jYfhka i,ld we;' nq|= iuh oDIaGsh ms<snZoj olajkafka tjeks wdl,amhls'
wrAy;aM,hg m;a jQ wdrAhhka jykafia ishZM ffcj jrA.hd jsIfhys olajkqfha irAj iuzmQrAK
ffu;@S mQrAjl wdl,amhls' idudkHfhka Tzkeu flfkl` ffu;@sh m@.`K lr;;a thska fuys
wdrAhhka jykafia kula jsiska m@;HCI lr.kq ,nkakdjQ wdldrfhka ffu;@sfhys ksishdldr
mrsmQrAK iajNdjh weZ.fj;`hs Wml,amkh l< fkdyel' ffu;@sfhys mQrAKFjh we;s jkqfha
il, laf,aYhka m@ySK lsrSu ;`<h'
ishZM oDIaGs jdohka
neyer lrkq ,nk nq|= iuh tla
jsfYaIs; oDIaGshlg muKla
wkq.@yh i,iajkafka ljr
mokulskaoehs fuysoS flfkl`g
meKhla u;` jsh yelsh' tysoS
oelajsh yels ir< meyeos,s lsrSu
jkqfha ishZM oDIaGSkaf.ka bj;ajSu
nq|= iufhys iuHla oDIaGsh
jYfhka i,ld we;s njhs' fuz wkqj
iuHla oDIaGslhd ;j |=rg;a
oDIaGs.;slfhla fkdfjz' wrAy;a
M,hg m;ajk ;`re Tyq oDIaGs
m@;s,dNsfhl` f,i ie,flkafka
ishZM oDIaGSka bj;a lsrSu jsIfhys Tyq olajkakd jQ mrsY@uh yd ;odkqnoaO wruqK flfrys we;s
lr.kakd jQ meyeos,s wjfndaOh i,ldh' th fiajkh l, hq;` Ndjs;d l< hq;` oDIaGshla nj nq|=
ysushka jsiska fmkajd oS ;sfnz' fuz ms<snZoj jevs|=rg;a meyeos,s lrk nq|=ka jykafia tfia fiajkh
l< hq;` Ndjs;d l< hq;` oDIaGsh wfkl`;a oDIaGSkaf.ka fjkalr .ekSu iZoyd ;uka ;`< we;s
wdY@jhkaf.a CIh jSu usKquz oKqvla lr.; hq;` nj fmkajd oS ;sfnz' fuz wkqj wdY@j CIh jSu
msKsi Wojzjk oDIaGsh fiajkh l< hq;` oDIaGsh jYfhka f;dard .; hq;` nj oelafjz' wdY@j
CIh jSu msKsi Wojz jkakd jQ oDIaGsh Wmojd .ekSu msKsi fu;a;d ixl,amh mdol fjz'9 ;uka
Wmojd .kakd ,o oDIaGsh iuHla oDIaGshla jkafka tlS oDIaGsh fya;`fjka ;ukag;a wkHhkayg;a
Wojzjla Wmldrhla usi mSvdjla ysxidjla fkdfjkafka kuz muKs' fuz wkqj fu;a;d ixl,amh
fulS ishZM iq|=iqluz iuzmQrAK lr ;sfnk nejska fu;a;d ixl,amh jevSu uZ.ska tjka ys;lr
oDIaGshla Wmojd .; yels nj fuz wkqj meyeos,s fjz'
5

6. nq|= iuh fuz f,dj;`< we;a;d jQ iy u;` we;sjkq ,nkakd jQ oDIaGSkaf.a
iajNdjh lsishuz wka; follg ish pska;kh iSud lr.ekSula jYfhka i,ld we;' fuz oDIaGs
wka; fol Ydiaj; yd WpzfPAo jYfhka olajd we;s w;r oDIaGs mCIfhys WpzfPAo wka;h tuZ.ska
nsys lrkakd jQ prAhduh wxYfhka i,lk l, lduiqL,sLdkq fhda.h jYfhka o oDIaGs mCIfhys
Ydiaj; wka;h tuZ.ska nsys lrkakd jQ prAhduh wxYfhka i,lk l, w;a;ls,u:dkq fhda.h
jYfhka o meyeos,slr oS ;sfnz' fuys oS wm Z{k jsNd.h hgf;ys idlpzPd lsrSug
n,dfmdfrd;a;`jk Z{dk m@fNaod;aul m@ia;`;hka yd oDIaGSka iuznJOfhka nq|= iufhys oelafjk
ksrAfoaYhka b;du iuSm iuznJO;djhla fmkajhs' wfkla w;g ish,a, nqoaOs jsIhsl m@ia;`;hka
jYfhka o fmkajd osh yelsh' TzkEu wd.usl yd odrAYksl ixl,amhla iuznJOfhka nqoaOsuh
ikaorANfhka jvd;a jeo.;ajk lreK iy tu wd.u fyda orAYkh m@udKd;aul jYfhka ienE
usksia .egZM flfrys wjOsu;a njla olajkakd jQ oDIaGsuh miq;,h tu wd.u fyda orAYkfhys
Z{dk jsNd.Sh moku jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh' fuu Z{dk jsNd.Sh moku ;`< fu;a;d ixl,amh
l`uk ldrANdrhla bgq lrkafkaoehs hkak fukau oDIaGs iuznJOfhka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys
ldrAhNdrh l`ulaoehs hkak;a funZ|= jsurAYkhloS w;sYhskau jeo.;a fjz' ishZM oDIaGsjdo j,ska
bj;a jQ l, ukig oefkk iykh jsuqla;sh fiajkh l< hq;` jq ;j |=rg;a jrAOkh l< hq;` jQ
ys;lr oDIaGshla jYfhka lrKSh fu;a; iQ;@fhys olajd ;sfnz' tfukau fu;a;d ixl,amh
jevSfuka ,efnk m@;sM,hla f,ig o tys tlS lreK osgzGs iuzmhq;af;da hk kdufhka yZ|=kajkq
,nhs'
fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Z{dk jsNd.h hkq fu;a;d ixl,am Z{dkh ms<snZoj fyda
fu;a;d ixl,am Z{dkh ,nd .ekSfuz Wmdh udrA.hka ms<snZoj is|=lrkq ,nk jspdr mQrAjl
.fjzIKhla jYfhka yZ|=kajd osh yelsh' fu;a;d ixl,amh Z{dk jsNd.h iuznJOfhka jeo.;a
ia:dkhla Wiq,kafka bka iuia; oDIaGSka |=re lsrSug msysgla ie,fik nejsks' fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys msysgd isg lghq;` lrk mqoa.,hd ishZM oDIaGSkaf.ka jshqla;j lghq;` lsrSug
mqyqKqjla ,nhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh mQrAK wdldrfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz oS is|= lrkqfha mqoa.,.;
ishZM oDIagSka nsysjSug fya;` idOl jk wd;au oDIaGsh m@ysK jSuhs' nq|=iuh ;`< fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys Z{dk jsNd.Sh moku ms<snZoj idlpzPd lsrSug m<uqj ;okqnoaO merKs Ndr;Sh
iuhkaj, fu;a;d ixl,am {dk jsNd.Sh moku ms<snZoj uZola jsuid ne,Su idOdrK fjz' th
nq|=iuh ;`< fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Z{dk jsNd.Sh moku ms<snZoj b;du meyeos,s ks.ukhkag
t<USug wjYH lrk wdOdrhla o fjz' ;okqnoaO Ndr;Sh fjk;a iuhhkays jsjsOfu;a;d ixl,am
Z{dk jsNd.Sh mokuz ms<snZoj js.@y lsrSfuz oS tajd m@Odk fldgia ;`kla hg;g fnod oelajsh
yel'10 tu m@Odk fldgia ;`k iuzm@odhjdoSkaf.ka ( Traditionalists )" nqoaOsjdoSkaf.ka (
Retionalists ) iy wkqN~;sjdoSkaf.ka ( Experientialists ) iukajs; fjz' iuia;hla jYfhka
.;al< fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Z{dk jsNd.h jYfhka oelajsh yelafla fulS mqoa., lKavdhuz
;`fkys jsia;r flfrkakd jQ jsjsO b.ekajSuz uZ.ska fu;a;d ixl,amhg ,nd oS we;s m@Z{d uQ,sl
6

7. ;;ajhhs' fyj;a tajdfhys jsjsO me;slv uZ.ska fu;a;d ixl,amh yg.ekajSfuys ,d yd jrAOkh
lsrSfuys ,d Wmfhda.s;djhla oelajsh yels wkaou ms<snZoj .eUqre idlpzPdjla fuz ;`,ska
wfmaCIs;h' fmd|=fjz .;al< iuia; Ndr;Sh b.ekajSuz j,ska b;d jsYd, fldgila fu;a;d
ilx,amfhys wdruzNh yd jsldYh ms<snZoj ish meyeos,s lsrSuz jsjsOdldrfhka f.dkq lrkq ,enqj
o i;H jYfhkau tu jsjsO wF:!l:k yryd fu;a;d ixl,amh ixjrAOkh lsrSu msKsi lsishuz
msgsjy,la ta msKs ,enqfKa oehs fidhd ne,Su fuys m@Odku mrudrA:h yd ldrAhNdrh o fjz'
uska iuzm@odhjdoSka f,i yeZoskafjkqfha iduzm@odhsl fjzo b.ekajSuz iajlSh Z{dkh
.fjzIKh lsrSfuz taldhk udrA.h f,i wjspdr mQrAjlj ms<s.kakd ,o n@dyauK iuzm@odh jeks
wd.usl yd odrAYksl lKavdhuzh' uq,qukskau wd.usl .@J: udrA.fhka fyda wd.usl woyia weiSuz
ud;@ jYfhka iuzm@odhdkq.;j mrmqrska mrmqrg f.k huska lghq;` lrkakd jQ msrsia fuz hg;g
wh;a fjz' m@Odk jYfhkau ful, Ndr;fhys fujeks wd.usl fldgzGdYhla jYfhka
oel.ekSug ,enqfka n@dyauK mQcl mCIhhs' n@dyauKhska jsiska fjzoh i;` wOsldrh uZ.ska
iajlSh jspdr mQrAjl pska;kh iSud lr .kq ,enQfjda fj;a' ikaol iQ;@fhys oS nq|=rcdKka
jykafia jsiska fuu msrsi yZ|=kajd ;sfnkqfha Y@e;sfhka" msgl iuzm@odfhka yd .`re WmfoaYhka
wka;rA.; jQ iduzm@odhsl pska;kfhka fyns jspdr mQrAjl njla rys; msrsila f,ihs'11
fudjqkaf.a pska;k l@uh ilia jS we;af;a m@Odk jYfhka Y@e;sh mokuz lr .ksusks' ikaol
iQ;@fhaoS fuu Y@e;sfhys m@Odk fodaIhka i;rla ksid tfia bka ,nd .kakd jQ oekqu ksrjoH
fkdjk nejz nq|= ysushka jsiska fmkajd oS ;sfnz' thska m<uq fodaIh jYfhka yrs oekqula fok
7

8. weiSula jsh yels nj olajd ;sfnz'12 uska lshfjk tlaflda yrs oekqula fok weiSula jsh yels nj
tlaflda jeros oekqula fok weiSula njg mrsjrA;kh jSu fkdje<lajsh yelafla tys ksYaps;
njla fkd;snSu;a yqfola wkqudkh u; muKla ,nkakd jQ oekqfuys i;Hdi;H;djh rZod
meje;au;a ksidh' ,nk oekqu yrs fyda jeros jSfuz ;;ajh ksYaps; fkdjkakd jQ ;;ajhla u; ta
flfrys wikakd ;`< lsishuz jsYajikShFjhla f.dvkef.;ehs is;Sug wmyiqh' tfiau tu
wiuzmQrAK wjsksYaps; oekqu lsis osfkl jspdr mQrAjl nj keue;s nqoaOsuh usKquz oZvqfjka uek
.; yelallao fkdfjz' i;H yd wi;H fjkalr fkdo; yels miqnsula ;snSu nqoaOsuh l;sldj;la
f.dvkeZ.Su wrUhd uy;a ndOdjls' ta ksid fuu l@ufjzoh fu;a;d ixl,amh m@cdkkh"
wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz ksrjoH l@ufjzohla jYfhka nq|=iuh
fkdms,s.kshs' wfkla w;g i,ld ne,Q jsg lsishuz wjsksYaps; jd;djrKhla mj;soaoS tjka
wjsksYaps; jd;djrKhla wdOdr lrf.k fu;a;d ilx,amh jrAOkh fjz hehs ie,lSu o ksrA:l
jQjls'
fojk fodaIh jYfhka oelafjkafka jeros oekqula fok weiSula jsh yels njhs'13
by; olajk ,o ;;ajfhys jsreoaO Ndiuh ;;ajh fuhska oel.; yelsh' fuyso we;af;a
wkqudkhhs' taldka;fhka jeros oekqula ,ndfok weiSula kuz th tlfy,d m@;sfCIam lsrSug
yelshdjla ;snsKs' tlsfklg m@;sjsreoaO woyia we;s wjia:djl oS ta woyia rdYsh w;rska fuz
wdldrfhka huz lsis woyila fyda lsysmhla taldka;fhka jeros nejz oek.ekSu mjd ksjeros
woyi bka wk;`rej wfkla woyia w;rska f;dard .ekSug wdOdrlr .; yels lreKla jYfhka
ie,lsh yelsh' kuq;a tfia huzlsis woyil w;s idjoH nj wjsksYaps; ;;ajhl oS tfia tu
lreK i;H .fjzIKhl oS wdOdr lr.ekSfuz yelshdjla fkdue;s ksid fu;a;d ixl,amh
m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuys,d tys Wmfhda.S;djh t;ruz
by< ugzgul mj;s;ehs wmg ie,lsh fkdyelsh' wfkla w;g fuys woyia w;r lsishuz
.egquzldrS iajNdjhla jsoHudk jk w;r tnZ|= .egquzldrS iajNdjhu fu;a;d ixl,amh jeks
udkisl ixysZoshdjla cks; lrk ixl,amhlg wf.dapr nj fmkajd osh yelsh'
f;jk fodaIh jYfhka oelafjkqfha tfia o jsh yelsh hkqfjka ksjeros fohg
iudk yd thg jHd;sfrAlhla jYfhka ms<s.ekSfuz lsishuz iuzNdjs;djla we;s lreKla jYfhka
ie,lSu idjoH njhs'14 ksjeros fohlg iudk ;j;a ksjeros foa ;snsh yels uq;a ishZMu foa
ksjeros foa jYfhka ie,lSu idjoHh' tmuKla o fkdj jsh yelshdj we;s foa tfia o jsh yelsh
hkqfjka lsishuz wjsksYaps; njlska hqla;j l,amkd lsrSu ks.ukhka lrd t<USug uy;a
ndOdjls' i;Hh hkq lsishuz m@ia;`;hla ms<snZoj m@;HCI jYfhka wjfndaO lr.ekSfuka
wk;`rej meusfKk ksYaps; ks.uk mQrAjl jQ oekquz fldgzGdYhls' tys wjsksYaps; iajNdjhla
mej;sh fkdyelsh' lsishuz wjsksYaps; iajNdjhla mj;skjd hkafkys wrA:h th m@;HCI
jYfhka fkdokakd njhs' m@;HCI fkdjQjla ms<snZoj t<fUk ks.ukhkao ksrjoH fkdjk nejska
fuz l@ufjzoh fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh
8

9. jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSu msKsi Wmldrj;a fjz hehs is;Su W.ygh' wfkla w;g wjsksYaps;
iajNdjhla ;`< oS fu;a;d ixl,amh jeks w;sYhskau m@fhda.sl ;,fhys ;sfnk ixl,amhla
l@shd;aul lsrSu fukau tfia l@shd;aul fldg tys m@;sM, ms<snZoj jspdr mQrAjl ks.ukj,g
meusKSfuz wjldYh o wju ugzgul mj;sk nejska fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj fujka Z{dk
jsNd.Sh m@ia;`;hka Ndjs;d lsrSu wfhda.H fjz'
isjzjk fodaIh jYfhka ikaol iQ;@h fmkajd fokafka wfkla whqrlska jsh yelsh
hk lreKhs'15 fuys we;s fodaIh jkafka is|= jsh yels foa ms<snZoj o jsYajdih fkdue;s l< wka
whqrlska flfia is|=fjzjsoehs flfia jsYajdih ;nkafkao hkakhs' weiSfuka ,nk oekqu ms,snZo
wjsksYaps;u wjia:dj fuh nejz meyeos,s fjz' tfiau b;du |=rAj,;u wkqudkh o fuhu fjz'
idudkHfhka wkqudkh l@shd;aul flfrkafka lsishuz whqrlska we.hqula ,ndosh yels m@ia;`;hla
ms<snZoj uq;a fuysoS wkqudkh tfia w.ehqula fkdosh yels fohla wruqKq lrf.k l@shd;aul jk
nj fmfka' w.hkq ,nkakla fyda w.ehqula fkdue;s l, bka cks; jk m@;sM,h hul
i;Hdi;H;djh ;SrKh lsrSfuys ksrAKdhlhla lr.ekSu fl;ruz nqoaOs f.dapr lreKla o
hk woyi fuysoS isyshg kefZ.a' tnejska fulS jsOsl@uh o fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK
wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuys,d msgsjy,la ,efnk
l@ufjzohla jYfhka ie,lSu idjoH nejz fmfka'
huzlsis m@ia;`;hl idjoH;djh fyda ksrjoH;djh flfrys ksrAKdhlhla
jYfhka l@shdlsrSug iuzm@odhjdoS l@uhg fkdyels nj ld,du iQ;@fhys o iZoyka fjz'16 fuu
iuzm@odhjdoS l@ufjzohgu we;`<;ajk ;j;a oekqu ,enSfuz jsOsl@u yhla ( 6 ) la ld,du iQ;@fhaoS
nq|=r|=ka jsiska hul i;Hi;H;djh ks.ukfhys,d fhdod .ekSu idjoH nj meyeos,s lr oS ;sfnz'
tjd kuz weiSuz ud;@ nj ( Report )" mruzmrdkq.; nj ( Tradition )" wd.usl .@J:
iuzm@odhdkq.; nj (Given in the Scripture )" wOdk.@dyS nj^ mQrAj ks.ukhkag t<Uqkq nj
( Prologue / Presuppose )" wpdrAh u;dkQl~, nj (Cousultations of Preceptor )"
9

