2. MECHANIZATION
• DEFINATION
The condition of having a highly
technical implementation or the Act of
implementing the control of equipment with
advance technology; usually involving
electronic hardware ; automation replace
human workers by machines.
3. NEEDS FOR MECHNIZATION IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY :
• The work can be done speedily.
• The work can be done in time.
• Large quantity of materials can be handled, so the
size of the project can be increased.
• The complex project involving high grade material.
• High quality standards can be maintained.
• Time schedule can be kept.
• optimum use of material, man power and finance.
4. SAFETY ISSUES IN MECHANIZATION :
• SAFETY MEASURES IN EXCAVATION
There are different types of protective systems. Sloping
involves cutting back the trench wall at an angle inclined
away from the excavation. Shoring requires installing
aluminum hydraulic or other types of supports to
prevent soil movement.
Shielding protects workers by using trench boxes or
other types of supports to prevent soil cave-ins.
Designing a protective system can be complex
because you must consider many factors: soil
classification, depth of cut, water content of soil,
changes due to weather or climate, surcharge loads.
5. DRILLING AND BLASTING:
(1) An employer must ensure that a blasting
operation is under the direction and control of a
blaster.
(2) If more than 1 blaster will be involved in a
blasting operation, an employer must, before the
blasting operation begins, designate 1 blaster as the
blaster with direction and control of the blasting
operation.
(3) An employer must ensure that all persons in the
blasting area are made aware of the identity of the
blaster with direction and control of the blasting
operation.
6. (4) An employer must ensure that no person participates
in a blasting activity unless that person has been provided
with the information, instruction, training, supervision
and facilities necessary for the person to safely
participate.
(5) Supervisor directing work in a blasting area must
ensure that all tasks in the blasting area are coordinated
so that they may be performed safely.
7. SCAFFOLDING:
OSHA guidelines require workers to use fall
protection – a safety harness or belt attached to a
stable structure, such as a building. This applies to
employees who are erecting a scaffold, as well as
workers on the scaffolding.
If you’re working in a situation where there’s a
danger of falling debris, you should wear a hard hat. If
you’re working on scaffolding over water, such as in a
shipyard, you should wear a life vest.
Some scaffolding must have guard rails, and OSHA
dictates the height of these guardrails. Scaffolding
must have a safe way of getting on and off the
platform, such as stairs.
8. LADDERING:
Before you get on a ladder, always read and follow all
instruction and warning labels. Check for ladder weight
limits. Ladders are designed to hold a certain amount of
weight,
Check to see that the ladder is sturdy with no cracked or
damaged parts. Aluminum is a stronger and lighter material
than wood. All bolts and screws should be secured and
working properly.
DO NOT use a metal ladder near power lines or exposed
energized electrical equipment. Ladders must be free of
any slippery material like water, oil, ice, ect.
9. The positioning of a ladder to a wall, make sure the
ladder angel is no wider than 75 degrees or about 4
feet from the ground to the wall.
Wear a hardhat or safety helmet when working on a
ladder. Wear work boots or shoes with tread. It is very
easy to slip if you are wearing smooth soled shoes.
10. FORMWORK
1. Maintenance of good housekeeping around working area
and passage.
2. Guarding of edges and floor openings.
3. Adequate space for safe working.
4. Safety training of workmen involved in formwork and
concreting works.
5. Use of all personal protective equipment (PPEs).
6. Removal of all unused and hanging forms, loose materials
etc. stored on exposed floors.
7. Removal of defective props.
8. Height and spacing between props should be inspected.
11. 8. All props should be rested on bearing plates.
9. Props should be placed on hard bearing surface.
DEMOLITION
1. Each and every employee must understand what
equipment should be used during a demolition and how to
properly protect themselves with safety equipment and
ensure that it’s being worn at all times during the demolition.
2. Proper protections like hard hat, mask, gloves, steel-toe
work boots, and safety vest. Do a sweep before you begin
demolition to ensure employees’ safety and check that all
equipment is ready and up-to-date to perform the task ahead.
12. 3. Only trained employees should handle any
dangerous or explosive materials. Certified employees
have experience to handle any demolition situation and
prevent accidents on-site.
4. Ceilings and walkways is a first safety tip for any
demolition. This provides extra support in case of an
accident. Bracing prevents a large number of accidents,
injuries, and even deaths.
5. Employees should be equipped with the proper
equipment to clean up any and all debris once the
demolition is over. This equipment includes gloves,
masks, boots for their protection, as well as any
heavier equipment that needs to be used to clear the
mess.
13. 6. You need to ensure that only authorized and trained
employees are present during cleanup and demolition.
ENVIRNOMENTAL ISSUES IN
MECHANIZATION:
• The biggest reason so far all kind of environmental
degradation is the exorbitant amount of gases which is
harmful to environment and exhibits gases like
CO2,SO2,NH3,etc. This is the main reason for ozone
hole and global warming.
• Deforestation causes major problems for environment
which decreases the number of trees which clean the
environment, provide oxygen and also affects the rain
pattern.
14. • Mining creates a lot of pollution, mainly because it
releases particulate matter which can enter our lungs
and can harm entire respiratory system.
•The surface water runoff and groundwater at and
close to construction site become polluted with various
materials used in the construction work. The
construction contaminates like VOCs, paints, clues,
diesel, oil, other toxic chemicals , and cement. effects in
creating turbidity in runoff water and ground water.
water pollution from construction site is
underestimated and has potential to generate severe
environmental problems.
15. •Soil at and around a construction site may become
contaminated due to air transport fallowed by deposition
of construction contaminants. soil may constitute a sink
for pollutants and some of those may accumulate in soil
and presist over longer period of time.
• It is usually associated with construction work although
modern preventive measures may substantially reduce the
amount of noise. Noise may adversely affect the health
such as stress, sleep disturbance, BP and hearing loss.
16. CONCLUSION:
The study has established that the mechanization of
construction operations increases the occurrence of
accidents and injuries to workers in the construction
industry. mechanization actually control the hazards. Such
safety plans should include hazard analyses in accordance
with site conditions and the nature of the construction
activities. The apparent benefits of a safety plan are
derived from considering precautions before starting any
activity and by analysing the hazards associated with each
activity.
