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1. Personality
Chapter 3

2. Lesson Overview
 Define and discuss
personality
 Aspects of
personality
 Determinants of
Personality
 Psychoanalytic
Approach
 Personality Types
 Structure of
Personality
 Assessing
 Suggestions for
personality
improvement
 Reasons for
developing
personality
 How to improve
yourself?
 Personality
Disorders
 Earmarks Of A
Mature Personality

3. Personality
Chapter 3

4. Personality
 Personality, deeply ingrained and relatively
enduring patterns of thought, feeling, and
behavior.
 Personality usually refers to that which is unique
about a person, the characteristics that
distinguish him or her from other people.
 Personality implies predictability about how a
person will act or react under different
circumstances.
 As a dynamic and organized set of characteristics
possessed by a person that uniquely influences
his or her cognitions, motivations, and behaviors
in various situations.

5. Personality
 The word "personality" originates from
the Latin persona, which means mask.
 Significantly, in the theatre of the ancient Latin-
speaking world, the mask was not used as a plot
device to disguise the identity of a character, but
rather was a convention employed to represent
or typify that character.

6. Aspects of Personality

7. Aspects of Personality
 Padilla (1969) has classified the personality
traits into the following aspects:
1. Physical
2. Mental
3. Emotional
4. Social
5. Moral and
6. Spiritual.

8. Aspects of Personality
1. The physical aspect — The entire
physiological system is determined by
heredity and environment. Posture, body
build and size, complexion and facial
expression, as well as the appropriateness
and condition of clothes, comprise the
physical appearance of a person. Physical
aspect has a lot to do with personality.

9. Aspects of Personality
We have four kinds of personality based on
physique illustrated by Krestchmer:
(1) the athletic type — the person is tall and
well-built;
(2) the asthenic type — the person is tall and
thin (Schizothyme), highly idealistic,
unsociable and deep thinker; he is the
introvert type;

10. Aspects of Personality
(3) the pyknic type — the person is short and
fat (Cyclothyme), happy-go-lucky,
adaptable, alternates between moods of
elation and depression but will be
predominantly extroverted,
(4) the dysplastic type — this is the non-
classified type.

11. Aspects of Personality
2. The mental aspect — How the person
talks, the range of ideas he expresses, and
the things he talks about, as well as his values
and mental alertness give evidence of his
intellectual capacity - The mental aspect
depends upon the intelligence of the
individual; the better the education, the better
the personality.

12. Aspects of Personality
3.The emotional aspect — A person's
emotional makeup is shown by his likes and
dislikes, whether he is aggressive , how he
responds when things become difficult, how
quickly he is given to anger, whether he can
take a job or not, what kind of sense of humor
he possesses, and the like.

13. Aspects of Personality
4.The social aspect — This has to do with
social contact It is how well a person conducts
himself with other people and how well he
observes the rules of etiquette that govern
society- Sociable, approachable and friendly
men and women know how to get along with
both friends and foes.
Socially, there are extroverts, introverts, and
ambiverts.

14. Aspects of Personality
5.The spiritual aspect — This is the
consciousness of the higher values in life.
Religion expresses spiritual value. It includes
the persons faith, beliefs, philosophy and the
like.

15. Aspects of Personality
6, The moral aspect — This has to do with a
person's awareness of the difference between
what is wrong or right, his positive or negative
adherence to the do's and don'ts of the
society.

16. Why is the study of Personality is
important?
 An understanding of your personality and of
others can make the difference between
satisfactory and unsatisfactory adjustment.

17. How is Personality Revealed?

18. A human person is made up of four
quadrants
Known to Self Not Known to
Self
Known to
Others
Open Blind
Not Known to
Others
Closed Unknown

19.  Open
 These are parts of your life that you know
and others around you know. Ex. talkative
 Closed
 These are parts of your life that you know
but others don’t know. Ex. That you were a
shy person by nature but you forced
yourself to be talkative to overcome your
shyness

20.  Blind
 These are parts of your life you don’t know but others know.
Ex. That many times, your talkativeness comes across as
insensitivity, because you never listen to others and their
concerns
 Unknown
 These are parts of your life that both you and others don’t
know as they are still buried in your subconscious ness . Ex.
That your talkativeness is a coping mechanism from a
traumatic experience you had in your childhood which you
no longer recall.