10. iuzNdjs;dj ^ jsh yels nj ( Potentiatity ) jsOsl@u yhhs'17 fuu jsOsl@uhka .eUqrska
idlpzPdjg nZ|=ka lsrSu ;`<ska fu;a;d ixl,amfhys i;H wi;H;;djh ksYaph lsrSfuz oS yd tlS
ixl,amh fl;ruz |=rlg usksia yeisrSuz Okd;aul mCIfhka ixjrAOkh lsrSfuzys,d
Wmfhda.S;duh jYfhka jeo.;a fjzo hkak wkqj fuu l@u yh Ndjs;d lsrSu uZ.ska oek.; yels
kuz fulS l@uhkays we;s jeo.;alu jsYaf,aIKh lsrSu fuhska wfmaCIs;hs' jsprmQrAjlj i,ld
,nk l, fulS Z{dk jsNd.Sh m@ia;`;hka uZ.ska m@udKj;a wkaouska fu;a;d ixl,amh js.@y
lsrSu fyda jsYaf,aIKh lsrSu W.yg nejz fmfka' wfkla ixl,amhkag jvd fu;a;d ixl,amh
b;du;a mqZM,a jmrsilg me;sreKq ixl,amhla nejska mgq iSudjkaf.ka iukajs; oDIaGsfldK
Ndjs;fhka fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZo jvd;a mrsmQrAK wF:!l:k ,n.; fkdyelsh' fuz wkqj
fulS Z{dk jsNd.Sh m@ia;`hka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys nyd n,;au fu;a;d ixl,amfhys mj;sk
mqZM,a iajNdjh;a Ndjs;d lrkakd jQ Z{dk jsNd.Sh m@ia;`;hkays mj;ska iSudjka ms<snZoj;a
b;du;au uekjska wjfndaO fjz'
weiSuz ud;@ nj (Report) uZ.ska ,nd.kakd Z{dkh ksrjoH hehs ;yjqre jSug
kuz ;uka jsiskau th Ndjs;hg f.k jsuidn,d tu Z{dkh ;uka jsiska o jspdr mQrAjlj
;yjqre lr.kakd ,o iajlSh m@;HCI wjfndaOhla njg m;a lr.; hq;`h' tfia fkdjkakdjQ
Z{dkh ,nd .ekSfuz jsOsl@uhka fyj;a weiSuz ud;@fldgf.k muKla tys ksjerosNdjh ukskq
,nkafka kuz th fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda
prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuys ,d ksjeros Z{dkhla fkdjk nj nq|=iuh fmkaajdfokq ,nhs'
fu;a;d ixl,amh jrAOkh lr.ekSug lsishuz fm<USula ,nd.; yelsjqj;a" weiSuz ud;@fhlska
muKla fu;a;d ixl,amfhys mrsmQrAK iajNdjh ms<snZoj ksjeros jsksYaphlg meusKSug
fkdyelsh' i;H fyj;a ishZM ffcj jrA.hd jsIfhys wm@udK jQ ffu;@S mQrAjl osjs meje;aula
.;lsrSu nq|=iufhys wjidk mrudrA:dOs.uh jk nejska fulS jsYajSh ffu;@S ixl,amhg ndOd
we;slrkakd jQ fyda tlS ixl,amfhys jrAOkhg wjYH bvlv iSud lrkakd jQ idOl lsishuz
Z{dk jsNd. uQ,OrAuhlska nsys fjz kuz th wkq.ukh fkdl< hq;` hehs fmkajd oS ;sfnz'18 lsishuz
l@ufjzohlg ( Theory ) ndOd we;s lrjhs kuz" tfia we;sjk ndOdj ksid tlS l@ufjzoh
Ndjs;dfldg bgq lr.kq ,nk lghq;a;g o irAjiuzmQrAK jYfhka yrshdldrj bgqlr.;
yelsfjz hehs n,dfmdfrd;a;` ;nd.ekSu o W.ygh' tfiau fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Z{dk jsNd.
uQ,OrAu .fjzIKh msKsi Ndjs;d lrkq ,nk l@ufjzoh o fuys oS jeo.;a f,i ie,flk w;r
tys lsishuz ms<s.; yels Ydia;@Sh ugzgula mej;Su fukau bka meusfKkq ,nk ks.uk ksrjoH
njg iy;sl jsh yels jsh hq;`h'
ffjosl iusm@odfhys jeo.;a Z{dfkdmdhlajQ Y@e;sh hkak fn#oaO orAYk
iuzm@odfhys wkqiaij hkak fhdod we;af;a tu ffjosl iuzm@odh.; Y@e;sh yeZoskajSu iZoydhs'
ukqIHFjh blau jQ w;s mrsY`oaO cSjs; .;l<" foaj;ajfhys ,d .sKshq;` jQ" wkdosu;a ld,fhys jQ
m@Z{d,dNS jQ iDISkaf.a m@;sNd Z{dkfhka my<l< Z{dk ialJOh f,ihs' Y@e;sh fkdfyd;a
10

11. wkqiaijh ms<s.ef.kafka md<s iZ.s idys;Hfha tu jpkh fhoS we;s ;eka .ek mrSCId lrkjsg"
ffjosl iuzm@odhg wh;a Ydia;Dka jsiska jsfYaI .reFjhlska wkqiaijh ms<s.;a nj fmfkkakg
;sfnz'19 nq|=rcdKkajyafia iQ;@dka; lsysmhlu wkqiaij i;Hh jspdrhg ,lalr;s' jsjdo rys;j
ms<s.;hq;` jQ wfm#reIh jQ tu wkqiaij i;Hh n@yauhd jsiska BYajrhdg W.kajk ,o nj
ffjoslfhda ms<s.ks;s' wkqiaijfhka ,nd .kakd jQ oekqu ;ud we;`ZM iuia; iudch jsIfhys
fmkajd fok ,o l@shdms<sfj;a uZ.ska iuia; iudchu mSvhlg fhduq lrjkakla jsh yelsh'
tl, Ndr;Sh iudch ffjosl Y@e;sh ksid o ,enqfjz fujka jQ mSvkhls' iuia; iudch l`,h"
mx;sh" jrA.h jeks lsisfia;a jspdrmQrAjl fkdjk jrA.SlrKhlg ,la fldg nuqKq mQcl
m@cdjg wjYH wdldrhg iudch ms<snZoj idjoH wrA:l:khla ,nd|=ka w;r ta ksid iudcfhys
iqZM;r hehs yeZoskajqKq fldgia uy;a mSvkhlg ,la jsh' oafjzIh fu;a;d ixl,amhg yd;amiska
m@;sjsreoaO ixl,amhhs' huslsisjlska oafjzIh jrAOkh jkjd hkafkys wF:!h fu;a;d
ixl,amfhka b;du;au |=ria fjuska isgsk njhs' ishZM fokd Wkqkqka ms<snZo .egquz iy.;
wdl,amj,ska iukajs;j;au" uqZM uy;a iudcfhys tla tla fldgia w;r oafjzI uQ,sl nj
l@ul@ufhka jrAOkh fjuska mej;`ks' wkqiaijh flfiaj;a fjkia fkdl< yels mru i;H f,i
yqjd oelajqKq nejska wkqiaijh uZ.ska lshjqKq foa uZ.ska mSvdjg ,la jqk fyda wiOrKhg md;@ jQ
fyda ;ek;a;kayg bka is|=jk jsjsO ;;ajhka jspdrCIshg fhduq lr idOdrK bgq lrjd
.ekSug fuz ksid fkdyels jsh' wfkla w;g tnZ|= fkdfjkia jQ isoaOdka;hla ksis we.hquzYS,S
jgdmsgdjlska f;drj yqfola mqoa., f.#rjh i,ld wm@udK ne;shlska ms<sf.k ta u; uqZM
11

12. ukskau msysgd isg l@shdlrkakg hdu fya;`fjka tys jsoHd;aul pska;kh .enzfkdjk nj
fmfkk w;r ta lreK ksidu th m@udKj;a wkaouska jspdrhg ,la l< fkdyels nj o
fmfkkag ;sfnz'
nq|=yq fuz u;h jspdrhg ,lal<y' n@yauhd .ek l:dl<;a tjekafkl` oelsh
fkdyels nj;a" tfyhska fuz ms<s.ekSu idjoH nj;a" Wkajykafia m@ldY l<y' n@yauhd oelsh
yelsoehs Wkajykafia m@Yak l<y' n@yauhd isgskafka fldyso lshdj;a Tjqka fkdokakd nj pxlS
iQ;@fhys iZoykah' n@dyauKhkaf.a ffjosl .reFjhg iqN iQ;@fhaoS nq|=rcdKka jykafia myr
.i;s' ffjosl n@dyauKhka fuz OrAuh m@;HCI jYfhka fkdo;a ksid th wkqiaij jYfhka .;a
ksid ms<s.; fkdyels nj Y`NiQ;@fha oS lsh;s' Wkajykafia tysoS wdpdr jsoHd;aul jYfhka
iFjhkaf.a l`i,drdOkh iZoyd fuz OrAuh m@fhdackj;a fkdjk nj o iZoyka lr;s'20fuys oS
wkqiaijh m@udKslj ie,lSfuys we;s wdoSkjh fmkajd |=ka nq|=r|=ka iudc.; fu;a;d ixl,am
jrAOkh flfrys th wys;lr f,i n,mdkq ,nk wdldrh jspdrmQrAjlj myod osKs'
ta iZoyd ;uka jsiskau m@;Hd;aufjzokSh jYfhka fuz OrAuh o;hq;` nj lsh;s'
ffjosl b.ekajSuz i;H f,i nuqKka ms<s.;a;;a Tjqka th m@;Hd;aufjzokSh jYfhka m@;HCIlr
fkdue;' wkqiaijh Z{dfkdamdhhla jYfhka ms<s.; fkdyels nj ikaol iQ;@fhys ;drAlslj
ikd:lr we;'21 n@yaihdu fuzz OrAufhys ksrAud;Djrhd jqj;a ta n@yauhdf.ka weiQfoh iuyrjsg
fydZoska iaurKfhys mej;`kd fjkak;a mqZMjk' tfukau tfia fkdfjkak;a mqZMjk' tuksid
wkqiaijh i;H fyda wi;H jsh yelshs'22 fufia lreKq olajk nq|=rcdKkajykafia wkqiaij hk
Z{dk udrA.h m@;sfCIam lr;s' wkqiaijh m@;sfCIam lrk nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;ud wkHhkaf.ka
fkd wid m@;Hd;au jYfhka ;ukajykafiau jsYajfhys h:drA:h oek oel OrAuh foaYkdlrk
nj o m@ldY l<y'23
tfukau Z{dkh ,nd .ekSfuys l@shdj,sfhaoS mruzmrdkq.; nj ( Tradition )
mokuzlrf.k th ksjeroshehs ;SrKhlg t<USu ksjeros fkdfjz' n@dyauKhkaf.a fjzoh
iuznJOfhkao Tjqka yqjd olajkafka thska ,nd .kakd ,o Z{dkh mdruzmrsl jk nejska tajd
ksrjoHjk njhs' mrmqfrys meusKsh;a tu mdruzmrsl oekquz moaO;s mokuz jS we;af;a i;Hh
mila lsrSug jvd ;u ;ukaf.a wd.usl wrA:oelajSuz yqjd oelajSug jk nejska tajd fu;a;d
ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh
lsrSfuys ,d W;aiql flfrkakd jQ ksjeros Z{dkhla f,i wmg ms<s.; fkdyel'
tfukau Z{dkh w;am;a lr.ekSfuys l@shdj,sfhaoS wOdk.@dyS nj^ mQrAj
ks.ukhkag t<Uqkq nj ( Prologue / Presuppose) mokuzlr f.k th ksjeroshehs
;SrKhlg t<USu ksjeros fkdfjz' wOdk.@dyS nj^ mQrAj ks.ukhkag t<Uqkq nj hkak Z{dkh
w;am;a lr .ekSfuz l@shdj,sh ;`< fm#rdKslFjh yd ineZ|=kq fohla jkjd usi th fu;a;d
12

13. ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh
lsrSfuz jsOsl@uhkays ksjerosnj ;yjqre lsrSfuys,d usKquz oKavla lr .ekSu idjoHnj nq|=iuh
olajhs' we;a;jYfhka olaj;fyd;a mQrAj ks.ukhkag meusKSu fu;a;d ixl,amh jrAOkh
lsrSug muKla fkdj fu;a;d ixl,amh we;s lr.ekSug ndOdldrS jk ldrKhls'
nq|=r|=ka Orudk iufhys jsiQ pxlS keue;s n@yauKhd o fjzofhys
ft;sydislFjh ksjeros Z{dk jsNd. uQ< OrAuhla f,i ms<s.;a mqoa.,fhls'24 jrla fuu
n@yauKhd jsiska nq|=r|=kaf.ka jsuid isgsfha Wkajykafia ft;sydislFjh hk Z{dk jsNd. uQ<
OrAuh ms<s.kafka o hkakhs' tys oS nq|=rcdKka jykafiaa jsiska th Z{dk jsNd. uQ< OrAuhla
jYfhka ms<s.ekSfuz wfhda.H;djh ms<snZoj yd tys we;a;d jQ ifodia nj ms<snZoj fya;` iys;ju
fmkajd oS ;sfnz'25 fu;a;d ixl,amhg wod<j o ft;sydislFjh Z{dk jsNd.Sh uQ< OrAuhla f,i
lsisjsfglj;a ms<s.; fkdyelsh' fu;a;d ixl,amhg ld,fhka jshqla; meje;aula we;s nejska
w;S;fhysoSh" jrA;udkfhysoSh fyda wkd.;fhysoSh hkqfjka tyS jrAOkfhys iSudjla oelajsh
fkdyels nejska o fu;a;d ixl,amh wld,sl OrAu;djla fyhskao ft;sydislFjh fu;a;d
ixl,amh iuznJOfhka lsisfia;a Z{dk jsNd.Sh uQ< OrAuhla f,i Ndjs;d l< fkdyelsh'
mQrAj ks.ukhkag t<Uqkq nj hkq huzlsisjla ms<snZo wdrxps ud;@fhka weoySu"
jsYajdilsrSu" ms,s.ekSu wdoshhs' ft;sydisl jYfhka fufia isoaOjQjd hkqfjka usksiqka w;r
13

14. m@p,s;j mj;akd lgl:dj u; hula ms<s.ekSuhs' iuyrjsg th ft;sydisl jkakg;a mqZMjks'
ft;sydisl fkdjkakg;a mqZMjks' iuyrjsg th lsishuz ft;sydisl i;Hhla jqj;a fkdjqj;a
mrSCIKhla fkdlr i;H wi;H;djh lgl:djg muKla iSud fldg ms<s.ekSu mQrAj
ks.ukhkag t<Uqkq nj hkafkka woyia fjhs' kuq;a fn#oaO Z{dkudrA. orAYkfhys funZ|=
lgl:d ms<s.ekSula fkdue;' tnejska mQrAj ks.ukhkag t<Uqkq nj hkako us:Hd
{dfkdamdhhla yegshg nq|=kajykafia jsiska m@;sfCIam lrk ,oS'
fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj Z{dk jsNd.fha oS ixl,am jkdyS os.ska os.gu
mejf;uska lsishuz wd.ula ;`< ksrdhdifhkau tys mokfuys meje;au ioyd iqjsYd,
ldrAhNdrhla lrkq ,nkakd jQ fohla nejska wd.uz;`< wka;rA.; jkakd jQ ishZM ixl,am iuZ.
fu;a;d ixl,amh ;`,kd;aul i,ld ne,Su uZ.ska ta ms<snZoj jspdr mQrAjl wdl,amhla we;slr
.ekSfuz yelshdjla we;s fj;ehs ie,fla' fu;a;d ixl,am Z{dk jsNd.h ms<snZoj i,ld n,k
l, nq|=oyu yerekqjsg wfkl`;a iEu wd.ulu ffu;@S mQrAjl iodpdrhg ( Moral of Metta
26
Concept ) idfmaCIlj ta ta wd.u ;`< .enz jkakd jQ fu;a;d ixl,amh wF:! oelafjk
idrOu!hkays lsishuz w;srsla;hla jsoHudk jk nejska jsoHd;aul pska;kh mdol fldg usi
ft;sydislFjhu m@udKfldg fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJOfhka jsksYaphg ,lalsrSu fkdl<
hq;`h'
tfukau {dkh ,en.ekSfuys l@shdj,sfhysoS wd.usl .@J: iuzm@odhdkq.; nj (
Given in the Scripture) mokuzlrf.k th ksjeros hehs ;SrKhlg t<USu ksjeros fkdfjz'
f,aLk.; nj hkak wd.usl woyia ixrCIKfhys,d bjy,ajk l@ufjzohla usi th fu;a;d
ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh
lsrSfuz ksjeros nj ;yjqre lsrSfuys,d usKquz oKavla lr.ekSu nqoaOsf.dapr fkdjk fohla
fyhska nq|=iuh wkqu; fkdlrhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh jrAOkh hkqfjka woyia jk l@shdj<sh
w;sYhskau m@fhda.sl fohla jk fyhska thska ,efnk Wmfhda.S;djh mqoa.,.; fukau
iudc.;j o tla f,iskau jeo.;a jQjls' tksid tys m@dfhda.slFjh f,aLK.; l@shdj<shla
wkqidrfhka o; fkdyelsjd muKla fkdj tys wka;rA.;h ms<snZoj lsishuz jsYaf,aIKhlg
meusKSug o wfmdfydi;a fjz'
wd.usl .@J:j, iZoyka jkakd jQ huz huz wd.usl u;jdo mokuz fldgf.k
fu;a;d ixl,amfhys ixjrAOs; iSudjka ms<snZoj yd tys l@shdldrSFjh ms<snZoj ks.ukj,g
t<USu idjoH jQjls' fulS lreK wkqj ;@smsglh o tla;rd wdldrhlska wd.usl .@J: jsfYaIhla
ksid nqoaO foaYkdjka uZ.ska js.@y flfrkakd jQ Ou! lreKq ms<snZoj o fuz whqrska Wla;
l@shdudrA.hu wkq.ukh lsrSu ksjeros fkdfjzoehs huzlsis mqoa.,fhl`yg is;sjs,a,la we;sjsh
yelshs' nqoaO foaYkdjka flfrys mjd jspdrmQrAjl jSu nq|=ysushka jsiskau fkdtla jsg miid we;s
fyhska hfula tlajru hula fkdms<sf.k ta ms<snZoj lsishuz ld,hla f.k jsOsu;aj wOHhkh
14

