Western and Islamic Just War, by Professor Joel Hayward
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The Western and Islamic concepts and practices of Just War, the ethical codes intended to minimize the violence done to the innocent and to fight when it is deemed necessary and just.
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viii HaDrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
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Traditions Relating To The Conduct Of War
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Muslim
Language: English | Format: PDF | Pages: 97 | Size: 1 MB
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about the spread of the plague and points out that the outbreak of
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not only rejected, but was also taunted and tormented, even to the
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change in their lives.
Based on divine revelation, the Promised Messiahas wrote:
…however long the plague remains upon the earth—even
if it should last for seventy years—God Almighty will
safeguard Qadian from its horrific destruction… (see p. 18)
viii HaDrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
He added:
This is my sign; each and every opponent—whether
he lives in Amroha or Amritsar, whether in Delhi or
Calcutta, whether in Lahore, Golra, or Batala—if any of
them should swear on oath that their area of residence
shall remain free from the plague, then it will surely be
swept up by the plague, for they would have committed
insolence against God Almighty. (see p. 30)
However, none of the opponents dared to make such a proclamation
and, in accordance with the prophecies of the scriptures,
the plague proved to be a mighty sign of the truthfulness of the
Promised Messiahas.1
The Promised Messiahas attaches two endnotes to the books as a
warning to Charagh Din of Jammu, who was once a member of
the Community but had made claims to revelation and published
material contrary to the message of the Promised Messiahas. The
Promised Messiahas excommunicated him and admonished him
to repent. In the second endnote the Promised Messiahas recorded
a revelation about his utter destruction should he fail to repent.
This prophecy was fulfilled in 1906, as the Promised Messiahas
wrote:
1. The above introduction to the book has been tran
Life_of_AbdulWahhaab
This document provides a biography of Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhaab, an 18th century Islamic scholar from Najd, located in modern-day Saudi Arabia. It discusses his background growing up in Najd and provides context about the region prior to his birth. The author aims to present an impartial analysis of ibn Abdul-Wahhaab's life, teachings, and influence based on reliable historical sources, both Muslim and non-Muslim.
Revisiting the Past: The Value of Teaching Islamic Military History, by Pr...
This article will argue that Muslim scholars should not feel the slightest awkwardness or embarrassment about Islam’s past martial successes, and should indeed return to writing on Islamic military history, teaching it and ensuring its survival within the curricula of cadet and staff colleges. Far from damaging Islam’s reputation, an objective and fair-minded reading of Islam’s military history (according to the methodology and principles accepted within the discipline of history) will directly counter the current western misperception that Islam is somehow more aggressive and accepting of disproportionate or indiscriminate violence than the other great religions. It will in fact show that the Islamic laws and ethics of war have minimized violence and constrained misconduct and ensured that warfare was fought according to guiding principles which are very similar to those found within western “just war” teachings. And far from lending credence to Jihadist or Islamist assertions that warfare should be used by any Muslims who want to bring about political or social change, an honest and thorough recounting of Islamic military history will demonstrate clearly that recourse to violence had never been the prerogative of any individuals, however disgruntled they may be. It was always a right and responsibility bestowed only upon legitimate national leaders (caliphs, kings, emirs and presidents). The teaching of Islamic history is also replete with examples of strategic brilliance and leadership excellence that make wonderfully illuminating and inspiring case studies for today’s civil and military leaders. It goes without saying that studying the campaigns and commanders of the past will develop a Muslim’s civilizational self-respect and esprit de corps in the same way that any western reader would have their sense of civilizational or cultural pride enhanced by studying the World Wars or the strategies and lives of great commanders like Washington, Wellington, Nelson, Grant, Lee, Haig, Montgomery, and Patton.
Myths about jihad
1) The document discusses common myths about Jihad in Islam, including that it means "holy war" or that Islam was spread by the sword.
2) It explains that Jihad actually means to strive or struggle, and identifies four main types - striving of the soul, against Satan, against enemies, and against injustice.
3) It argues that Islam promotes peace, not a "clash of civilizations", and prohibits violence against civilians like suicide bombings. Muslims are called to be peacemakers who resolve conflicts through dialogue and cooperation between civilizations.