21. DETERMINANTS OF
PERSONALITY
 Heredity
 Environment

22. Structure of Personality

23. Psychoanalytic Approach
Conscious
Unconsciou
s
Superego Preconscious
Id
Ego
Information
which can
easily be
made
conscious
Thoughts,
feelings,
urges and other
information
that is difficult
to bring to
conscious
awareness
Information
in your
immediate
awareness
Rational,
planning,
mediating
dimension
of personality
Moralistic,
judgmental,
perfectionist
dimension of
personality
Irrational,
illogical,
impulsive
dimension of
personality

24. Psychoanalytic
Divisions of the Mind
Id - instinctual drives present at
birth
 does not distinguish between reality and fantasy
 operates according to the pleasure principle
Ego - develops out of the id in
infancy
 understands reality and logic
 mediator between id and superego
Superego - develops over time
 internalization of society’s moral standards
 responsible for guilt

25. Id
 Collection of unconscious urges and desired
that continually seek expression
 Operates according to the
Pleasure Principle
i.e. seeks immediate pleasure and to
avoid pain
 Operates entirely in the unconscious mind

26. Ego
 Mediates between reality, conscience
(superego), and instinctual needs (id)
 Operates according to the
Reality Principle
 Operates at the conscious, preconscious, and
unconscious levels

27. Superego
 The social and parental standards that have been
internalized
Conscience
 Our sense of morality
Ego Ideal
The standard of what one would like
to be
 We are not born with the superego, but it
develops over time
 Operates at the conscious, preconscious &
unconscious levels

28. Components of Personality
 Habits – actions repeated at regular intervals
- fixed characteristics and difficult to unlearn.
Example of negative habits:
smoking, drugs, gambling and drinking

29.  Attitudes – certain ways of viewing things as
ingrained, acquired and developed
- this comes from years of man’s exposure to
family, school and community
- older family members greatly influence attitude
of young children
Example:
Loyalty, Helpfulness, Friendly, Courteous, Obedient,
Reverent, Dramatic, Pessimistic, Guilt

30.  Interest – natural inclination focused on one’s specific
area of work.
- a sense of concern with and curiosity about
someone or something.
- factors like age, sex, region, family background,
education or personality.
Example:
playing computer games, sports, musical instrument, taking
care of pets, collecting things

31.  Values – ways of upholding certain priorities in
accordance with the hierarchy of needs by Abraham
Maslow.
-belief, a mission, or a philosophy that is meaningful.
-reflect a person’s sense of right and wrong or what
“ought” to be.
Examples:
commitment to social justice, helping the poor, improving the
environment,

32.  Principles – guides to a person in making
judgments.
- standard or rule of personal conduct:
a man of principle
- moral code
Examples:
“Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a
day in your life.” - Confucius

33.  Mental capacity or Intelligence – innate faculty of the
mind which gives him/her the power to discern, to
recognize and to comprehend.
-capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding
- forms of mental activity; aptitude in grasping
truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc

34. Types of intelligence:
 Naturalist Intelligence (“Nature Smart”)
 Musical Intelligence (“Musical Smart”)
 Logical-Mathematical Intelligence (Number/Reasoning
Smart)
 Existential Intelligence
 Interpersonal Intelligence (People Smart”)
 Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence (“Body Smart”)
 Linguistic Intelligence (Word Smart)
 Intra-personal Intelligence (Self Smart”)
 Spatial Intelligence (“Picture Smart”)

35. Personality Types

36. Personality Types TYPE A: “The
Leader”
Entrepreneurial
Risk taker
Very independent, direct to the point
Don’t like routine
Competitive
Highly independent
Driven
Business leaders
Blunt, competitive
No-nonsense -- like to get-to-the-point
Embrace change
Always look for practical solutions