15. fldg ms<s.ekSug fyda neyer lsrSug ;ruz bjis,sjka;j lghq;` lsrSu ta mqoa.,hdf.a nqoaOs
jrAOkh flfrys bjy,a jkakla f,i nq|=ysushka jsiskau wkqoek jodrd we;' ta wkqj lshhq;af;a
;@smsgl md,sfha fyda md,s idys;Hd.; huz huz Ou! lreKq ms<snZoj jqj o by; lS whqrska
if;HCIKh lr ne,Sug nq|=rcdKka jykafia jsiska wkqoek jodrd we;s fyhska Wkajykafia
jsiska foaYkd lrk ,o fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJO b.ekajSula jqj o ta f,i wjspdr mQrAjlj
wOdk.@dySj Ndr .ekSu nq|=r|=ka jqj o wNsu; fkdjQ njhs' fm< idys;Hfhkau fuhg wjYH
;ruz ksorAYk jsYd, m@udKhla iemhsh yelshs'27 fuu lreK ms<snZoj nq|=iufhys jsfYaIfhkau
ioyka jk ia:dkh kuz i;r uydmfoaY ms<snZoj l< b.ekajSuhs'28 tlS uydmfoaYhka my;
iZoyka whqrska oelajsh yelsh' fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj huzlsis mqoa.,fhl`yg lsishuz jspdr
mQrAjl ks.ukhlg meusKsug fuu i;r uyd WmfoaY wkqj i,ld ne,Su uZ.ska yelshdjla we;'
1. uyfKks" fuz iiqfkys huz NsCIqjla weje;aks ud jsiska nq|=r|=ka yuqfjys wid ms<s.kakd ,o
Ou!h fuhh" jskh fuhh" Ydia;DYdikh fuh hhs lshkafka kuz ta lSu fkd ms<sf.k
neyer o fkd lr ta mo jHdxZ[ackhka iQ;@fhys nyd ne,sh hq;`h' jskfhys iiZod ne,sh
hq;`h'29 ta mo jHZ[ack iQ;@fhys fkd nei isgS kuz" jskfhys fkd ieifZoa kuz ta woyi ta
NsCIqjf.a jeros ms<s.ekSulshs ks.ukh l< hq;`h' iQ;@fhys nei .kafka kuz" jskfhys
ieifZoa kuz ukd W.ekaulshs ks.ukh l, hq;`h' fuz nqoaOdmfoaY kuz jQ m<uq uydmfoaYhhs'
fuhska huzlsis NsCIqjla nq|=r|=ka YdCIs fldg mjik Ou! - jskh lreKla ms<snZoj
wikakdf.a ms<sfj; m@ldYhg m;afjz'
2. uyfKks" fuz iiqfkys huz NsCIqjla weje;aks ud jsiska wiqj,a wdjdifhys fjfik ia:jsr
NsCIQka iys; ix>hd yuqfjys wid ms<s.kakd ,o Ou!h fuhh" jskh fuhh" Ydia;DYdikh
fuh hhs lshkafka kuz ta lSu fkd ms<sf.k neyer o fkd lr ta mo jHdxZ[ackhka iQ;@fhys
nyd ne,sh hq;`h' jskfhys iiZod ne,sh hq;`h'30 ta mo jHZ[ack iQ;@fhys fkd nei isgS kuz"
jskfhys fkd ieifZoa kuz ta woyi ta NsCIqjf.a jeros ms<s.ekSlshs ks.ukh l< hq;`h'
iQ;@fhys nei .kafka kuz" jskfhys ieifZoa kuz ukd W.ekaulshs ks.ukh l, hq;`h' fuz
ix>dmfoaY kuz jQ fojk uydmfoaYhhs' fuhska huzlsis NsCIqjla jsiska ia:jsr NsCIQka iys;
ix>hd YdCIs fldg mjik Ou! - jskh lreKla ms<snZoj wikakdf.a ms<sfj; m@ldYhg
m;afjz'
3. uyfKks" fuz iiqfkys huz NsCIqjla weje;aks ud jsiska wiqj,a wdjdifhys nyqY@e; jQ"
wd.;d.u jQ" Ou!Or jQ" jskhOr jQ" ud;sl Or jQ" ia:jsr NsCIQka yuqfjys wid ms<s.kakd ,o
Ou!h fuhh" jskh fuhh" Ydia;DYdikh fuh hhs lshkafka kuz ta lSu fkd ms<sf.k
neyer o fkd lr ta mo jHdxZ[ackhka iQ;@fhys nyd ne,sh hq;`h' jskfhys iiZod ne,sh
hq;`h'31 ta mo jHZ[ack iQ;@fhys fkd nei isgS kuz" jskfhys fkd ieifZoa kuz ta woyi ta
15

16. NsCIqjf.a jeros ms<s.ekSlshs ks.ukh l< hq;`h' iQ;@fhys nei .kafka kuz" jskfhys ieifZoa
kuz ukd W.ekaulshs ks.ukh l, hq;`h' fuz iuznyq,;af:rdmfoai kuz jQ f;jk
uydmfoaYhhs' fuhska huzlsis NsCIqjla ia:jsr NsCIQka YdCIs fldg mjik Ou! - jskh
lreKla ms<snZoj wikakdf.a ms<sfj; m@ldYhg m;afjz'
4. uyfKks" fuz iiqfkys huz NsCIqjla weje;aks ud jsiska wiqj,a wdjdifhys nyqY@e; jQ"
wd.;d.u jQ" Ou!Or jQ" jskhOr jQ" ud;sl Or jQ" tla ia:jsr NsCIQjla yuqfjys wid
ms<s.kakd ,o Ou!h fuhh" jskh fuhh" Ydia;DYdikh fuh hhs lshkafka kuz ta lSu fkd
ms<sf.k neyer o fkd lr ta mo jHdxZ[ackhka iQ;@fhys nyd ne,sh hq;`h' jskfhys iiZod
ne,sh hq;`h'32 ta mo jHZ[ack iQ;@fhys fkd nei isgS kuz" jskfhys fkd ieifZoa kuz ta woyi
ta NsCIqjf.a jeros ms<s.ekSlshs ks.ukh l< hq;`h' iQ;@fhys nei .kafka kuz" jskfhys
ieifZoa kuz ukd W.ekaulshs ks.ukh l, hq;`h' fuz talf:rdmfoai kuz jQ f;jk
uydmfoaYhhs' fuhska huzlsis NsCIqjla tla ia:jsr NsCIQjla YdCIs fldg mjik Ou! - jskh
lreKla ms<snZoj wikakdf.a ms<sfj; m@ldYhg m;afjz'
fulS WmfoaYhka i;r uZ.ska wkd.;fhys nqoaO jpkh fkdtla u;jdohka
uZ.ska ioaOu! m@;srEmj,ska |+IKh jSug we;s bvlv j,lajd,Su msKsi nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a
wruqK jQ nejz lsj yelsh' hula nqoaO NdIs; f,i ms<s.ekSug kuz iQ;@fhys nei isg hq;`h'
jskfhys ieiZoS isgsh hq;`h' taldka;fhka tu lreK nqoaO jpkhlhs ks.ukh l< yelafla
tjsgh'33 nq|=ka jykafiaf.a fulS isjz jeoEreuz WmfoaYhka uZ.ska fy<s fmfy<s jkqfha
Wkajykafiaf.a foaYkd ;`< mej;s jsoHd;aul pska;kfhys ,CIKhs' ;uka lshk lreK mjd
lsishuz ksYaps; l@ufjzohla ;`< msysgd isg usi fkdms<s.; hq;`h hk lreK b;du;au fY@aIaG
odrAYkslfhla uq;a kuz nq|=rcdKka jykafia yer fjk;a wd.usl l;!Djrfhla kuz lsisod
fkdlshkq we;' fuhska meyeos,s jkqfha nqoaO Ou!hys mj;skakd jQ w;sYh meyeos,s jspdr mQrAjl
,CIKhs fuu ,CIKh jQ l,S ;;ahq.fhys lsis|= Ndr;Sh pska;djl oel.; fkdyels w;sYhskau
meyeos,s nqoaOsuh yd jspdr mQrAjl ,CIK fmkajk b;du;a .eUqre odrAYksl ia:djrhls'
fuu i;r uydmfoaYhka o ld,du iQ;@fha tk WmfoaY fuka mrSCIK nqoaOshg
;`vq fok w;sYh Wiia .`rEmfoaY fldgzGdYhls'34 fuz hgf;a ;@smsgl fm< .@J:j, oelafjk
hula jqj o tlajru wjspdr mQrAjlj yd wOdk.@dySj w;sOdjkldrSj fkdms<sf.k nqoaOsuh
jspdrCIshg yiq lrf.k jsfjzl ukiska hqla;j jsoHdkQl~, njlska hqla;j ta foi n,d ksjeros
nj ;ukagu jegfykafka kuz mukla ndr f.k ta wkqj l@shd;aul jsh hq;` fjz' ta wkqj jskh
fyda iQ;@ Ou!hla if;HCIKh lsrSu msKsi Ndjs;d lrkq ,nk Ou! jskh fol jqj o
m@udKd;aulj wOsldruh jYfhka ie,lSu ( Authority ) ndysr wOsldrh u; mokuzj
if;HCIKh lsrSfuz l@shdj<shla fia huzlsisfjl`yg fmkS hd yelsh' kuq;a fuys oS jskh yd iQ;@
hkqfjka olajk ,oafoa jskh msglhg wh;a fm< fm< fmd;a mfiys yd iQ;@ msglhg ksldh .@J:
16

17. mfiys wka;rA.; jskh iQ;@ foaYkd ta iZoyka jQ muKskau th th i;H f,i f.k th mdol
fldgf.k huzlsis iQ;@ Ou!hl i;H wi;H;djh ksYaph lsrSu fkdfjz' jskh yd iQ;@ msgl
.@J:j, b.ekafjk lreKq b;d m@fhda.sl foa jYfhka i<ld tu lreKq ;ukaf.a j; ms<sfj;
yd iiZod n,d ;udf.a cSjk m@;smodj ilia lr .ekSug Okd;aul f,iska n,mdk lreKq i;H
foaYkd f,i ms<s.kakd fia l< b.ekajSuls' fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJOfhka i,ld n,k jsg tu
ixl,amfhka lshefjk huz huz lreKq ms<snZoj ty m@fhda.slj Ndjs;d lr ;uka m@;HCI
lr.kakd yefrkakg ta ms<snZo jqj o lsisu wOsldruh ;;ajhla we;s lrfkd.; hq;` nj fuz
iuznJOfhka meyeos,s l< yels fydZou wdldrhhs'
tfukau Z{dkh ;ukau ,nd .ekSfuys l@shdj,sfhys oS jsh yels nj fyj;a
iuzNdjs;dj ( Potentity ) mdol lrf.k th {dkh Wmojd .ekSfuz jsOsl@uhla f,i ksjeros
;SrKhlg t<USu wfhda.H nj nq|=iuh fmkajdfohs' iuzNdjs;dj jkdyS lsishuz wkqudkhls' tlS
wkqudkhg mdol lr.kafka tu lreKg iudk fjk;a mQj! w;aoelSuzh' jshyels nj fyda fkd
jshyels nj ;SrKh flfrkafka wjsksYaps; ;;ajhla mokuzlrf.k ksid fuz uZ.ska h:drA:jdoS
wjfndaOhlalrd .ukal< fkdyels nj nq|=iuh mjihs' ksYaps;jQ Z{dkh ;`< wjsksYaps;
iajNdjhla ;snsh fkdyels nejska nq|=iuh fuu ;;ajh fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK
17

18. wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz {dkh Wmojd .ekSug
ndOdldrS jkakla f,i fmkajd oS we;'
iuzNdjs;dj wjsksYaps; ;;ajhla nejska fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Z{dk jsNd.
moku .fjzIKh lsrSfuys ,d fyda fu;a;d ixl,amh jrAOkh lsrSfuys ,d fulS jsOsl@uh uZ.ska
tlS ixl,am jO!kh lr.kakdg lsis|= wkqn,hla ,efn;ehs is;Su W.ygh' fulS wjsksYaps;
;;ajh udkisl wdjrKhla we;s lrjkakla o jk fyhska fu;a;d ixl,amfhys jrAOkhg th o
ndOdldrSh' ulaksido h;a fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Wmrsu jrAOkh mj;skafka mrsmQrAK udkisl
ksoyi flaJ|@fldgf.k jSuhs' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Z{k jsNd.fhys oSo fu;a;d ixl,amh
iuznJOfhka b;du ksjeros jsksYaphla lsrSug kuz tys l@shdjka jsksYaphg ndZOd we;slrjk
;;ajhka oek yZ|=kdf.k tu ;;ajhka |=re lsrSug W;aiyj;a jsh hq;` fjz' jsjsO jsmrs; oDIaGSka
ukfiys we;sjSug yd tu oDIagSka uZ.ska fu;a;d ixl,amhg ndOd we;s lrjSug;a m@Odku fya;`j
fu;a;d ixl,amfhys l@shd;drSFjh ms<snZoj ksis jegySula yd we.hSula fkdue;s nj fjz' ksis fia
we.hSfuz l@shdj<sh is|=jkafka kuz ta fya;`fldgf.k cSjk m@;smodj wF:!j;a lr.ekSug th
bjy,a lr.; yelsh' fuys oS we;s .egZMj kuz tfia cSjk m@;smodjka wF:!j;a lr.ekSfuz
wjia:djka wjujSu yd tfia fkdlr.ekSfuz wjia:djka nyq,njhs'35
NjHrEm;d hkak nq|=r|=kaf.a jspdrhg ,lajS m@;sfCIam jQjls' m@jSKhkaf.a u;h
uska woyialrhs' lsishuz Ys,amhla .ek iuyr mqoa.,hka olajk l`Y,;djh wkqj Tjqka lshk
yeu fohlau wjspdrfhka ms<s.ekSuhs' fuhg fya;`j hula lshk mqoa.,hd wkqj iuyreka ta
lshk foa ms<s.kakg leu;sjSuhs' iuyrjsg wm hula ms<s.kafka Tyqf.a ndysr m@isoaOsh wkqjhs'
iufKda fkd .re hkafkys oS tu ndysr m@isoaOsh ms<s.kakg is|=fjhs' fuzjd fufia ms<s.kakg
fya;`j tfia ms<s.;a foa we;euzjsg i;H jsh yelshs' tfy;a wi;HjSug o mqZMjk' tksid fuzjd
Z{dfkdamdh f,i fn#oaO orAYkh fkdms<s.kshs' jevs fokd hula ms<s.;a muKska fkdjsuid
ms<s.ekSula fn#oaO orAYkfhys fkdue;' iuyr wd.usl l;!Djrekag irAjZ{;d Z{dkh fkdue;s
ksid ta whf.a uqjska .s,sfyk ishZMjpk i;Hhehs ms<s.ekSug fkdyelsh' uqZMuskau wi;H fj;;a
fyda fkdfj;;a i;H yd wi;H yd folskau uqiq jQ b.ekajSuz mej;sh yels nejsks' fu;a;d
ixl,amh iuznJOfhka ie,l~jsg th m<uqfjka we;slr.; hq;af;a o jrAOkh l< hq;af;a o
wi;H uqZMuksu rys; iajNdjhl isghs' tnejska nq|=iufhka mrsndysr fjk;a iuhhka ;`<
fu;a;d ixl,amh iudk fjk;a b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a jQj;a thska lsis f,ilska fu;a;d ixl,amh
woyia fkdjk nj yd ta yd iudk ;;ajfhka tlS ixl,am jrAOkh fj;ehs ms<s.; fkdyelsh'
fuh lf;da,sl oyu ;`< fm@auh ixl,amh fyda yska|= oyu ;`< Nla;sh ixl,amh fyda bia,duz
oyu ;`< ifydaorFjh ixl,amh fyda fjk;a Bg iudk fjk;a ixl,am jsh yelsh' fuhska
woyia jkafka ta ixl,am uqZMukskau wi;H lshd my;a fldg i,ld neyer lsrSu fkdj fu;a;d
ixl,amhg idfmaCIlj tys w.h oelajSuls'
18

19. nq|=ka jykafiaf.a Z{dkh mrsmQrAK nejska Wkajykafia jsiska bosrsm;a lrk ,o
ixl,amj, mejlsfhao tu mrsmQrAKFjhuh' fuz wkqj hula nqoaO jpkhkuz th iqNdIs;
jpkhla f,i ie,lsh yelsh' thg fya;`j nq|=r|=ka o irAjZ{ nejsks' irAjZ{ hkak nq|=r|=ka
jsiska jsjsOdldr f,i js.@yfldg we;' irAjZ{jSu fyda fkdjSu js.@yhg wkqj mj;S' th ;udg
.e<fmk nj iZoykafldg we;' wfkla wd.uz j, irAjZ{ hkak ish,a, olS hk wrA:fhka f.k
we;' tfy;a iEufudfyd;u we;s irAjZ{ njla ;ukajykafiag fkdue;s nj nq|=rcdKkajykafia
m@ldY l<y' ks.KaGkd:mq;a; yg iEu fudfyd;lu mj;akd irAjZ{ njla we;s nj lshhs'
tfy;a tnZ|= irAjZ{ njla fkdue;s nj o th ms<s.; fkdyels nj o ;ukajykafiag tnZ|=
irAjZ{ njla fkdue;s nj o f;jscAcd jpzPf.d;a; iQ;@fhys iZoyka lr;s'36 nq|=ka jykafiaf.a
fuu m@ldYh ms<snZoj iZoyka lrk jsg o th b;du;a fu;a;d iy.; njska hqla; meyeos,s
lsrSula nejz yZ|=kd .; yelsh' iajlSh Y@djlhd jsIfhys ksrka;rfhka i;Hh usi lsisjsfgl
Wkajykafia wi;H Ndjs;hg fkdf.k we;s wdldrh wkqj Wkajykafia ;`< mej;s wm@udK
fu;a;d fpz;kdj yZ|=kd.; yelsh'
;ukajykafia ieujsgu irAjZ{ hehs lshku;h m@;sfCIamlrk nq|=kajykafia
hfula ud irAjZ{ hehs lshhskuz Tyqug wi;Hfhka fodaIdfrdamKh ( wnzNdpslaLkh ) lrk
nj;a" hfula ud ;@sjsoHd okafkahehs lshkafkakuz th kshu;;ajh m@ldY lsrSula hehs lsh;s' fuzz
u;h ;yjqrelrk idOlhla kuz mgsiuzNsodu.a. yd l:dj;a:qj hk miqld,Sk lD;Skays
inznZ[aZC|+ inznoiaidjS hk fh|=uz yer iZ.s idys;Hfhys lsisu ;ekl nq|=rcdKkajykafia
yeZoskajSug irAjZ{ hk jpkh fkdfhoSuhs' nqoaO NdIs;h fu;a;d ixl,amfhka hqla; jQjla
jkafka lsisjsgl wi;H wdfrdamKhla uZ.ska ;ukaf.a oekqu Wiia fldg ie,lSula nq|= ysushka
jsiska lsisjsfgl fkdlr we;s nejsks' wi;H Ndjs;d lsrSu wkHhka rejgSula jk w;r ths is|=
lrkqfha fu;a;d ixl,amfhka neyer jQ ;;ajhka ;`< oS nejz ukdj meyeos,s jk fyhsks'
by; iZoyka lrk ,o fya;` ksid NnznrEm;djh fyj;a hym;a hehs
Wml,amkh lr.kakd fu;a;d ixl,amh m@Z{d f.dapr fkdjkakd jQ usKquz oZvq Wmfhda.S
fldgf.k jsYaf,aIKh lsrSu hqla;s hqla; fkdfjz' ms<s.kakd ,o Z{dk jsNd. uQ<OrAu wkqj
tjeks usKqulska fu;a;d ixl,amh jsksYaph fldg t<fUkq ,nkakd jQ ks.uhka o idjoH fjz'
fu;a;d ixl,amh nZ|= m@cdkk" wdfjzok yd prAhduh jYfhka wF:! iuzmkak jk ixl,amhla
mqZM,a iajrEmfhka jskd tlSh oDIaGsfldaKhlska uek w.h l< yelsfohla fkdfjz'.37
tfukau {dkh ;ukau ,nd .ekSfuys l@shdj,sfhys oS lshkq ,nkakd fyj;a
wpdrAh u;dkQl~, nj u;u t<aUS ( Cousultations of Preceptor ) lsis|= pspdr mQj!l
wdl,amhlska f;drj ks.ukj,g t<USu wfhda.Hnj nq|=iuh fmkajdfohs' .`rejrhdf.a
jpkhg ieuod ieufoku .rel< hq;`h' ta ms<snZoj lsis|= lsis|= jsjdohla ;snsh fkdyel' kuq;a
fuys wvqmdvqj jkafka .`rejrhd f.a jpkh YsIHhd fld;ruz wjfndaOfhka hq;`j ms<smoskjdo
19