Islamic Diplomacy, by Professor Joel Hayward
The lecture discussed the evolution of Islamic diplomacy from the time of the Prophet Muhammad to the modern era. It noted that early Islamic empires like the Umayyads adopted a confrontational worldview that divided the world into the Dar al-Islam vs the Dar al-Harb. However, as these empires weakened, the Abbasids and Ottomans embraced a less confrontational approach and established permanent embassies. The lecture argued that the career of the Prophet, which emphasized persuasion, compromise and avoiding aggression towards neighbors, provides the best model for Islamic diplomacy. It concluded by discussing the role of religion in the foreign policies of modern Islamic states.
Refuting accusations against islam and muslims
The document provides background information on Islam, including the biography of Prophet Muhammad, the five pillars of Islam, and common misconceptions. It discusses the major conflicts in Middle East history from the Mongol invasion to the Arab-Israeli conflict and American interventions. It seeks to clarify what jihad means in Islam and that extremist behavior and terrorism contradict Islamic teachings of mercy, justice, and peace. Statistics are given showing the vast majority of Muslims strongly reject extremism and violence against civilians.
Muharram quotes
The document recounts the events surrounding the martyrdom of Imam Husain ibn Ali (a.s.) at the Battle of Karbala in 680 AD. It describes how Imam Husain was forced to leave Medina with his family and followers due to threats. They traveled to Mecca but were again compelled to leave and settled in Karbala where they were surrounded by a large army. Imam Husain, his family, and companions were killed after suffering from thirst for days. Their bodies were mutilated and denied proper burial. The document includes quotes from various historical and political figures emphasizing the significance and lessons of Imam Husain's sacrifice.
What is Muharram?
The document summarizes the Islamic month of Muharram and the events of the Battle of Karbala. Muharram is the first month of the Islamic calendar and is marked by mourning for Imam Husayn ibn Ali and his martyrdom in Karbala. On the 10th day (Ashura), Husayn and his small band of followers were massacred by Yazid I's large army after Husayn refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid's tyrannical rule. Though outnumbered, Husayn and his supporters fought bravely and upheld values of truth, justice, and freedom. Their martyrdom commemorates the victory of truth over falsehood.
024 an-noor ( the light )
The Meaning of the Qur'an is a fresh English rendering of Tafhim-ul-Qur’an, Maulana Syed Abu Ala Moududi’s monumental and masterly Urdu translation of the Qur’an and a selection of his commentary. The translator has undertaken the delicate and difficult task of rendering this work in English under the guidance of the Maulana himself. Here is a work with a difference, by a dedicated scholar of an entirely different sort. An immense wealth of profound understanding of the Qur’an is here, a vast treasure of knowledge and deep insight, and a valuable exposition of some social, political, economic and legal teachings of the Qur’an.
This comprehensive Tafsir answers contemporary questions, and makes the Qur’an fully relevant to the concerns of day, yet it loses nothing of its timelessness nor sacrifices any of the traditional understanding. It demonstrates the unity and coherence of the Qur’an by centring everything on its message, like gems hung on a single string.
This Tafsir is particularly suitable for Muslims with no direct access to the Arabic original.
Salih Al Uthaimeen On Terrorism
This document summarizes a statement by Shaykh Muhammad Ibn Saalih Al-†̃Uthaymeen on the 1996 Khobar bombing in Saudi Arabia that killed 18 people and injured 386. The Shaykh condemns the bombing as forbidden by Islamic law based on Quranic verses and hadiths protecting the lives of non-Muslims living peacefully under Muslim rule. He argues the bombing harms Islam's image, causes fear/hatred of Muslims, and devastates lives/wealth without achieving positive change. The Shaykh prays Allah eliminates corruption and protects Saudi Arabia from such evil acts.
What is muharram
Muharram is the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is a month of mourning to commemorate the martyrdom of Imam Husayn and his followers at the Battle of Karbala. The 10th day of Muharram, known as Ashura, marks the climax of remembrance ceremonies. In 680 CE, Imam Husayn and his small band of followers were brutally massacred by the large army of the tyrant Yazid after refusing to pledge allegiance to him. This tragedy illustrated the victory of truth over falsehood and became a symbol of courage and sacrifice in standing up against tyranny.
17575789 The Letters Prophet Muhammad (1)
The letter summarizes the contents of a letter sent by the Prophet Muhammad to Hercules, the Byzantine emperor. It invites him to accept Islam so that he may be safe and rewarded by God. It also references a verse from the Quran calling people of previous scriptures to worship only God. An envoy was chosen to deliver the letter to the king of Busra to send to Hercules. When Abu Sufyan met Hercules, he questioned him about Muhammad and the new religion, and Abu Sufyan responded by acknowledging Muhammad's noble lineage and honesty, though he had not yet accepted Islam himself.