37. Personality Types TYPE B: “The
Socializer”
Highly extroverted
Love the spotlight
Very entertaining
Possess strong charisma
Sales and marketing types
Relaxed
Creative & Imaginative
Patient
Easy-going
Philosophical

38. Personality Types TYPE C: “Details, details…”
Antithesis of Type "B“
Introverted
Detail-Oriented/Focused
Meticulous
e.g. accountants, programmers, and engineers
May have trouble communicating to other people
Talented crunching numbers or writing program
code
Tend to be very cautious and reserved
Will not venture into something until all facts ckd out

39. Personality Types TYPE D: “Always There
When You Need Them”
People who resist any form of change
Prefer routine (e.g. such as in clerical assignments)
Not adventurous
Resist responsibility
Prefer to be told what to do
Social Inhibition
Pessimistic
Punctual
Consistent
Tend to be quiet
Lack of self assurance
May experience negative emotions like hostility, anxiety, anger,
depressed mood, tension, and a negative view of themselves.

40. Personality Types
•Not uncommon to find people with a blend of
personalities, particularly A-B and C-D.
•These basic personality types explain why some
people work well together and others do not.
•For example
~Type-A clashes with Type-D
simply because one is more adventurous than the other,
~Type-B clashes with Type-C
one exhibits extroverted personality-other introverted.
~Conversely, Type-A works well with Type-B
~And, Type-C works well with Type-D.

41. Assessing Personality

42. Assessing Personality
 Personality is usually assessed through some
combination of observations, interviews, and
tests. To be useful, personality assessment s
must be both reliable and valid.
 Assessment can be in the form and any types
such as;
 Formation and development
 Test

43. Formation And Development
 Heredity and environment interact to form
personality.
Test
 The interview, a widely used method of
personality assessment, is a means of eliciting
from the subject a report of past, present, and
anticipated future responses.
 Direct observations are made either in a natural
setting or in a laboratory.

44. Two General Types Of Personality
Test
 Self-report inventories
 Pose questions about personal habits, attitudes,
beliefs, and fantasies.
 Projective tests
 The subject’s responses to ambiguous or
unstructured situations are assumed to reflect inner
reality (example: Rorschach Inkblot Test)

45. The Rorschach Inkblot Test
was developed in 1921 by Swiss
psychiatrist Hermann
Rorschach.
He believed that people reveal
their personality traits and
unconscious thoughts by how
they interpret inkblot designs.
Psychologists administer the
test by showing subjects a
series of ten inkblot cards,
asking them to describe what
they see, and questioning them
about their responses.

46. Personality Disorders

47. Personality Disorders
 It is referred to as character disorders, are a
class of personality types and behaviors that
the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
defines as "an enduring pattern of inner
experience and behavior that deviates
markedly from the expectations of the
culture of the individual who exhibits it"

48. Types of Personality Disorders
 Paranoid personality disorder - characterized by irrational
suspicions and mistrust of others.
 Schizoid personality disorder - lack of interest in social
relationships, seeing no point in sharing time with others,
anhedonia, introspection.
 Schizotypal personality disorder - characterized by odd
behavior or thinking.
 Antisocial personality disorder - a pervasive disregard for the
law and the rights of others.
 Borderline personality disorder - extreme "black and white"
thinking, instability in relationships, self-image, identity and
behavior.
 Histrionic personality disorder - pervasive attention-seeking
behavior including inappropriate sexual seductiveness and
shallow or exaggerated emotions.
 Narcissistic personality disorder - a pervasive pattern of

49. Types of Personality Disorders
 Avoidant personality disorder - social inhibition, feelings of
inadequacy, extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation and
avoidance of social interaction.
 Dependent personality disorder - pervasive psychological
dependence on other people.
 Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder - characterized
by rigid conformity to rules, moral codes and excessive
orderliness.
 Depressive personality disorder - is a pervasive pattern of
depressive cognitions and behaviors beginning by early
adulthood.
 Passive-aggressive personality disorder (negativististic
personality disorder) - is a pattern of negative attitudes and
passive resistance in interpersonal situations.
 Sadistic personality disorder - is a pervasive pattern of cruel,
demeaning and aggressive behavior.