20. hk ldrkhhs' jspdrmQj!l Ndjfha jeo.;a nj biau;`jkqfha fuu ia:dkfhaoShs' we;euzjsg {dkh
w;am;a lr.ekSfuz l@shdj,sfhys oS fjfyi wu;ljSuz jeks fya;`ksid .`rejrhdg huz huz
w;miqjSuz we;sjsh yelsh' tjsg uekjska ijka fok YsIHhdf.a hq;`lu jkafka ffu;@S iy.;j yd
f.#rj mQrAjlj .`rejrhdg tu ia:dk fmkajdoSuhs uydj.a. md,sfha j;a;laLJOlfha oS
wdpdrAh WmdOHdh yd ioaOsjsydrsl j;aj, oS nq|=r|=ka fuz lreKq uekjska jsia;r lr oS ;sfnz'
tnejska fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh
jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz jsOsl@uhka ms<snZo js.@yfha oS fulS wxYfhka muKla th iSudfldg
mej;Sfuz |=rAj,;djh fuys oS fmkajd fokq ,nhs'
wdpdrAh u;hg f.#rjfhka hula ms<s.ekSu iufKda fkd .re hkafkka woyia
lrhss' .`rejrhd flfrys oevs f.#rjfhka Tyq mjik iEufohlau wOdk.@dySj wjspdrfhka
ms<s.ekSu nq|=iufha Z{dk udrA.hg wkqj wkqu; fkdl< yelalls'38 nqoaO ld,Sk Igz
Ydia;Djreka yd Wrefjz, ldYHm" koS ldYHm yd .hdldYHm hk ;`kanE cgs,hka ms<snZoj
fn#oaO idys;Hfhys iZoykajk l:dmqj;a fuhg fydZo ksoiqkls' tkuz ;u .`rejrhd flfrka
tk u; isoaOdka; jYfhka f.k mqoa.,hd yd iudch ;`< frdamKhlsrSug W;aiyf.k we;'
fuz ld,fhys jeo.;alu jQfha YsIH ixLHdj wkqj .`rejrhdf.a ;;ajh uekSuhs' ;ud jgd jevsu
ixLHdjla YsIHhska /ialrf.k ;udf.a ms<sfj<g Tjqkao yev .eiajSu tl< isrs;hs' tu ksid
fuz wmf.a .`rejrhd wm jsiska mQckSh hhs hk wrA:fhka Tyqf.a ishZM u;hka fukau yeu
l@shdjlau wjspdrfhka i;Hhehs ms<s.ekSuhs' tfy;a iajlSh m@Z{d ,dNhg fuh wys;lr nj;a
tu ksid m@Z{dj leu;s mqoa.,hd fuh;a w;ay< hq;`nj nq|=rcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<y'39
fojshka fj;ska fudaCIh wfmaCId l< hq.h ffjosl pska;kfhka o yAgeyn`
fudaCIh wfmaCId l< hq.h n@dyauK pska;kfhka o, wdOHd;ausl jYfhka ika;dk.; ixjrh
mdrsY`oaOsh yd Z{dkh uZ.ska jsuqla;sh wfmaCId l< hq.h WmksIoa pska;kfhka o ms<snsUq fjz'40
l@shdjkaf.a jsksYaph ms<snZo Ndysr idOl bj;,uska mqoa., jgskdlu wjOdrKh lrjSfuz
keUqrej uska fmfka' jsfYaIfhka fu;a;d ixl,amh fya;`fldg f.k mqoa., l@shdldrSFjh ffcj
ys;jdoS whqrska ilia jkafka flfiao hkakg ukd ms<s;`rla fuhska iemfha' usksid wd;aujdoS
oDIaGsh fj;g keUqrejSfuz oevs m@jKd;dj fya;`fldgf.k fu;a;d ixl,amfhys l@shdldrSFjh
wju jSu;a tu oDIaGsfhka |=rej;au jv jvd;a wkHhka flfrys us;@YS,S wdl,amhlska lghq;` l<
yels m@jK;djh wOsljSu;a jsoHudk fjz'41 TzkEu wjia:djl wd;audrA:lduS yeZ.Su biau;` jSu
fu;a;d ixl,amfhys meje;aug wys;lr ;;ajhla Wodlrjkakla jsh' fu;a;d ixl,amh
iyfhda.S;djh iudkFj;djh yd us;@YS,S Ndjh flaJ|@fldgf.k meKkeZ.`kq m@cdkk" wdfjzok
yd prAhduh me;slv ;`fkka iukajs; idrOu!hla jSu ksid Bg m@;sjsreoaO fuday uQ,sl fyda
oafjzI uQ,sl ixl,amhka fya;`fldgf.k thg ndOdldrS jd;djrKhla yg.ekSu
ksrdhdifhkau is|= fjz' fuhska is|=jkqfha ffu;@sfhys mrsmQrAK wjOsnj ke;fyd;a jslis; nj
we;s fkdjZSuhs' nq|=iufhka mrsndysr we;euz iuhka;`< olakg ,efnkafka fuz wdldrfha fu;a;d
20

21. ixl,amhls' tys oS fu;a;d ixl,amfhka ksrEmKh
lr oelafjkakd jQ fohu fjk;a kduhlska hqla;j
ffu;@sh ;ruz mrsmQrAKj fkdj Bg jvd wvq
;,hlska hqla;j ;sfnkq oelsh yelshs' fm@aufhys
fukau ifydorFjfhys o oel.; yels jkafka
funZ|= ;;ajhls' fmros. fukau wmros. o uq,a
ld,Sk iuh ixl,amhkays us;@ ixl,amh fyda
us;@ksiuz ( Mthranism ) f,i fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys huzlsis uQ,sl iajrEmhla .enzjqj o
jrA;udkh jk jsg tlS ;;ajh oel.; fkdyel'
fmros. kuz mQrAj ffjosl hq.h yd wjros. kuz
mrAishdkq hq.h hk ld, jljdkq ;`< wdikak
jYfhka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys uQ,sl jrAOkd;aul
wjia:djla jsoHudk jsh' tfy;a uq,a hq.fhka miqj
fuz fulS jrAOkd;aul wjia:dj blaujd fu;a;d
ixl,amh .uka l< njg we;s idOl b;du;a
jsr<h' fuhg fya;` jQfha ful, iuh ixl,am
iuZ. b;d iS>@fhka jrAOkh fjuska mej;s wd;au
ixl,amh iuZ. ;ud hkqfjka mqoa.,FjfrdamK
woyia jHdma; jSu;a iuZ.u iajlSh isrer weiqre lruska mej;s usksia Z{dkh Z{dkuh m@Ndjla
f,i msg;g jsysfokakg ;snQ wjia:dj uZ.yerS th yels,S ;j|=rg;a ;ud hkqfjka
wOHdhfrdamKh lr.kakd ,o uk%l,ams;h jgd ixflaJ|@kh jSu ksid fjk lsis|= iuh
ixl,amhlska usksia pska;k Yla;sh wjOs fkdjsKs' fuys wdikak;u m@;sM,h jQfha Z{dk
jrAOkfhys iSudj b;du mgq jS WmksIoa hq.fhka Tnzng lsis|= ie,lsh hq;` Z{dk jsN.
mokulska fu;a;d ixl,amhg lsis|= wkqn,hla fkd,enS hduhs'42 wjidk jYfhka fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys mrsmQrAK jrAOk wjia:dj nq|=iufhys i;r n@yau jsyrK hgf;a fu;a;d n@yau
jsyrKfhys we;'
WmksIoa hkafkys wF:!h wkqj .`rejrhdf.ka ryfia .`re uqIags jYfhka
,ndfok b.ekajSuz yod, ksidu fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJOfhka wF:! js.@yhka o Z{dk jsNd.
uQ< OrAu w;ska wdjD; iajNdjhla f.k mej;sKs'43 fuys iZoyka ryiH nj kuz udkisl
wdjD;Ndjhhs' fujeks wdjD; udkisl mej;`ula iajNdjhla .`re isiq fofokd w;r mej;`fha jS
kuz .`re YsIH iuznJOh o f.dvkeZ.S mej;sfha nq|=iufhys wkqolakd ,o msh mq;` fifkyi fuka
ffu;@S fpz;kdj mQrAjx.u fldg.kakd ,o hym;a wdl,amhlska fkdj jQ iajlSh hgy;a my;a
mej;`u uZ.ska flfia fyda wfkldf.a is; oskdf.k Tyq iZ.jdf.k isgskakd jQ ryia ish,a,u
oek.kakd wosgkska miqjkakd jQ lmgs mej;`ula nj meyeos,s fjz' YsIHhdf.a mCIfhka fuz
21

22. lreK fufia jk w;r .`rejrhdf.a mCIfhka ksrka;rfhkau ish YsIH msrsi iajlSh jy,qka
f,i ;ukag hgy;a my;a mej;`fuka hqla;j isgSuu wdpdrAhjrhdf.a wfmaCIdj jQ nj o fmfka'
fujka udkisl jd;djrKhla ;`< Z{dkh jeks b;d Wiia nqoaOs jsIhsl lreKq yd wdOHd;ausl
jYfhka iajlSh mdrsY`oaOsh msKsi fya;` jkakd jQ lreKq jeks foa mrmqfrka mrmqrg mej;hdfuz
bvlv b;du;au w,amh' Z{dkh jeks nqoaOs jsIhsl wka;rA.;hka yd wdOHd;ausl jYfhka iajlSh
wdOHd;ausl ;,h mdrsY`oaOsh lrd /fZ.k hkakd jQ lreKq jHdma;jSu iZoyd fydZou miqnsu
jkafka jsjD; njhs'44 kuq;a by; olajk ,o ;;ajh hgf;ys tys jHdma;shg wjYH bvlv Bg
ysus fkdjQ nejska n@yauK iuzm@odfha Z{dk jsNd. uQ< OrAuhka wkqj js.@y flfrkakd jQ fu;a;d
ixl,amh WmksIoa hq.fhka Tnzng ixjrAOkh lrd hd fkdyels jsKs'45
fuhska nqoaOsjdoSka f,i yeZoskafjkafka ;rAlh yd wkqudkh hk l@ufjzohka fol
uZ.ska oekqu ,nd .kakd jQ wd.usl yd odrAYksl fldgzGdYhkah' fuu msrsi l,ska jsia;r lrk
,o iuzm@odhjdoSkag jvd uZola by< nqoaOs ugzgula ksfhdackh lrkakdyq fj;a' thg fya;`j
;rAlh uZ.ska fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh
jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz jspdr mQrAjl iajNdjh Tjqka jsiska hul i;Hdi;H;djh ks.ukh
lsrSu msKsi fhdod .kq ,enQ nejsks' tfukau ;rAlh uZ.ska ,nd .kakd ,o Z{dkh ia:sr oekqula
f,iska i,ld ta u; msysgd ;ukag iDcqj w;am;a lr.; fkdyels oekqu wkqudkh weiqrska ,nd
.ekSu fudjqka jsiska l@shd;aul lr ;snsks' fudjqka jsiska Ndjs;d lrkq ,enqjd jQ ;rAlh yd
wkqudkh hk jsOsl@uhka fol fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh"
wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz oekqu ,nd .ekSfuz oS ksjeros jspdr mQrAjl
pska;kh wjOs lrk jsOsl@u folla f,iska i,lkq ,enQj;a tu jsOsl@uhka fol o uqZMukskau
wOdk.@dySj Ndjs;d lsrSu Tjqkaf.a l@ufjzofhys olakg ;snQ |=rAj,;djh f,iska ie,fla' ikaol
iQ;@fhys oS fuu l@ufjzoh uZ.ska ,nkakd jQ fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka
m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz Z{dkh o wiuzmQrAK tlla nj
meyeos,s lr oS ;sfnz'46 fuu fldgzGdYh kuz lr ;sfnkqfha ;lalS jSuxiS hk kdufhks'
fuz fldgig jefgkafka merKs WmksIoa fN#;sljdoSka" ixYhjdoSka"
fN#;sljdoSka" yd wdcSjlhska" ixYhjdoSka" fN#;sldoSka" yd wdcSjlhska" w;rska jevs fofklah'
;rAlh yd wkqudkh fudjqka jsiska Z{dk udrA.h f,i ms,s.kshs' fuz msrsi yZ|=kajd ;sfnkafka
;lals jsuxis kusks' ;rAlh uZ.ska ,nk Z{dkh msrsmqka Z{dkhla yegshg ms<s.kakd fldgihs' ta
pska;duh Z{dkh Tjqkaf.ka wjOdrKh fjz' ikaol iQ;@fha oS fuu l@uh o Z{dkh ,enSug
fkdiq|=iq nj wjOdrKh lr ;sfnz' ta o lreKq i;rla mdol lrf.kh'47
i.iq;la;s ;uz ms fyd;s - yrs oekqula fok ;rAlhla jsh yelsh'
ii.|=;la;s ;uz ms fyd;s - jeros oekqula fok ;rAlhla jsh yelsh'
iii.;:d ms fyd;s - tfia o jsh yelsh'
iv.wZ[aZ[:d ms fyd;s - wka whqrla o jsh yelsh'48
22

23. i;H;dj .ek ia:sr jYfhka iy;sl jsh fkdyels ksid ;rAlh o wi;`gqodhl
oekquz uZ.ls' fuz nqoaOsjdo l@uhgu we;`ZMjk Z{dk udrA. i;rla ( 4 ) ld,du iQ;@fha oS
wiuzmQrAK Z{dk udrA. jYfhka i,ld m@;sfCIam lr ;sfnz' tajd kuz
i.;lal fya;` - ;rAlhg tlZ. nejska ms,s.ekSu'
ii.kh fya;` - kHdkQl~, nejska ms<s.ekSu'
iii.wdldr mrsjs;lal - whqre jsiska ms<s.ekSu'
iv.osgzGs kscACOdklaLka;s - ;u oDIagshg tlZ. hehs ms,s.ekSu'
ld,du iQ;@fha iZoyka jk fuu Z{dk udrA. i;ru ;lals jsuxis fyj;a ;rAlh
uZ.ska ,nk Z{dkh msrsmqka Z{dk udrA.hla f,i nq|= iuh ms,s.kshs' tfy;a nq|=iuh msrsmqka
i;Hh ,enSug by; lS Z{dk udrA. i;r wiu;a fyhska ;rAlh Z{dkh ,enSfuz tlu udrA.h
f,i m@udKh lr .ekSu nq|=iuh neyer lrhs'49 ;rAlkh jkdyS fu;a;d ixl,amh
iuznJOfhka l@shdlsrSug fkdiq|=iq l@ufjzohla jYfhka o fmkajd osh yelsh' ;rAlkh fndfyda
|=rg jpk fyj;a ixjdlH u; rZod mj;skakd jQ jsoHd;aul l@ufjzohls' fu;a;d ixl,amh
jpkh wNsnjkh l< ps;a; ixl,amhla jk nejska fu;a;d ixl,amfhys iuzmQrAK jmirsh
;rAlkfhka wdjrKh lr.; fkdyelsh' tnejska fu;a;d ixl,amhg ;rAlkfhka lsishuz
wdf,dalhla fyj;a b;du;a iqZM meyeos,s lsrSuz fldgila jsia;r lsrSuz jYfhka ,nd .; yels
jqj;a uqZMukskau fu;a;d ixl,amh jsYaf,aIKh lsrSug ;rAlkh iq|=iq l@ufjzohla hehs
ms<sfkd.efka' we;euzjsg fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj ;rAlkfhka muKla fyda ;rAlkh flJ|@
lrf.k muKla fyda wF:!l:kh lrkakg hEu ydkslr jQjla o jsh yelsh' tjsg i;Hh jsia;r
lsrSug fukau wjfndOhg we;s udrA.hg uqZMukau fyda fldgila bka wdjrKh jsh yels nejsks'
wfkla w;g fu;a;d ixl,amh jO!kh lsrSfuz oS fukau jO!kh lr.kakd ,o fu;a;d ixl,amh
Ndjs;fha oSo ;rAlkh ksIam@fhdackh' ;rAlkh jvd;a keUqre;djla olajkafka fN#;sl foa
ms<snZoj is;ard;aul meyeos,s lsrSuz wrUhd muKla jk w;r w;SJ|@hs m@;HCIh jsYaf,aIKh
wrUhd fkdjk nejska o ;rAlkh fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJOfhka Wps; yd jvd;a fhda.H Z{dk
jsNd. jsOsl@uhla f,i ms<s.ekSug md;@ fkdfjz'
fuu nqoaOsjdoS ( Rationalists ) fldgig wh;a jk ld,du iQ;@fhys fmfkk
Z{dk udrA.hla jkqfha ;lal fya;` ( Logical Implication ) kuz ;rAlh tlu Z{dk udrA.h
jYfhka ms,s.;a fldgihs'50 n@dyauK iuzm@odh hgf;a WmksIoa hq.h ;`< nsys jQ tu n@dyauK
iuzm@odfha hd.h yd hZ{h hk foflys wudkqIsl ukqIH yd iFj >d;kj,g jsreoaOj
jsfrdaOdl,am f.dkq l< msrsi Tjqkaf.a ;rAlh Wmfhda.S lr .;ay' i;H jYfhkau WmksIoa
hq.h ;`< nsys jQ wd.usl lKavdhuz WmksIoa hq.h ;`< nsys jQ wd.usl lKavdhuz WmksIoa we;euz
b.ekajSuz m@ldY l, wh uki fY#;sl m@ia;`;hla jYfhka ie,l~y'51 PdfJod.H WmksIofha
23