51. (by Dr. Roy Beuher)
Suggestions for personality
improvement

52. Suggestions For Personality
Improvement (By Dr. Roy Beuher)
1. Be conscious of the other person. Talk about the
subject that interest him, and he will regard you a
person with an interesting personality.
2. Assume that people like you. If you show that you
want people to talk to you, they will respond warmly.
3. Admit your defects.
4. Admire your friends.
5. Associate with people who are successful and happy.
Seek the company of others who can give you new
points of you and thoughts, new hopes and new life.
6. Attend social gatherings.
7. Change you environment occasionally. Take a
vacation and rest in a new place. Change your home
and house atmosphere whenever you can.

53. When is personality good? Your
personality is good if it makes you
happy and make your associates
happy too.
 If you are likeable.
 If you are successful in most of your
undertakings.
 If your emotion are pleasant for you and for
others as well.
 A happy person meets the bad temper and
unkind dispositions of others with understanding
and good humor.

54. Reasons For Developing
Personality
 The development of our personality is
our great responsibility. Some reasons
why there is a need for developing
personality are:
For social acceptance
For self satisfaction
For self-confidence, and
To keep our selves on the job.

55. (by Kula Jon, Paula Tusler, Manuel
Montenegro)
How to improve yourself?

56. How To Improve Yourself?
 Imagine what you would be like in your
perfect world. How are you different and how
could you achieve this?
 Determine what needs improvement and what
doesn't. Identify your assets (honest, hard-
working, loving...etc.) and your liabilities (angry,
lazy...etc.) This is best done with a trusted
confident, a loved one, a therapist, a religious
leader or even a "Sponsor". Most people are
experts at self deception. Having an outside party
helps to break down some of that. Also, we
sometimes have a problem of being either too
hard or too soft on ourselves. We need an
accurate picture of ourselves if we are to improve.

57. How To Improve Yourself?
 Seek out information on how to pursue that
change. Information can be gathered from books,
articles, friends, family, and professionals. It is
amazing how much information will find you when
you are ready!
 Pick which suggestions you can apply to
yourself and to practice those suggestions. If
a certain set doesn't seem to work, try another!
Nothing works for everyone. You need to find
what works for you!

58. How To Improve Yourself?
 Practice, practice, practice! Change comes
slowly for most people and can be very
uncomfortable. Just keep going until your
change is your new reality (the changed you).
 Be sincere. To further improve yourself. If you do
good deeds (even if it ranges from simple things
like giving someone a smile or helping your mom)
with a sincere heart, everything you do
automatically becomes better and you'll have true
happiness in your life. (Doing any good deed
doesn't mean you have to expect anything in
return)

59. How To Improve Yourself?
 Believe in yourself. Recognize your strengths,
even if you have to list all of them down. You
have to be your own best friend, then you can be
a good friend or lover to others.

60. Earmarks of a Mature Personality

61. Earmarks of a Mature Personality
1. A mature person accepts
responsibilities; he does not shrink from
duties.
2. He accepts an unpleasant task,
considering it as normal or ordinary
experience which shapes his life.
3. He does not nurse grudges. Instead,
he tries to understand others and does
not insist on being understood by them.

62. Earmarks of a Mature Personality
4. He is amiable and enjoys the
company of many different
persons.
5. He does not expect his
fellowmen to be perfect.
6. A mature individual has lots of
patience and perseverance
towards work.

63. Earmarks of a Mature Personality
7. He can accept, even enlist help,
considering this is not a sign of
weakness but of maturity.
8. He has tolerance. He allows
others to enjoy the expression of
their opinions and beliefs.
9. He profits from constructive
criticism.

64. Earmarks of a Mature Personality
10. He knows that he cannot be
dependent upon his parents for
support.
11. He works with a long-range
plan.
12. A mature person has a
courage to do right when others

65. End
Chapter 3