24. m@Odk odrAYkslhd f,i ie,flk Woaod,l wdreKS ( f.da;u ) iDIsjrhd fuz u;h oerE wfhls'
Tyq uki wd;aufhka fjka jQ fN#;sl |@jHhla jYfhka yZ|=kajd ;sfnz'52
fuu woyia WmksIoa b.ekajSuz ;`<ska u;` jqfka iFj >d;k jsuqla;sh me;~
ysxidjdoS n@dyauK b.ekajSuzj,g jsreoaOjsug tu b.ekajSuzj,g myr .eiSu mru idrOu!hla
wjsysxidjla f,i Tjqka jsiska ie,l~ nejsks'53 kuq;a fN#;sljdoS rduqjla msg idrOu! ms,snZo lsis|=
wdpdr jsoHd;aul miqnsula n, fkdmeje;afjk nj Tjqkag jegySula fkdjsks' fuz ksid idrOuSh
mCIfhka fuz WmksIoa b.ekajSuz wiuzmQrAK f,i ie,fla' Y@uK iuzm@odh w;rska wcs;
flailuzn, oerE fN#;sljdoS orAYkh o wh;a jkafka fuu fldgighs'54
pdrAjdl orAYkh uZ.ska o fuu fN#;sljdoS b.ekajSuz Yla;su;a jsh'55 ld,du
i@;@fha oS fuu b.ekajSuz msrsmqka Z{dk udrA. f,i ms,s fkd.kafka idrOu! jrAOkh iZoyd bka
lsis|= msgqjy,la fkdie,fik yq|= fN#;sljdoS b.ekajSula nejsks' ;rAlh .`re lr.;a ;j;a
fldgila jQfha ixYhjdoSkaf.a fyj;a ielh mdol lr b.ekajSuz bosrsm;a l< wd.usl
iuzm@odhhs'
Y@uK iuzm@odh w;rska ixch fn,a,gzGsmq;a; Ydia;Djrhd funZ|= wd.usl
b.ekajSula bosrsm;a l< flfkls'56 Tyqf.a b.ekajSuz wurd jslafLzmjdoh kuska yeZoskafjk
wfZ{hjdoS" ixYhjdoS ia:djrhla weiqre l<d jQ orAYk udrA.hla jsh' Z{dk jsNd.Sh jYfhka
Tyq Ndjs;d lrkq ,enQ ixYhjdoS ia:djrh lsis|= idrOu! jO!k l@shdj<shlg ;`vq fkd|=ka
b.ekajSula jsh' thska m@Odk jYfhka is|= flrefka oDIaGs .@yKh lsrSfuka je<lS isgSu muKs'
idrOu! jO!kh lsrSfuz lsis|= ms<sfj;la bosrsm;a fkdjQ ksidu fuu b.ekajSuz Z{dk udrA.hla f,i
wiuzmQrAK wdjD; jeiqKq udkisl ugzgula nsys lrjkakd jQ u;jdo jsh'
tu ksid Z{dk udrA.hla f,i fuu ixYhjdoSkaf.a b.ekajSuz wiuzmqrAK nejska
ld,du iQ;@h uZ.ska tajd neyer flfrA' ixYh kuz ielh .`re ldg .kq ,enQ fldgihs'
idudkHfhka ielh udkisl |=rAj,;djhla jYfhka oelafj;;a fuys oS odrAYksl mCIfhka
ielh oekqu fyda Z[dkh ,nd .ekSfuz ms<sfjf;ys bosrshg .uka lsrSug uy;a fia wdOdr WmldrS
jk nejska odrAYsksl ms<sfj;la jYfhka ielh jsia;r flfrkafka ixYh hk kusks' fuu
fldgig wh;a jkqfha o nqoaOsjdoSka jk ( Rationalists ) ;rAlh yd wkqudkh m@udKh
fldg.;a msrsighs' nqoaOsjdoS iuzm@odh wh;ajk B <Z. fldgi jQfha wdcsjlhkah' wdcSjlfhda
wlsrshjdoh flaJ|@fldg.;a wfy;`ljdoh ixidr Y`oaOsjdoh jeks b.ekajSuz oerEy' wdcsjlfhda
mdruzmrsl .`rejre ;sfofkl` .ek jsYajdi l<y' kkao jpzp" lsi ixlspzp hk mQrAj
.`rejrekag wk;`rej Tjqkaf.a Ou!h m@pdrh l< f;fjks .`rejrhd jQfha Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a
ulaL,S f.daid,h'
24

25. wdcSjlhkaf.a kdhlhd f,i yeZoskafjk ulaL,S f.daid, ms,snZoj ffckhkaf.a
miqfjks wx.h jQ Nd.j;S iQ;@fhys iZoyka fjkafka ulaL,S f.daid, msZvqisZ.d je<ZoSfuka cSjsldj
f.k.sh mqoa.,fhl` njhs' ulaL,S f.daid, bosrsm;a l< ksh;s ix.;sjdoh ( Determinism)
uZ.ska mqoa., iajpzPJo;djh ( Free Will ) m@;sfCIamjk nejska jsjD; udkislFjhlg ta uZ.ska
ndOdjk nj;a" fufia wdjD; udkislFjh fya;`fldgf.k idrOu! mCIfhka usksiqka w.;s.duS
lrjk oyula nj;a" lshd nq|=r|=ka b;d ;oska fulS Z{dk jsNd.Sh ia:rh m@;sfCIam l< whqre
wx.`;a;r ksldfhys olakg ,efnz' " ulaL,S " kuz fuda> mqreIhd usksiqka w,a,k flukla jeks
hhs tys oS nq|=r|=ka olajd we;'57 we;euzjsg idudkH fmd|= ck;dj w;r fudyqf.a Ou!h fnfyjska
ckm@shj mj;skakg we;s nj by; nq|=r|=ka fudyqf.a Ou!hg usksiqka jiZ.j .sh wdldrh olajk
,o iZoyk wkqj fmfka'
;rAlh ;j;a Z{dfkdamdhls' yq|=flaj, ;rAlhu u;msysgd Z{dkh ,o yels hehs
nq|=kajykafia fkd jod<y' tuksid ;rAlhu; Z{dkh ,enSu nq|=r|=kag wNsu; fkdfjz'
ml`Olpzpdhk bosrsm;a lf<a ;rAlh u; f.dvkeZ.`Kq orAYkhls'58 ;lal mrsydlfoa i;H jSug
o wi;H jSug o bvwe;' tfy;a i;Hh ks;ru ;rAldkQl~,hs' fn#oaO orAYkfha w.h lrkafka
m@;HCIKfhka m@;Hd;aufjzokSh jYfhka ,nd.kakd Z{dkhhs' ( mpzp;a;x fjzos;nzfnda
jsZ[aZC|+yS;s ) Y@e;shg yd wdma;hg nq|=iuh myrfokafka tnejsks'59
;rAlfhka fyda Y@e;sfhka fyda wdma;fhka fyda fkdj hula ms<s.; hq;af;a
Z{dkhu fufyhjd nj;a nqoaO jpkh mjd tfia Z{dkh fufyhjd ms<s.; hq;` nj;a" ld,du
iQ;@fhys iZoykalr;s' fn#oaO b.ekajSuz wkqj ;rAlYnzofhka .uHjk wrA:lsysmhla we;'60
nq|=iufhys ;rAlh m@;sfCIam lrkafka thska lskuz wrA:hlska o hk nj jsuish hq;`hs' thg
fya;`j nq|=iufhyso ;rAlh ;rAlh tla;rd iSus; m@udKhlg Wmfhda.S lr .kakd nejsks' tkuz
fn#oaO Ndjkd l@u .ek lshkjsg m@:u OHdk .; mqoa.,hdg ;u is;`js,s yiqrejd .ekSfuz oS
;rAlh wjYHnj iZoyka lr;s'61 fu;a;d ixl,amh jrAOkh uZ.ska m@:u OHdkh Wmojd .ekSfuz
oS tu OHdk.; mqoa.,hdyg we;s jk jsrA;rAlh kuz jQ OHdkdx.h uZ.ska m@ldY jkqfha o fuu
;rAlk iajNdjhhs' fuhska meyeos,s fjkafka fu;a;d ixl,amfhys iajrEmh m@ldY lsrSfuz oS th
jsOsu;aj ;rAlkh l@shdj<shla uZ.ska meyeos,s l< yels jqj;a mrsmQrAK ixl,amfhys wka;rA.;
ishZm lreKq tfiau ;rAlkh uz.ska muKla oelajSug fkdyels njhs' ulaksido h;a m@:o OHdk
;,fhys isg ;j;a OHdk ;, olajd fn#oaO Ndjkd l@u uZ.ska lsishuz ixl,amhla jevs |=rg;a
ixjrAOkh lsrSfuz yelshdj mj;sk nejsks'
ishZM woyia ie,ls,a,g .;a jsg ;rAl Ynzofhka .uHudk wrA: lsysmhla we;s
nj meyeos,sh' thska fn#oaO orAYkd.; Z{dk udrA.h ;rAlkh ms<s.kafka lskuz wrA:fhka oehs
ie,ls,a, fhduq lsrSu jeo.;a fjz' nq|=r|=ka jsiska ;rAlkh ms<snZoj olajk ,o wjOdkh my;
iZoyka wdldrfhka fm< .eiajsh yelsh'
25

26. i. ;rAlh hkq wodk.@dyS fkdjk njhs' fuz wrA:fhka nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;rAlh m@;sfCIam
fkdlr;s' ud wkqiaifjzk hk ;kays fuka wjspdrj;af,i .ekSfuzoS ;rAlh m@;sfCIam lr;s'
ii. ifya;`lnj ( iksodkx imamdgsydrshx ) hk wrA:h ;rAlkfhka .efkhs' imamdgsydrshx nqoafOda
Ouzuxfofia;s' hkqfjka fhfok ksid ifya;`l nj fn#oaO orAYkfhys ms<s.efkhs' tuksid
ifya;`l nj hk wrA:fhka o nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;rAlh m@;sfCIam fkd lr;s'62
iii. jspdr mQrAjl jsoHd;aul nj o ;rAlfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;` fjhs' fn#oaO orAYkfha ;rAlh
m@;sfCIam lrkafka fuz wrA:fhka o fkdfjz'63
fn#oaO orAYkfhys ;rAlh m@;sfCIamlrkafka l`uk wrA:hlskao hkakg fydZou
ksorAYkhla ikaol iQ;@fhys ths' tawkqj fmfkkafka th lsishuz m@d.dkQN~; ks.duS ;rAl l@uhla
wkqj pska;k Yla;sh fufyh jSfuka tla;rd l@shd moaO;shla wkqj ,efnkakla njhs'
m@d.dkQN~;j ;rAlfldg jsjsO ks.uk f.k h:dfndaO ;;ajh .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd.;
fkdyels nj nq|=rcdKkajykafia jod<y' ud ;lalfya;` hkafkka Wkajykafia foaYkd lf<a tu
lreKhs' tu wrA:fhka ;rAlh m@;sfCIamjsh' ks.duS f,i ;rAl lsrSfuka we;euz jsgl oS
wfmaCIs; i;Hfhys Pdhdud;@hla fyda ,efnkakg;a mqZMjk' iuyrjsg fkd ,efnkakg;a mqZMjk'
tuksid ;rAlh iuyr jsg i;H jkakg;a bv we;' wi;Hfjkakg;a bv we;' tnejska
nq|=rcdKkajykafia ;rAlh m@;sfCIam l<y'64
ikaol iQ;@fhys oS meyeos,s lrfokq ,nkafka fodaIhka i;rla ksid fuu
l@ufjzoh uZ.ska ,nkakd jQ {dkh jsOsu;a fukau irAjiuzmqrAK fkdjk njhs' uq,au fodaIh
jkqfha ;uka oekqu ,nd .ekSu msKsi Ndjs;d lrkq ,nkakd jQ ;rAlh ksjeros oekqula ,ndfok
;rAlhla jsh yels nj hkakhs'65 ;rAldkQl~, pska;kh jspdr mQrAjl iajNdjh Wreu lr.;a;la
jk kuq;a fuys we;s idjoH;djh jkafka fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka
m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz Z{dkh ,nd .ekSu msKsi Ndjs;d
lrkq ,nkakd jQ ;rAlh ksjeros ;rAlhla jsh yelsh hk ldrKhhs' th taldka;fhkau ksjeros
;rAlhla kuz th o .egZMjla fkdfjz' fuys we;s .egZMj jsh yels nj hkakhs' tys rZod mj;afka
wjsksYaps; iajNdjhhs' wjsksYaps; iajNdjh uZ.ska fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka
m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSu ms<snZoj ia:sr ks.ukhkag t<Ush
yels fkdfjz' huzlsis Z{dkhla ksrjoH kuz thska lsishuz fohla ms<snZoj ksYaps; ks.uhkag
t<USug yels jsh hq;`h' wjsksYaps; jsOsl@uhka uZ.ska ta wdldrfhka fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d
mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSu ms<snZoj
ksYaps; Z{dkhla w;am;a lr.; fkdyel'
;rAlh yd wkqudkh Z{dkh ,nd.ekSfuz tlu udrA.h f,i Ndjs;d lsrSfuz
fojk fodaIh f,i fmkajd oS ;sfnkqfha Z{dkh ,nd .ekSu msKsi Wmfhda.S lr.kakd jQ ;rAlh
jeros oekqula ,ndfok ;rAlhla jsh yels njhs'66 ;rAlfhka ,nd .kakd ,o oekqu wkqudkh
26

27. mdol lrf.k ;j;a bosrshg f.khdu f;areula fkdjkafka ;rAlh fukau ;rAlh Wmfhda.S
lr.kakd ,o oekqu o ksYaps; tlla fkdjk fyhsks' fuys o we;s fodaIh wjsksYaps; iajNdjhhs'
Z{dkh ,nd .ekSu msKsi Wmfhda.S lr.kakd jQ ;rAlh fyda tu ;rAlh uZ.ska ,nd .kakd jQ
Zwkqudkuh {dkh jeros hhs ksYaps; jYfhkau okafka kuz th w;ayer fjk;a jsiZ|=ulg hdfuz
yelshdj ;sfnz' kuq;a fuys we;s .egZMj jkafka th yrso jeros oehs ksYaps; jYfhkau fkdokakd
njhs' fujka wjsksYaps; ;;ajhl oS we;s lr.kakd fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka
m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz Z{dkh Wmfhda.S lr.ksuska
ksYaps; ks.ukhkag t<USug hdu fodaI iy.; nj nq|= iufhys fmkajd oS ;sfnz'
fuys f;jk fodaIh f,i ikaol iQ;@fhys fmkajd oS ;sfnkqfha tfia ta
wdldrfhka o jsh yels njhs'67 fuysoS lsishuz ks.ukhla lrd t<USu msKsi Wmfhda.S lr.kakd
,o ;rAlh yd wkqudkh o wjsksYaps; iajNdjhl ;snsh oS tuZ.ska ,nd .kakd jQ ks.ukfhys we;s
wjsksYaps; iajNdjh fuhska meyeos,s lrfokq ,nhs' ;rAlh yd wkqudkh hkq huzlsis m@ia;`;hla
ms<snZoj ks.ukhlg meusKSu msKsi Ndjs;d lrkq ,nkakd jQ jsOsl@uhls' tu jsOsl@uh o
wjsksYaps; iajNdjhl ;snsh oS tuZ.ska ,nd .kakd jQ Z{dkh wjsksYaps; iajNdjhl mej;Su
mq|=uhla fkdfjz' ta ksid tjka jsOsl@uhla fukau tjka jsOsl@uhla weiqfrka ,nd .kakd fu;a;d
ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh
lsrSfuz {dkh o ia:djr hehs ie,lSu m@Yia; fohla f,i nq|= iuh jsiska i,lkq fkd,nhs'
;rAlh yd wkqudkh Z{dkh ,nd .ekSfuz taldhk l@ufjzoh f,i ie,lSfuz
isjzjk fodaIh f,i ikaol iQ;@fhys fmkajd fokq ,nkafka th wka whqrlska o jsh yels
iajNdjhhs'68 fuys oS Z{dkh ,nd .ekSu msKsi Ndjs;d lrkq ,nkakd jQ ;rAlfhys yd
wkqudkfhys we;s idjoH;djh muKla fkdj ta msKsi Ndjs;d lsrSfuz yelshdj we;s wkH
;rAlhka yd wkqudkhkaj, we;s idjoH;djh o fuhska meyeos,s lrfokq ,nhs' tfiau ;uka
Ndjs;d lrk ;rAlhg yd wkqudkhg mrsndysrj ;j;a l@ufjzohla fyda fyda fndfyda .Kkla ta
iZoyd Wmhqla; fjz hehs ie,lSu ;`< ta iZoyd Ndjs;d lrkq ,nkafka l`uk ksYaps; l@ufjzoh oehs
ksYaps; ks.ukj,g meusKSug fuz ksid fkdyels fjz' wjsksYaps; iajNdjh rchk fujka
jd;djrKhl Ndjs;d lrkq ,nk ;rAlk l@ufjzoh jqj o jsoHd;aul mokulska fhdod .ekSug
we;s bvlv wju flfrA' jspdr mQrAjl ks.ukj,g t<USug kuz ;rAlkh jqj o Ndjs;d l<
hq;af;a jsoHd;aul mokula u; msysgd isgh' fuz hgf;a tjka ;;ajhka j<lajk nejska fuu
fodaIh fya;`fldgf.k nqoaOsjdoS l@ufjzoh uZ.ska ,nkakd jQ fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK
wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz Z{dkh wiuzmQrAK
iajNdjhla .kshs'
iuzm@odhjdoS l@ufjzoh ms<snZoj i,ld ,nk l< fuu nqoaOsjdoS l@ufjzofhys
;rul jspdr mQrAjl iajNdjhla olakg ,efn;;a" Z{dkh ,nd .ekSfuz taldhk l@ufjzohla
27

28. jYfhka fuuZ.ska ,nkakd jQ Z{dkh wiuzmQrAK wmrsmQrAK jQjla nj nq|=iuh jsiska fmkajd oS
;sfnz' ld,du iQ;@fha oS fuu nqoaOsjdoS l@uhgu wh;ajk Z{dk udrA. i;rla ( 4 ) wiuzmQrAK
nejska m@;sfCIam lr olajd we;'69 ld,du iQ;@fha oS wiuzmQrAK nejska m@;sfCIam lrk ,o
iuzmQrAK Z{dk udrA. ixLHdj oyhla ( 10 ) jk w;r fuu fldgfiys oS olajk ,o Z{dk udrA.
i;rg mrsndysrj by; iZoyka lrkakg fh|=Kq iuzm@odhjdoS l@ufjzohg wh;a Z{dk udrA.
yhla ( 6 ) o we;'
ld,du iQ;@fhys wka;rA.; nqoaOsjdoS l@ufjzohg wh;a Z{dk udrA. i;frka tla
Z{dk udrA.hla jYfhka ;drAlsl nj fmkajd oS ;sfnz'70 fuys ;drAlsl nj jYfhka js.@yfldg
olajk ,oafoa ;rAlkhg tlZ. ksid tlS ;rAlkh Ndjs;d fldg ,nd.kakd ,o lsishuz oekquz
fldgzGdYhla i;Hh hehs ks.ukhlg meusKSuhs' fuysoS ;rAlkh Ndjs;d fldg we;af;a oekqu
,nd .ekSug muKla fkdj tu oekquz fldgzGdYh taldka; jYfhka i;Hh nejz ;yjqre lsrSu
msKsih' ;rAlh jqj o Wjukdjg jvd wOdk.@dySj Ndjs;d lsrSfuys m@jKdjhla fuz ;`<
.enzjk fyhska th fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda
prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz l@shdj<sh iZoyd wfhda.H nejz nq|= iuh jsiska fmkajd fokq
,nhs'
ld,du iQ;@fhys oS m@;sfCIam lrk ,o wfkla l@uh jkqfha kHdhhg tlZ. nejska
ms<s.ekSfuz l@ufjzohhs'71 kHdhsl nj hkak lsishuz jsoHdkQl~, woyila fmroers lrf.k nsysjqk
fohla hehs fmfkk uq;a" jspdr mQrAjl njlska f;drj wOdk .@dySj kHdhdkQl~, jSu nq|= iuh
wkqu; fkdlrhs' ld,du iQ;@fhys m@;sfCIam lr olajd ;sfnkqfha wjspdr mQrAjlj kHhhkaf.a
ms,sirK me;Suhs' jsorAYkd pska;kh ;`<ska fn#oaO kHdhh fy<s fmfy<s jqj o tys we;af;a
kHdfhka wkaOjSu fkdj lsishuz jspdr mQrAjl pska;khla mqnq|=juska ta Tiafia ps;a; ixjrAOkh
we;s lr.ekSuhs' fuh flfiaj;a yqfola flaj, jYfhka fyda w;a;fkdau;slj kHdhh Ndjs;d
lsrSug iudk l< fkdyel' jsoHd;aulj jspdr mQrAjlj jsYaf,aIKfhka kHdhh nsys lsrSu
muKla fkdj th fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda
prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSu iZoyd jspdr mQrAjlj Ndjs;d lsrSu o nq|= iufhys orAYk
iuzm;a;sh jYfhka olajd we;'
kHdh fya;` ( Nomological Implication ) hk kHdh mokuz lr huzlsis
m@ia;`hla ms<snZoj idrOu! jsksYaphlg t,fUkakd jQ iuzm@odhhs' kHdh m@udK lr.kakd Z{dk
udrA.h kHdh orAYkhhs'72 kHdh Ynzofha me;`reKq ( jHdma; ) wF:!h kuz m@udKh uZ.ska wF:!
mrSCIKh hkqhs' f,dalfhys o; hq;` ish,a,u m@;HCI wdoS p;`rAjsO m@udKhkaf.ka mrSCId
lrk fyhska fuz orAYkh kHdh kuska m@isoaOh' tu p;`rAjsO m@udK kuz " m@;HCIh" wkqudkh"
Wmudk yd Ynzohhs'73 wkqudk m@udKfhys tk m@;sZ{d oS mZ[apdjhj jdlHfhdau kHdh Ynzofha
jsfYaIdrA: hhs'74 m@;HCIfhys khHdhg wjldYhla ke;' kHdfhys meje;au wkqudkfhysuh'
28

29. nq|=iufhys kHdh hkak Ndjs; jS ;sfnkqfha fid;am;a;s udrA.fhka ksrAjdKh ms<snZoj m<uqjrg
wjfndaOh ,nkakd jQ mqoa.,hd ;`< fiiq udrA. M, j, oS wjfndaO l< hq;` ksrAjdKh ms<snZoj
mj;skakd jQ wjfndaOh kHdhhla wdldrfhka mj;sk njhs' fuys oS ;uka yg wjfndaO lr.kq
,enQ m@;HCI oekqfuz msysgd isg wjfndaO fkdl< o ;uka uq,a jrg ,;a oekqu wkqj wjfndaO
fkdl< foa jqj;a fuz wldrfhka fjz hehs lsishuz jsOsl@uhlg wkqj pska;khg yiq lr.ekSfuz
mj;sk yelshdj nq|=iuh kHdhh jYfhka olajhs' nq|=iufha oS osgzGs.; iuzmhqla; kdufhka
olajd ;sfnkafka o fuz wdldrfhka m<uq jrg ksrAjdK N~ush fj; orAYk Z{dk iuzm;a;sh
Wmfhda.S fldg f.k meusKs ;eke;a;dh' fuu Z{dK iuzm;a;sh ,enSu mjd fu;a;d ixl,amh
jrAOkfhys m@;sM,hla f,i o js.@yhg md;@ jS ;sfnz'
m@;HCI wd.u folska olakd ,o foh wkqj wm@;HCI foh o wkqudkfhka wjfndaO
lrk fyhska wkqudk idOl jQ kHdh wkajSCId hhs o wkajSCISh jYfhka mj;akd fyhska
wkajSCISh jsoHd hehs o kHdh Ydia;@h yZ|=kajkq ,efnz'75 fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJOfhka ie,l~
jsg wkqudkh uZ.ska fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<SnZoj lsishuz mqoa.,fhl`yg we;s lr.; yels jkqfha
b;du;a iqZM oekquz m@udKhla nejska wkqudkh fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZo jsYaf,aIKhl oS Ndjs;d
lsrSu widrA:lh' wkqudkfhys m@udKhla jYfhka kHdh jdoSka kHdh m@udK lr.kakd kuq|=
tys wvqmdvqluz iys;h' fudjqkaf.a m@Odk m@udKh f,i .efkkafka wkqudkhhs' kHdhhg wkql~,
jQ wkqudkhhs' kHdh jkdyS ixl,amSh nejska udkisl wdjD; njla mefKa' tu ksid fudjqka
m@udK lr .kakd lsis|= m@ia;`;hlska mQK! udkisl jslis; njla we;s lrjSfuys,d wiu;a jk
nejska fudjqka bosrsm;a lrkakd jQ Z{dk udrA.h iuzmQrAK Z{dk udrA.hla f,i nq|= iuh
fkdms<s.kshs' iuHla orAYkfhka my< lr.kakd fyj;a ud.!M, jYfhka fid;am;a;s
udrA.fhka m<uq jrg ksrAjdK Od;`j iamrAY lsrSfuz kHdhh fiiq udrA. M, wjfndaO lr.ekSu
msKsi o Ndjs;d lsrSu fn#oaO kHdhh jk nejska tf,i kHdh Ndjs;fha oS mQrAK jYfhka
udkisl jslis; nj Ndjs;d lrkakd jQ kHdfhkau ie,fik fyhska tjeks wjia:dj, oS kHdhh
Z{dkh msnsojSug ndOdldrS fia ie,flkafka ke;' tjka wjia:dj, oS tlS kHdh iuHla
orAYkfhka iukajs; kHdhh hehs yZ|=kajkq ,efnz' fu;a;d ixl,amh irAj iuzmQrAK jYfhka
jrAOkh l< yels jkafka fujka iuHla orAYkfhka iukajs; kHdhhla ;`< oS muKs'
idrOu!jO!kfhys ,d fuz Z{dk udrA.h iuHla orAYkfhka iukajs; fkdjQ
taldka; kHdhh Ndjs;d lsrSu wi;`gqodhlh' idrOu! jO!kfhys ,d fuz Z{dk jsNd.h
wi;`gqodhlh' tfuka u wkqudk m@udKh Ndjs;d fldg Z{dkh .fjzIKh lsrSfuz oS Bg Ndjs;d
lrk ,o kduhla kuz ;rAlhhs' ;rAlhg wu;rj jdo kdufhka .efkk ;rAlhg iq|=iq fya;`
bosrsm;a lsrSu o lr we;' fufia fyhska ld,du iQ;@fha olajk wdldrhg idr Ou! msnsojSu iZoyd
wjYHlrk pska;k ksoyi mQrAK jYfhka kHdh .`re fldg .;a fuz lKavdhuz ;`,ska m@udKh
fkdlrk ,o nj fmfka' ksoiqkla f,i mgspzp iuq;amdo kHdh kshudldrfhka Ndjs;d lrkakd
jQ mqoa.,fhl` jsiska tlS kHdhdkqidrfhka wjfndaO lr.kakd ,o fida;dm;a;s udrA.M,h
29

30. iajlSh pska;k ksoyi ksis whqrska kHdhdkQl~,j pska;kh fhduq lsrSu uZ.ska w;am;a lr.kakd
,o ps;a; jsuqla;shla f,i fmkajd osh yelsh' mqoa.,fhl` jsiska fu;a;d ixl,amh Ndjs;d lsrSu
uZ.ska pska;kfhys .enzjk oafjzI ixl,am bj;alr pska;kh ishZM oDIaGsj,ska ksoyia lr.ekSu
uZ.ska Wod lr.kakd fpzf;dajsuqla;s .; fid;dm;a;s udrA.M,h lrKsh fu;a;d iQ;@fhys
osgzG.; iuzmq;a; kdufhka olajd we;' fuys osgzGs hk jpkh jHjydr lr we;af;a ishZM
oDIaGsjdo j,ska is; ksoyia lr.kq ,enQ mqoa.,hd ,nd.;a udkisl ksoyi ksjeros oDIaGshla
fiajkh lsrSu hkqfjka olajd we;'
khfya;` nq|=rcdKkajykafia jsiska m@;sfCIams; wgfjks Z{dfkdamdhhhs'
khfya;` ms<snZoj jsuiSfuz oS jsfYaIfhka wmf.a wjOdkh ffck ima;Nx.S kHdh (
wfkaldka;jdoh ) yd wkqudk m@udKh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;`h'76 ffckYdia;D
jO!udk uydjSr nq|=r|=ka Orudk ld,fhysu ush.sh nj ld,du iQ;@fhysu iZoykajk nejska
Wkajykafiaf.a iuld,slfhl` jYfhka Tyqf.a b.ekajSu flfrys ie,ls,a, fhduq lsrSu
jeo.;ah' ffck ima;Nx.S kh o Tyqf.a foaYkdjls' iHdoajdoh hkq o fuhgu jHjydr jkakls'
ffckd.u f.dvkeZ.S we;af;a tu iHdoajdoh fkdfyd;a ima;Nx.S kHdh u; nj ( iHdoajdfodNs
ffckd.u imnScuz ) ffck orAYkidrkuz lD;shg wkqj ks.ukh l< yelshs' wfkla w;g
iHdoajdoh wfkaldka; nj o iZoyka l< hq;`hs' wfkaldka; isoaOdka;h tys mokuh' ( iHdos;s
wjHhx wfkaldka; foHda;lx l;%iHdoajdfod wfkaldka;jdfoda ks;H wks;HdoS wfkalOrAu
Ynff,l jia;` wNm@m.u b;s ) ( iHdoa wia;s ) hula ta iajrEmfhkau jSu ( iHdoa kdia;s ) hul
fkd ;snSu ( iHdoa wjla;jHh ) huz lsisjla fjz kuz thg ysus ;;ajh lsj fkd yels nj
fkdfyd;a wksrAjpkSh nj ( iHdoia;s kdia;Hjla;jH ) hula we;s njla fyda ke;s njla fyda lsj
fkd yels nj fuz ima;Nx.S khhs'77 fufia fkdfhla wdldrfhka is|= jsu lsishuz wjsksYaps;
;;ajhla miqnsuz fldg f.dv kefZ.kakd jQ lreKls' tnZ|= wjsksYaps; miqnsula fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys mrsmQrAK jslis;jSulg wjldY i,iajd fo;ehs ms<s.ekSug wiSreh' ffck iufhys
iZoyka mru wjsysxidjoh f.dvkeZ.S we;af;a iHdoajdoh flaJ|@fldgf.kh' ta wkqj Tjqka jsiska
wF:!l:kh lrk wjsidxidjdofhys l@shd;aul iajrEmh l`ukdldrfhka fjzoehs ksYaph lsrSug
Tjqka wfmdfydi;a jS ;sfnz' fuz fya;`j ksid wjsysxidj f.dvkeZ.Sug udkisl miqnsul
wjYH;djla fkdoel fpz;kdfjka mrsndysrj th usksid jsiska is|= lrk iEu ldhsl l@shdjla
miqmiu wpspdr mQrAjl f,i wkjr;fhka yZUdhdulg fm<U jS we;' fuz fya;`j ksid Tjqka
jsiska fmkajd fokq ,nk mru wjsysxidj jkdyS mqoa.,hd jsiska is|= lrkq ,nk iEu ldhsl
l@shdjlu jsr;sh nj oelajSug ;ruz wka;.duS njlg Tjqka ;,a,q jS isgs nj meyeos,sju f;areuz
.; yelsh'
f,#lsl pska;kh oshqKqjSug ( bO f,dal pska;dh ) usi mrf,dj oshqKqj iZoyd (
mrf,dal pska;dh ) fuzjd fya;` fkdjknj;a"funZ|= m@udKhkaf.ka t<fUk pska;k ksYaps;
30

31. jYfhka i;Hhehs ks.ukh l< fkd yels nj;a" idudkH Z{dkh usi mQrAK m@;HCI Z{dkhla
fuz uZ.ska fkd,efnk nj;a" tuksid Z{dfkdmdh f,i fuzjd .; fkd yels nj;a fn#oaO u;hhs'
Z{dfkdamdhhla jYfhka ;;ald,Sk iuyr odrAYkslhka jsiska wkqudkh o
ms<sf.k we;' mgspzp iuqmamdoh jsia;rlrk iuyr wjia:dj, wkajhZ{dkh .ek iZoyka fjz'
ld,hla ;siafia m@jD;a;jQ isoaOshl tal iajrEmh foi n,d th wkd.; ld,fhys is|= fj;ehs
fuhska woyia lrhs' fn#oaO orAYkfhys wkqudkhg ,efnk ;ek wkqudk iQ;@fhys iZoykafjhs'
tludkhla wkqj ;j;a udkhla .ekSu wkqudkhhs' flfkla ;uka .ek is;uska wkqka .ek o
tfiau is;hs kuz th idjoH jQjla nj nqoaO jpkfhys iZoykaj we;'78 wkqudkfhka wjsmrS;
Z{dkh fkd,efnz' bka ,efnkafka idudkH Z{dkh muKls' th ,sx.iuznJOh wkqj
ixjdlHdkqidrfhka ,efnk oekquls' fuh m@;HCI oekqula jSug kuz th ;uka jsiska ;ukaf.au
w;SJ|@sh m@;HCIfhka wjfndaO fldgf.k ta ms<snZoj ukd wjfndaOhlg t<Ush hq;` fjz'
wkqudkfhka ,efnk oekqu fyda Z{dkh flf;la |=rg i;H oekqula fyda Z{dkhla oehs ;uka
ygu jsuid ne,Sug wjia:djla meusfKk ;`re bka lsishuz udrAf.damfoaYkhla ,nd .ekSu
nq|=iuh wkqu; lr;;a th tlu m@udKhla f,i ms<s.ekSu nq|=iuh neyer lrkafka th
ixjdlHdkqidrfhka i;H hehs fmkaj;;a i;H jYfhka w.ehquz mdol ksrjoH;djhla ;ju;a
Bg ysusj fkdue;s fyhsks' fuz wkqj fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJOfhka o ksjeros ks.ukhlg
meusKsug wkqudkh Ndjs;d lsrSu uqZMukskau ksjeros hehs mejish fkdyelsh' wkqudkh
Ndjs;fhka fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJOj lsishuz o< woyila we;s lr.; yelsfj;;a ta o<
wjfndaOh taldka; i;Hhla fkdj jevs |=rg;a Ndjkduh jYfhka w;SJ|@sh m@;HCIh lrd hk
;;ajfhys oS thska lsishuz wf,dalhla ,nd.ekSuz wjYH;djh u; ;djld,slj we;s lr.kq ,enQ
iqZM oekquz fldgzGdYhla jYfhka ie,lsh yelsh'
nq|=iuh ms<s.kq ,nkafka YdlaId;a {dkh usi wkqfuzh Z{dkhla fkdfjz'
nq|=kajykafia fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.fhka wfmaCId lf<a mrsZ{dk" myd;nzn" ipzPsld;nzn"
Ndfjz;nzn" wdoS jpkj,ska fmfkk mrsos wmg ks.ukhl< yelafla fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.h
orAYkfhka m@;Hd;au f,i idlaId;alD; jQ w;SJ|@sh orAYkZ{dk iuzm;a;sh nq|=kajykafiaf.a
tlu wNsm@drA:s;drA:h njhs' tuksid wkqudkh nq|=kajykafiaf.a jspdrhg ,lajsh' wkqudkh jqjo
Wkajykafia ms,s.kq ,enQfha lsishuz mQrAj m@;HCI m@udKhla thg mokuz fjz kuz muKh'
fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj wkqudkfhka we;s lr.; yelafla th m<uqfjka ;uka jsiskau
;ukaf.a is;ays jrAOkh lrf.k lsishu m@;HCI lsrSfuz fldgila mQrAjfhka we;s lrf.k
isgskafka kuz muKla ;uka jsiska mqrAjfhka we;s lrf.k isgshd jQ m@;HCIh mdol fldg.kakd
,o wkqudkh muKs' ksoiqkla f,i olaj;fyd;a fu;a;d ixl,amh jvd lsishuz fyda iqZM fyda
ps;a; iudOshla Wmojd f.k isgsk mqoa.,fhl`yg miqj ta m@;HCIh mdol lrf.k miqj
wkqudkfhka m@:u OHdkdosh ms<snZoj lsishuz o< wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug yelshdj mj;sk njhs'
kuq;a fuu o< wkqudkh taldka; i;Hhla jkafka wk;`rej ta mqoa.,hdu ;u o< wjfndaOh
31

32. taldka; i;H jSug jqjukd ,CIKh fyj;a m@:u OHdkh Ndjkd udrA.fhka ;uka ;`< we;s
lr.kafka kuz muKla nj o nq|= iuh meyeos,s lrfokq ,nhs'
kHdh ( kh fya;` - Nomological Implication ) hkq o nq|=r|=ka idr Ou!
jsksYapfhys ,d m@;sfCIam lrk ,o tla ndysr wOsldrshls' kHdhla hkq l`ulaoehs i,ld ne,Su
fuys oS jeo.;ah' kHdh mokuzj we;af;a lsishuz jsIhsl ( orAYk jsIhsl - Philosophy ) hk
jsIhg wh;a jkakls' kHdh orAYkh ( Nyaya Philosophy ) uQ< Ou! mdol fldgf.k ilia jS
we;s jsoHd;aul pska;k jsOsl@uhls'79 jsjsO odrAYkslhska jsiska jsjsO pska;k uQ< Ou! m@udK
fldgf.k kHdhhka f.dvkZ.d ;sfnz' kHdhh odrAYksl jYfhka f.dvkeZ.S we;af;a fujeks
miq;,hla u; msysgd isgh' tnejska tajd ilia fldg .kakd ,oaola jYfhla yeZoskajsh yelsh'
fuu ilia lsrSfuz oS tla tla mqoa., reps wrepsluz" udkisl wdl,am" yeZ.Suz" nqoaOs ugzguz n,mdhs'
ta ksid if;CIKfhys ,d ksrjoHuh jQ l@ufjzohla jYfhka kHdh fkdie,fla'
tfiau kHdh iliaj we;af;a oekqu u; mokuzjh' ta oekquz moaO;s ld,dkQrEmj
jrAOkh jSfuz oS fndfyda |=rg l,ska mej;s oekqu u; mokuzj ilia lrk ,oaod jQ kHdhhka
fjz.fhka fjkia fjz' tnejska oekqu fjkiajk fjz.hg iudkqmd;slj fjkiajk kHdhh uZ.ska
huzlsis kHdhhuh neZoSula fmkajk nejska m@Z{d f.dapr fkdjk fyhska mZ[aZ{duh ixorANhg
wod< fkdfjz' idrOu!hl Wmfhda.S;djh fufia jrska jr fjkiajk kHhdh u; mokuzj ksYaph
lrkakg hdu wfhda.Hh' tfiau kHdhdkQl~,j oefnk oekqu o iyuq,skau m@fhda.sl njg bjy,a
fjz hehs mejiSug o wmyiqh' kHhhka nsysj we;af;a m@fhda.slj jsia;r lsrSug fyda f;areuz
.ekSug wmyiq ixl,amhka jsYaf,aIKh lsrSug jk nejska m@fhda.sl ixl,amhka jsYaf,aIKh
lsrSug kHhfka t;ruz msysgla wfmaCId lsrSu m@;sM, jsrys;h' wdruzNfha oS kHdfhka jqj o
msysgla ,efn;ehs jsYajdi l< yelafla tu kHhdh jqj o m@fhda.slj ,nd.;a m@;HCIh u;
f.dvkeZ.S we;s kuz muKls' tfia fkdjkakd jQ yqfola jsIhdkq.; tfukau m@fhda.sl jYfhka
lsis|= jgskdlula rys; lreKq Tiafia yqfola kHdhd;aulj muKla if;HCIK l@shdj<sh
f.dvkeZ.Su yd tlS f.dvkeZ.`kq f;dr;`re u; mokuz j w;sYhskau m@fhda.sl lreKla tuZ.ska
ueK m@udKh lrkakg ;e;a lsrSu o nqoaOsf.dapr hehs ms<s.; fkdyelsh' tu fy;`j ksid o
fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj ksjeros jsksYaphlg t<USu msKsi kHdhh taldka; i;H hehs
Wml,amkh fldg ta u; msysgd isg lghq;` lsrSu idjoHh'80
idrOu!hl Wmfhda.s;djh jsuish hq;af;a tu idrOu!h ;u cSjs; meje;aug
,ndfok m@;scdkkd;aul w.h u; mokuzj nejska nq|=yq kHdh m@;sfCIam fldg we;' tnejska
Wmfhda.S;duh yd mZ[aZ[duh ixorANfhys ,d kHdhh Ou!hl i;H wi;H kSrAK ls@shdj<sfhys
,d widrA:l l@ufjzohla nejz nq|=r|=ka jsiska fmkajd oS ;sfnz' tfiau kHdh flaJ|@fldgf.k
muKla fu;a;d ixl,amfhys l@shdldrSFjh ms<snZoj ksjeros wjfndaOhlg meusKsug fkdyelsh'
fu;a;d ixl,amh jrAOkh lsrSu ioyd kHdhh msysg yd wdOdr jsh yels uq;a tlS ixl,amfhys
32

33. if;HCIK l@shdj<sfhys,d kHdh wiu;a nejska fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZo Z{dk jsNd.fhys oS
kHdh ksrAKdhlhla f,i Ndjs;d lsrSfuz we;s idjoH;djh muKla fuhska meyeos,s lrkq ,nhs'
kHdh f.dvke.S mj;skqfha huzlsis NdIdjl we;s jpk jHdlrK mokuzlrf.kh' kuq;a
fu;a;d ixl,amh jkdyS tf,i mgq iSudjl mj;skakla fkdj NdId udOHfhka jshqla;j mjd
wF:!j;a jk ixl,amhla nejska NdIdj m@udK lr.kakd kHdhh wkqj tys Z{dk jsNd.h
jsYaf,aIKh lsrSu taldka; i;H hehs ks.ukhj,g meusKsu fodaI iy.;h'
wdldr mrsjs;lal hkak o nq|=kajykafiaf.a jspdrhg ,lajQ ;j;a
Z{dfkdmdhhls' lsishuz fohla iuznJOfhka tys wdldr lsysmhla muKla n,d js;rAlkfhys
fhoS huz huz ks.ukj,g t<eUSu wdldr mrsjs;rAlkfhka wfmaCIs;h' ;j;a jsOshlska lshf;d;a
lsishuz m@Yakhla ms<snZoj taldxisl f,i n,d iuia;hla f,i ks.ukj,g t<USuhs' nq|=r|=ka
fuh tla;rd wNsksfjzYhla f,i i<ld m@;sfCIamfldg we;' id;s NsCIqqjf.a jsZ{dkjdoS oDIaGsh
nq|=kajykaafia m@;sfCIam lf<a ( jsZ[aZ[dKx ikaOdj;s ixir ;s wkZ[aZ[x ) fuz ksidh' tu ksid
ika
fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.hg wkqj wdldr mrsjs;rAlh ms<s.; hq;` Z{dkm@fNaohla fkdfjz' fu;a;d
ixl,amh jkdyS jsjsO oDIaGs fldaKhkag wkqj jsjsOdldrfhka js.@y l< hq;` jQ tfiau jevsh
hq;` jQ ps;a; ixl,amhls' thg iqjsfYaIs; iSud udhsuz wka;rA.; fkdjk nejska w;sYhskau
mqZM,ah' lssis|= mgq iSudjlg wkql~,j wF:l:kh l< fkdyelsh' fulS lreK fya;` fldgf.k o
fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJOfhka wdldr mrsjs;rAlkh usKquz oKavla jYfhka Ndjs;d lsrSu
ksrjoH fkdfjz'
ld,du iQ;@fhys oS m@;sfCIam lrk ,o ;j;a l@uhla jkqfha ;uka jsiska is;kakd
jQ l@uhg .e,mqk muKska fkdis;d fkdjsuid ms<s.ekSuhs' ndr .ekSuhs'81 idudkHfhka TzkEu
mqoa.,fhla is;kakd jQ ms<sfj< ;drAlsl yd wkqudkhg iu.duS jqj;a tys ;drAlsl nj rZod
mj;afka mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkiajh' tfiau wkqudkh jqj o tla tla mqoa.,hd Ndjs;d
lrkqfha ;ukagu iqjsfYaIS jQ wkHkH;djhla we;sjk mrsosh' fuz ;`< lsishuz fmd|= njla oel.;
fkdyel' tlaflda i;H jsh yelsh' ke;skuz i;H yd wi;H folskau uqiq jQ fohla jsh yelsh'
ke;fyd;a iuzmQrAKfhkau wi;H jsh yelsh' i;H wi;H;djh uqiqjSu mjd ta ta mqoa.,hdgu
iqjsfYaI jQ wkHkH;djh wkqj ieliqkq mQrAj ixfhda..; jQ wkqmd;hlg wkqj fjkia fjz'
tnejska mqoa.,Fjhg .e,fmk tfy;a fmd|= njg fkd.e,fmk iajlSh pska;khg wkqf,duz jQ
muKska ndr .ekSu nq|= iuh fkdmiihs' tnejska fu;a;d ixl,amh b;d mrsmQrAK wdldrfhka
m@cdkkh" wdfjzokh fyda prAhduh jYfhka jrAOkh lsrSfuz oS Ndjs;d lsrSfuz we;s idjoH;djh
nq|=iuh jsiska fudkjg meyeos,s lr foa'
ld,du iQ;@fhys fkdms<s.ekqkq wjidk Z{dk udrA.sl ,CIKh jkqfha ta olajd
;uka jsiska orK ,o oDIaGshg tlZ. ksid hula ms<s.ekSuhs'82 kscACOdklaLka;sh ( Coincide
the Aspects) fyj;a ;udf.a oDIaGshg tlZ. hehs ms<s.ekSu Z{dk udrA.hla jYfhka
33

34. wiuzmQrAK tlla nj olajd ;sfnz' oDIaGsh hkq jeiqkq udkisl iajNdjhhs' uki jefikafka huz
huz lreKq u; oDIaGsh fya;`fjka jk udkisl wdjrKh ksidh' tjsg i;H oelSfuz bv lv
weysrS hhs' udkisl ixjrAOkhg th ndOdjls' huzlsis udkisl miq;,hla ;`< oS Z{dkh .,d
hEug iSud meKjqjfyd;a ndOdjka u;` jqjfyd;a th nqoaOs jsIhsl jYfhka widrA:l Z{dk
udrA.hla f,i i,lkq ,efnz'83 fu;a;d ixl,amh fujeks miq;,hla ;`< idrA:l whqrska we;s
lr.ekSug fyda ixjrAOkh lsrSug fkdyelsh' udkisl wdjrKh ksid nsys jkafka fu;a;d
ixl,amh fkdj thg iuzmQrAKfhkau m@;sjsreoaO ixl,amhla jk oafjzIhhs' fyj;a m@;s>
ixl,amhhs' ksoyi ksjSu we;s jsgl oSu muKla fu;a;d ixl,amh mej;Sug yd jrAOkh jSug
wjldY ie,fia'
NdIdj yd ;rAlh hk udOHfldg we;s jsl,amkh oajsFj prKh mokuz
fldgf.k we;sjdla fuka u oDIaGs prKh m@;Hqmia:dkh fldg we;'84 fuz wkqj oDIaGs ksmojSu
jsl,amkfha wF:!l@shdldrSFjh jYfhka mj;S' wd;au .@yKh o wkd;au .@yKh o oDIaGs jsIhg
tlfia wh;a fjz'85 tfy;a NsCIdj msKsi oDIaGs m@fhda.h wjYHj mj;S' bJ|@sh noaO ukiska
,nk wjfndaOh jsjsO mqoa.,hka w;r jsjsOj mj;akd nejska jsjsO wdldrfhka hqla; oDIaGs
iuqodh l@uj;aj |=re lghq;`h' idrOu!hk jO!khjSu iZoyd wjldY ie,fikafka oDIaGs |=re
lsrSfuz m@uqL;djh u;h' wdhH! udrA.fha wruqK ij! oDIaGs m@ydKhhs'86 osgzGs.; iuzmhqla;
;;ajfhys oS muKlau fu;a;d ixl,amfhys WmrSu wjia:dj f,i ie,lsh yels nj lrKSh
fu;a;d iQ;@h olajd we;'
odIaGs m@ydKh hkq wka lsisjla fkdj ;;ajZ{dk wOs.uhhs' orAYk Z{dk
iuzm@dma;shhs'87 Z{dk jsNd.fha wjidk nqoaOsuh iuzm@dma;sh mrsmdlh fuhhs'88 oDIaGsh" oDIaGs
ia:dkh" oDIaGs wOsIaGdkh" odIaGs mrAhHqia:dkh yd oDIaGs iuqia:dkh ms<snZo h:d ;;aj Z{dkh
tljr ,enSu wiSreh' tu ksid l@uj;a oDIaGs ksjdrKh yd m@ydKh msKsi nq|=r|=ka jsiska wdhH!
udrA.h foaYkd lrk ,oS' wdhH! udrA.h hkq fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.hhs' m<uqjrg mqoa.,fhl`
orAYk iuzm;a;sh ,nkafka fulS fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.h iuzmQrAK lsrSfuks' m<uqfjks mshjr
fida;dm;a;s Z{dk orAYk N~ush f,i Ouzuix.KSm@lrKfha olajd ;sfnz' ‘l;fuz Ouzud
oiaifkak myd;nznd? P;a;dfrda osgzGs.; iuzmhq;a; ps;a;`mamdod" jspslspzPdiy.f;d
d? dfrda
ps;a;`mamdfod" bfuz Ouzud oiaifkak myd;nznd’. wNsOu!fhys iZoykajk whqrska o oDIagsuh
d’
jYfhka wdjrKh jS fkdue;s nj fyj;a oDIagsj,ska jshq; iajNdjh ksjka wjfndaOh lrd hk
udrA.fhys m<uqfjks mshjr f,i oelajsh yelsh' ishZM oDIaGs j,ska ksoyiajSu u fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys WmrSu ;,h jsoHduk jSfuz idOlhla f,i lrKSh fu;a; iQ;@h olajk iZoyka
ksid fu;a;d ixl,amh Ndjs;h ;`,skau muKla jqjo wjYH TzkEu mqoa.,fhl` yg isjz
fida;dm;a;s wx. fuz uZ.ska iuzmQrAK lr.ekSfuz YlH;djhla mj;sk nejz fmkajd osh yelsh'
34

35. Ouzuix.KS m@lrKfha oelafjkafka m<uq Z{dk orAYk N~ushg meusKSfuka
wdjD; udkisl iajNdjh f,i ie,flk oDIaGs .@yKh yd ta fya;`j ksidu yg.kakd isf;a
jsms<sisr iajNdjh ( jspslspzPdj ) |=rej hk njhs'89 mrsl,amsl jYfhka ,efnk iFj mqoa.,d oS
oDIaGs ksjdrKh msKsi ;@s ,CIKd oS oDIags ksjdrK jsOSka nq|=r|=ka jsiska Wmfhda.S lr.kakd
,oS'90 tnejska ld,du iQ;@h uZ.ska ;udf.a fyda wkqkaf.a fyda lsisu wdldrlska oDIaGsh wOsldrh
lr.kakd jQ udkisl m@fCIamk m@;sfCIam lr ;sfnz' fuz uZ.ska Z{dk udrA.h wdjrKh jk
nejsks' wdjrKh jQ ta Z{dk udrA.h iSud iys;h' i;H orAYkh fkdfjz' idrOu! msnsojSfuz
yelshdfjka o hq;` fkdfjz' tnejska ld,du iQ;@fha oS oDIaGsh wiuzmQrAK Z{dk udrA.hla f,i
i,ld bj;,sh hq;` nj foaYkd fldg ;sfnz'91
idr Ou! .fjzIKfhys ,d fhdod.;a Z{dk udrA.h wkqj sArDr~m
.fjzIKfhys ,d fhdod .;a Z{dk udrA.h wkqj pska;lhska j.! l< jsg f;fjks fldgig wh;a
jkafka wkqN~;sjdoSyqh' ( Experientialists )92 uOHld,Sk yd uE; ld,Sk fndfyda WmksIoa
uqksjreka we;euz wdcSjlhska iy iy ffckhka fuz fldgig wh;a fjz' fuz wkqj n@yauK
iuzm@odfha wjika fldgi jQ uOH yd uE; ld,Sk WmksIoa uqksjreka o Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a
Y@uK iuzm@odhg wh;a wdcSjl yd ffck fldgia isgSfuka o meyeos,s jkqfha wkqN~;sjdoSka (
Experientialists) n@dyauK yd Y@uK hk iuzm@odh oajfha u ksoyia woyia .re l<d jQ fndfyda
msrsila fuz iuzm@odh oajfha u jQ njhs' tfukau fuz ia:rh i;Hhg fndfyda wdikakj isgshy'
fuys we;s wvqj msrsueiSuz jia fuz hq.fha jsma,jldrS ksoyia u;OdrS kj wd.usl
iuzm@odhla Ndr;fha nsysjsh' th Y@uK iuzm@odhhs'93 Igz Ydia;Djre wka;rA.; jkafka o fuu
Y@uK iuzm@odhghs' Y@uK iuzm@oshhkaf.a ldrAhhNdrh jQfha n@dyauK iuzm@odh ;`< ;snQ
wvqmdvq |=rAj,;d uZ.yrjd Tjqkaf.a fjzo wOsldruh pska;kh uZ.ska wdjrKhj ;snQ Z{dk
udrA.h ;j |=rg;a jO!kh lsrSug wjldY i,id oSuhs' fuz Ydia;Djrekaf.ka ffck uydjSr
yer fiiq wh kdia;sljdoS" wlsrshjdoS" fN#;sljdoS pska;d bosrsm;a l<y' ffck uydjSr
lsrshjdoS Ydia;Djrfhl` f,i idudkHfhka oelafj;;a" Wkajykafiaf.a orAYkh jQ lsrshjdoh
we;`,;a jkqfha mqnzfnzl; fya;`jdohghs'94 fuz woyiska lshfjkafka ish,a, fmr lrk fkdfjkia
l< yels fya;`jla ksid is|= fjz hkakhs' lsishuz idrOu!hla fuz woyi wkqj ;j|=rg;a ixjrAOkh
fyda jevs oshqKqjla l< fkdyels nj fmfka' tnejska fu;a;d ixl,amh jeks wkql@ufhka
ixjrAOkh l< hq;` jQ idrOu!hlg fujka wd.usl u;hlska lsis|= msysgla fkdie,fik nejz
meyeos,s fjz' fu;a;d ilx,fhka is|= jkafka ishZM iFjhd jsIfhys ys;j;a nj yd us;@Fjh
f.dvkeZ.d .ekSuhs' tjka us;@YS,S miqnsula ;`< oS mQrAjfhys jQ fkdfjkia l< yels hula fya;`
fldgf.k ta wkqj ish,a, is|= fjz hkak b;du;a rZM flfiaj;a .e,fmk woyia jYfhka
ms<s.ekSu wiSreh' fuz wkqj Y@uK kdufhka .efkk wd.usl iuzm@odhdkQl~, wrA:j;a iuzmQrAK
Z{dk udrA.hla bosrsm;a fkdjqkq nj meyeos,sh' fuz hgf;a nq|=r|=ka ld,du iQ;@fha oS ( iufKd
fkd .re - Cousultations of Preceptor) hkqfjka Ydia;D m@udKslFjfhka .ekSu m@;sfCIam
35

36. lf<a tfia Ydia;Dka jykafia;a wiuzmQrAK Z{dk udrA.slfhla j isgs;a oS Tyq wkq.ukh lrkakd
jQ Y@djlhkag flfiaj;a iuzmQrAK Z{dk udrA.h ,nd.; fkdyels nejsks'95
fn#oaO ixorANh ;`< oelafjkafka Z{dk .fjzIK udrA.h jQ l,S iajlSh
m@;HCIh weiqrska u if;HCIKh fldg oel.; yels njhs' ta iZoyd neyerska ,efnkakd lsis|=
fohla bjy,a lr.ekSu idjoH nj nq|= iuh myod fokq ,nhs' neyerska ,nk huz huz foa
u;jdo muKla fkdj ;uka jsiskau mQrAjfhka f.dvkZ.d .kakd ,o mQrAj ks.uk msysgd isg
mjd ,nd .kakd ks.uk ksrjoH fkdjk nj nq|= iuh fmkajd foa' Tngu fuh l`i,ah' fuh
ksjerosh' fuh ms<s.;a jsg Tnf.a yd wkHhkaf.a Y`N isoaOsh yd iem; msKsi mj;S" lshd kuz
Tn th ms<s.kak' fuu mdGfhka fmfkkafka ;udf.a yd wkHhkaf.a Y`N isoaOsh msKsi mj;sk
nj Wmfhda.S;d ,CIKh f,i ie,ls,a,g f.k we;s njh'96 jsfYaIfhka fu;a;d ixl,amh nZ|=
us;@YS,S mokulska iukajs; ixl,amhla isf;ys frdamKh lruska wk;`rej b;du;a l@udkQl~,
wkaouska th ixjrAOkh lsrSfuz oS mQrAjfhka ,nd.kakd ,o jsjsO ks.uk u; msysgd isg lghq;`
lsrSu tlS ixl,amh ;j |=rg;a ixjrAOkh lruska tys iSudjka w;sl@uKh lr jrAOkh
lrf.k hdug uy;a fia ndOd muqKqjk nj fmfkkag ;sfnz'97
fu;a;d ixl,amh ixjrAOkh lsrSu hk lreK ie,l~ jsg msg;ska ,nd .kakd
ks.ukhlska mrsndysrj lghq;` lsrSu jeo.;ah' ;ukag muKla fkdj fu;a;d ilx,amh
weiqrska jO!kh lrkakd jQ us;@YS,SFjh wkHhkayg o Y`N isoaOsh yd hym; msKsi mj;sk nejz
;udgu jegySu ( m@;HCIjSu ) fuys mZ[aZ[duh ixorANh f,i yZ|=kd.ekSug mqZMjk' tjsg
fu;a;d ilx,amfhys m@Z[a[duh ,CIKh jkafka ;uka yd wkHhka hk fofldgiu fmd|= fjz
tlyd iudk ,CIKj,ska iukajs; cSjSka jYfhka i,ld lghq;` lsrSuhs' fuu ;udgu
m@;HCIjSu mZ[aZ[duh ixorANh f,i ie,flk jsg m@;HCIh m@udKhla jYfhka ms<s.ekSu
flfrys nq|=iuh olajk wd,la,mh js.@yfldg ne,Su w;HjYH fjz'98 m@;HCIh jqjo m@udKhla
f,i ie<lSfuzoS th bJ|@Sh m@;HCIh yd w;SJ|@sh m@;HCIh hkqfjka m@ia;`; follska hq;`j
nq|=iufhys js.@yhg nZ|=ka flfrA' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys fulS bJ|@Sh m@;HCIh yd w;SJ|@Sh
m@;HCIh hk folu uekjska jsoHdudk fjz' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys bJ|@Sh m@;HCIh f,i ie,lsh
yelafla iudcfhys lghq;` lsrSfuz oS ;uka wkHhka iuZ. mj;ajkakd jQ us;@YS,S l@shdldrluz yd
ta yd neZ|=kq us;@YS,S wdl,amhkah' w;sJ|@Sh m@;HCIh f,i oelajsh yelafla fu;a;d ixl,amh
Ndjkduh jYfhka ixjrAOkh lsrSfuz oS bka Wmokd jQ jsjsO OHdk M, iudm;a;s wdoshhs'99
m@;HCIlsrSu hk woyi iZoyd nq|=ka jHjydr lr we;af;a ipzPslsrshd hk
jpkhhs' fu;a;d ixl,amh jrAOkh wrnhd o fulS m@;HCIh hk lreK wod< fjz' mpzplaL
Ynzoh ;@smsgl md,sfhys fhos we;af;a Ouzuix.Ksfha yd ixhq;a; ksldfha wmpzplaLluzux
hkqfjka fom<l muKs' wgqjdj, kuz th fhoS we;' idCId;a lrKh ( m@;HCI lsrSu ) l<
mqoa.,hdg m@udKhla ke;s nj nq|=ka jykafia jsiska foaYkd lr we;'100 fu;a;d ixl,amh
36

37. jrAOkfhys WmrSuh lsishuz iSudjlska m@ldY l< fkdyelafla o fuz ksidh' m@udKh hkq yrs
oekSu ,nd .ekSfuz usuzu ( fld|=j ) hk w:!fhka .kakd jsg m@;HCIh m@udKhla fkdfjz' fu;a;d
ixl,amfhys jrAOkfhys WmrSuh lsisfia;a uek oelajsh fkdyels nejsks' tfiau th lsis|= jsgl
usuzula f,iska Ndjs;fhys fhosh fkdyel' m@udK lr ( uek ) n,d oek.; hq;af;a fu;a;d
ixl,amh wm@;HCI fohla jkafka kuz muKla jk fyhsks' lsishuz fyhlska tfia jkafka kuz
tjsg fu;a;d ixl,amfhys uq,au m@udKh wkqudkh jsh hq;`h' fu;a;d ixl,amfhys ipzPslsrshdj
fyj;a wdhH! m@;HCIh kHdh nska|=ldr Ou!lSrA;s wdos wdpdrAhjrhka oela jQ fhda.S Z{dkhhs'
fu;a;d ixl,am idlaId;alrKh fn#oaO orAYkh wkqj m@udKhla fkdfj;;a" kHdh orAYkh
wkqj fu;a;d ixl,am m@;HCIh m@udKhlehs lsj yelsh' lsishuz mqoa.,fhl` jsiska fu;a;d
ixl,amh m@cdkkh lrkafka fyj;a oek.kafka flfiao$ hk meKhg fok ms<s;`rla yegshg
.kakd jsg fu;a;d ixl,am m@;HCIh Z{dk m@fNaohla jQ m@udKhls'101
fuys oS jsia;r lrkq ,enQ wdldrhg fu;a;d ixl,amh YdlaId;a lrkakdg
m@udKhla fkdue;s nj nq|=rcdKka jykafiaf.a foaYkdj ;`<ska oelafjkafka fu;a;d ixl,amh
m@;HCI jYfhka oek.;af;l`g ndysr l`uk fyda m@ia;`;hl u;jdouh jYfhka t,an
.ekSulska f;drju fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj ksjeros oelaulg t<USfuz yelshdj we;s nj
fjz'102 tnZ|= ndysr t,an.ekSuz u; fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj u;jdohka we;s lr .kshs kuz ta
mqoa.,hdg fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZoj ksrjoH ks.ukj,g m@fjzYjSfuz lsis|= yelshdjla fkdue;'
;uka tfia meusKsh yelsnj Wml,amkh l< o th yqfola ps;a; m@lafIamKhla muKla fjz'
ps;a; m@fCIamK jQ l,S i;Hh fkdfjz' i;H ms<snZojQ isysk muKs' iEu fokdgu wjxlju i;H
oek.ekSfuz jsYd, wjYH;djla we;' ta lreK Tiafia .uka lrk fndfyda fokd wjikays
i;HdkqrCIK ms<sfj; f,i f;drd.kq ,nkafka udkis; wOsldruh ;;ajfhka hqla;jQ
wiuzmQrAK l@ufjzohkah' ld,du iQ;@fhaoS tnZ|= l@ufjzohka oyhla nq|=r|=ka m@;sfCIam lr we;'
fuu oY jeoEreuz wOsldruh ;;ajhkaf.ka hqla;j fu;a;d ixl,amh we;s lr.ekSug fyda
jrAOkh lr.ekSug fkdyels nj fuu l@ufjzohka jsYaf,aIKh lsrsu uZ.ska meyeos,s l, yelsh'
jsjsO ;dmi fldgzGdY uZ.ska wkqo;a m@:u OHdkfhys isg fkjiZ[aZ[d
kdiZ[aZ[dh;k OHdkh olajd jQ iu: Ndjkduh Z{dk udrA.h fn#oaO Z{dk udrA.hg
idfmaCIlj muKla wiuzmQrAK tlla f,i ie,lsks' ke;fyd;a nq|=iufhka mrsndysrj fndfyda
|=rg oshqKq iuzm@odhlg wh;a Z{dk udrA.hla ;snqfKa fuz fldgigh'103 thg fya;` jQ lsis|=
ndysr fya;` idOlhla u; iajlSh Z{dk .fjzIK iSudj isrlr ;nkakg fyda ta u; msysgd isg
iajlSh ks.uk f.dvkxjkakg fuu pska;kh oErE fldgig jqjukdjla fkdjSh' ;uka jsiskau
;ukaf.a w;SJ|@sh m@;HCI Z{dKh uZ.ska jspdr mQrAjl wdldrhg lreK .fjzIKh lr m@;CI
lr.ekSfuz yelshdjla mej;s nejska ;rula |=rg jsoHd;aul pska;khl ,CIK fuz ;`< jsoHudk
fjz hehs mejish yelsh' fu;a;d ixl,amh ixjrAOkh lsrSu ms<snZoj jqj o jsoHd;aul jsOsl@uhl
wdNdIh huz muKlska fulS l@ufjzoh yryd ,nd .ekSfuz YlH;djhla mj;S' nq|=ka jykafia
37

38. jsiska jsmiaikd pska;kh fidhd .ekSug yd th idrA:l whqrska f,djg bosrsm;a lsrSug fmr
;snQ b;du;au jsoHdkQl~, pska;kh fuh nejz fmkajd osh yelsh' tuZ.ska tl, mjd fu;a;d
ixl,aamh b;du oshqKq ugzgulska ixjrAOkh lr.kq ,enQ mqoa.,hka jsiQ nj wjsjdos;h'104
mqoa., Z{dkh yd w;aoelSu;a w;SJ|@sh m@;HCIh;a fudjqkaf.a Z{dk udrA.h
jsh'105 fuu f;jk lKavdhu ms<snZo iQ;@ jsjrKh fuys oS i,ld ne,Su wjYHh'106 ucACOsu
ksldh II, ix.rdj iQ;@fhys fuu f;jk lKavdhuz ms<snZo jsjrKh jkafka Tjqyq fmr fkdweiQ
jsrZE Ou!hla ms<snZoj ;ud jsiskau jsfYaIfhka wjfndaOlr YdCId;a lr .;a Z{dkhla wkqj
n@yauprAhdj m@ldY lrk msrsila njhs'107 huz Ou!hla rduf;fuz ;ud jsfYaIfhka oek YdCId;a
fldg fjfiushs m@ldY lrhs o ta Ou!h uu o m@ldY lrushs" ta uu fkdfnda l,lska ta Ou!h
;udu jsfYaIfhka YdCId;a fldg thg t<U jsisus hkqfjks'108 fuh ;rula |=rg iajlSh w;SJ|S@h
m@;HCIh u; mokuzj bosrsm;a jQjla jqj;a tys lsishuz iSudjla jsoHudk jkafka fkjiZ[aZ[dkd
ixZ[aZ[dh;k pska;kfhka Tnzng .uka lsrSfuz yelshdjla fulS w;SJ|@sh m@;HCI Z{dKh fj;
fkd;snQ fyhsks' w;SJ|@sh m@;HCIh Z{dKh idudkHfhka fiiq Z{dK jsNd. yd
ikaikaokd;aulj ie,l~ l, lsishuz Wiia ugzgulg wh;a f,i i,lkq ,enQj;a fulS oekqu
jrAOkfhys mjd lsishuz iSudiys; iajNdjhla .enzjk fyhska fu;a;d ixl,amfhys Wmrsu
;;ajh fuz ;`< jsoHduk fj;ehs Wml,amh lsrSug fkdyelsh' fu;a;d ixl,amhg mjd
fkjiZ[aZ[d kdixZ[aZ[dh;k pska;kfhka Tnzng jrAOkh jSfuz lsis|= bv m@ia;djhla fuz uZ.ska
ysus fkdjk fyhsks' tfiau fujka wdl,amhka orkakd jQ mqoa.,fhl` tu wdl,am u; msysgd isg
ta wkqj fu;a;d ixl,amh ms<snZo ta wdl,amhkau .`re ;kays ;nd f.k huz huz ks.uhka ,nd
oSug o fuz ksid wiu;a jkafka fu;a;d ixl,amh TzkEu mqoa.,fhl`f.a isf;ys jrAOkh lrk
l, tys Wmrsu ixjrAOk jmirsh fkjiZ[aZ[d kdixZ[aZ[dh;k pska;kfhkq;a Tnzng .uka
lrk nejsks'109
uska meyeos,s jkafka l`ulao$ rduf.a Z[dKh wi;Hhla fkdfjz' tfy;a th crd
urK ksfrdaOh iZoyd m@udKj;a fkdfjz' hkakhs' fofokdf.au Z{dk udrA. tl t,a,hlg
osYduqL jS we;s njla yd is|=y;a ;jqia;`ud tl, Wmrsu Z{dK iSudj f,i ms<s.kq ,enQ
fkjiZ[aZ[d kdixZ[aZ[dh;k pska;kfhys wvx.` ps;a; iudOsfhka iEySulg fkdmeusK Z{dKh
uSg;a jvd oshqKq wjia:djlg ixjrAOkh l< yelshdj ;uka jsiskau fidhd .kakd ,o kj
Ndjkd l@uhla udrA.fhka jevs oshqKq lrk ,o nj uska fmfka' tfiau n,dfmdfrd;a;` jQjd fiau
tlS Ndjkd udrA.fhka wg iuj; miqlr mshjrla bosrshg ;nkakg is|=y;a ;jqia;`ud iu;a
jsh' tfiau ;j;a wxYhlska ta mshjr w;s jsYd, pska;k jsma,jhla mrsjrA;khla f,i o
yeZokajsh yelafla iu: pska;kfhka jsmiaikd pska;khg m@jrA;khjSfuz l@shdj<sh o fuz ;`<
.enzjk fyhsks'110 tfiau is|=y;a ;jqia ;`ud jsiska fidhd .kakd ,o jsmiaikd pska;kfhys
jsoHudk jk iSud rys; iajNdjh ;`< kuz lsis|= wmyiq;djhlska f;drj fu;a;d ixl,amh tys
WmrSu jrAOkSh wjia:djka lrd lsis|= wmyiq;djhlska f;drj jrAOkh jSug wjldY ie,iS
38

39. ;snsKs' tu ksid jsmiaikd pska;kh ms<snZoj mejish yelafla th fu;a;d ixl,am jrAOkh
jvd;a Wps;u pska;khla fiau fu;a;d ixl,amh iuznJOfhka jsOsu;a ks.ukhkag t<USfuz oS
Ndjs;d l< yels uyZ.` l@ufjzohla o jk njhs'111
is|=y;a ;jqia;`ud Woaolrdu mq;a;f.a b.ekajSu wkq.ukh lf<a yq|= ms<s.ekSuz
ud;@fhka ( flaj,x ioaOd u;a;flk ) Z{dkh m@ldY fkd lrk ksihs'112 Z{dkh Wfoid yq|=
Ndjkduh m@Z{dj Wmfhda.S lr.;a msrsig wh;a jqj;a nq|=rcdKka jykafia Z{dkh Wfoid yq|=
Ndjkduh m@Z{dj Wmfhda.S lr.;a msrsig wh;a jqj;a Wkajykafia Tjqkaf.a Z{dkhg iSud fkd
jS bosrshg .uka l< Ydia;Djrhdh' fuz wkqj Wka jykafia wkqN~;sjdoS ( Experientialists )
fldgig wh;a jQfjls' ful< m@lgj isgs wkqN~;sjdoSka w;rska Wiiau nqoaOsuh mrsmdlhg m;aj
isgs Woaolrdu mq;a; mjd fkjiZ[aZ[dkdiZ[aZ[dh;kh hk wremdjpr i;rjk OHdkfhka
;ukaf.a Z{dk jsNd.fhys jO!kh iSud lrf.k113 isgs nj;a" fuys lsishuz wmyiqjla |=gq
nq|=r|=ka uq,ska Woaolrdu mq;a;f.a YsIHfhl`j Tyqf.a l@ujsOSka wkq.ukh lr Woaolrdu mq;a;
meusKs wrEmdjpr i;rjk OHdkhgu meusKsh;a bka iEySulg m;a fkdjS Z{dk udrA.fhys ;j
fndfyda bosrshg hd yels nj oek rdu mq;a;f.ka fjkajS kj pska;khla Tiafia ;u Z{dk
.fjzIKh bosrshgu f.khdug l,amkd lsrSu jsjD; Z{dk .fjzIlfhl`f.a ,CIK m@lg
lrjkakla jsh'114
B <Z.g idrOu! jsksYapfhys ,d ifodia f,i ld,du iQ;@fhys m@;sfCIam l<
wka;hla jkQfha wmf.a wdpdrAh Y@uKhka jykafia ( iufKda fkd .re - Consultations of
Preceptor) lshd fyda ms<s fkd .; hq;` njhs' fuh jkdyS mqoa., wOsldrhla u; mokuz jS th
idrOu! jsksYapfhys ,d usKquz oZvqjla lr.ekSfuys we;s fodaIh m@lg lr fmkajhs' fuys oS
nq|=r|=ka flfrys nqoaO f.#rjfhka hula ms<s.ekSu o fuz whqrskau ld,du iQ;@fhys fuz b.ekajSu
ksid m@;sfCIam jS we;aoehs we;euz flfkl`yg jsu;shla yg.eksh yelshs' nq|=r|=ka flfrys mjd
hfula ta f,i wOdk.@dyS f,i lghq;` lsrSu nq|=r|=ka jsiskau m@;sfCIam lr we;s wdldrh iQ;@
foaYkdjkaf.ka m@lg fjz'115 nq|=rcdKka jykafia kQmka udrA.h Wmoj;s' fkdyeZosk we;s
udrA.h Wmoj;s' fkd yeZosk we;s udrA.h yZ|=kajd fo;s' wksll` jsiska m@ldY fkd l< udrA.h
lshd fo;s' udrA.h ols;s' udrA.fhys ksmqK fj;s' uyfKks" Y@djlfhda ud.!h wkqj hkafkda
fj;s' miqj meusKshdyq fj;s'116
nq|=r|=kaf.a foaYkd ;`< .enzjk fn#oaO idrOu! ms<snZoj nq|=r|=ka ;`< olakg
,efnk mqoa., fm#reIh mokuz lrf.k idrOu! jsksYaphlg meusKSu hk lreK ioaOd hk
idrOu! m@ia;`;fhka yZ|=kajkq ,efnz' nq|=iuh ;`< ioaOd hk idrOu!h mZ[aZ[dj uQ<sl fldgf.k
Wmfhda.s;d ixorANhla hgf;a ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuz oS th fohdldrhlska hqla;j js.@y lr
olajhs' tkuz wuQ<sl ioaOd wldrj;S ioaOd hkakhs' fuu fohdldrh uZ.ska jsoHudk lrkqfha
usksia ps;a; ika;dkh ;`< idrOu! jeks hym;a fydZo .`Kdx.hka ixjrAOkh lsrSfuz oS fu;a;d
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