The Review of Religions November 2017
- The document is an article from The Review of Religions magazine from November 2017.
- The main article discusses the purpose of the Promised Messiah's advent, explaining that it was to show people the path to God.
- Other articles in the magazine include discussions on women's rights in Islam, the meaning of the Muslim pledge, and a preview of an exhibit at the Ashmolean Museum on religious iconography.
Khyber expedition and letters to emperors (islamiat work)
The Khyber Expedition occurred in 7 AH/629 AD. Jews who had broken a treaty with Muslims in Medina took refuge in the fortress of Khyber and gained the support of local tribes to plot against Muslims. When the Prophet Muhammad learned of this, he led 1600 men in an attack on Khyber. The Muslims captured the fortresses easily except Qamus, which took 20 days to conquer. On the Prophet's order, Ali single-handedly conquered Qamus and killed the Jewish leader. The Jews surrendered and were allowed to remain in Khyber on the condition they give half their produce to Muslims. The spoils from Khyber were abundant.
The Prophet also sent letters
Prophet of doom_16_mein_kampf
This document discusses the persecution of Jewish tribes in Medina by the prophet Muhammad and his followers. It describes how Muhammad besieged the wealthy Jewish tribe Banu Qaynuqa after accusing them of breaking a treaty. When the Jews refused to surrender unconditionally, Muhammad had his followers cut them off from food and water. The Jews were eventually expelled from their homes and properties were taken by Muhammad's men. The document criticizes Muhammad's actions as violent, deceitful and motivated by greed, contrasting him with the Biblical portrayal of prophets. It argues Muhammad was influenced more by Islam's deity Allah than by the God of the Bible.
Was islam spread by the sword ?
1) Islam was not spread by the sword. While war is permitted in self-defense and to establish justice, the Quran makes clear that initiating hostilities or aggression is forbidden.
2) Islam spread rapidly during periods of peace, not war. Many historians have rejected the myth that early Muslims forced conversion at sword-point. Islam appealed to people through its rational and simple teachings as well as impressive rituals.
3) When Muslim armies entered places like Makkah and Jerusalem, there was no bloodshed or forced conversion - people were free to stay or leave as they chose. This contrasts with violence during the Crusades. Indonesia and East Africa also entered Islam peacefully, without military conquest.
Traditions Relating To The Conduct Of War
Traditions Relating To The Conduct Of War
Muslim
Language: English | Format: PDF | Pages: 97 | Size: 1 MB
Aqeedah wasatiyah
Ibn Taimiyah was a renowned 14th century Islamic scholar born in Harran, modern-day Turkey. His family fled to Damascus to escape invading Tatars. In Damascus, Ibn Taimiyah studied under great scholars and became a professor at a young age. He issued fatwas without following a traditional legal school and defended sound hadiths. Ibn Taimiyah fought heresies and innovations in religion, and led military campaigns against the Tatars. However, his progressive opinions angered opponents and he was imprisoned multiple times until dying in prison, though he was honored at his large funeral. Ibn Taimiyah wrote over 350 works on Islamic sciences and established himself as one of Islam
Prophet of doom_21_blood_and_booty
The document describes Muhammad leading a raid on the Jewish community of Khaybar without provocation. It says Muhammad's followers were restless after being prevented from raiding at Hudaybiyah, so he launched the attack on Khaybar to satisfy their lust for blood, women, and loot. The raid involved killing Khaybar's men, taking the women and children as captives, and dividing the spoils among the Muslims. Muhammad took a woman named Safiyah for himself and distributed other women to his followers. The document presents this as an example of Muhammad establishing the violent and immoral practices that became part of early Islamic tradition and law.
Mais procurados (20)
Islamic Principles of War for the Twenty-first Century, by Professor Joel Hay...
Islamic Principles of War for the Twenty-first Century, by Professor Joel Hay...
Defence Against the Plague and a Criterion for the Elect of God
Defence Against the Plague and a Criterion for the Elect of God
Revisiting the Past: The Value of Teaching Islamic Military History, by Pr...
Revisiting the Past: The Value of Teaching Islamic Military History, by Pr...
Khyber expedition and letters to emperors (islamiat work)
Khyber expedition and letters to emperors (islamiat work)
Semelhante a Western and Islamic Just War, by Professor Joel Hayward
From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima: Christian (Adventist) Perspectives on War
The document discusses the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, where over 2,400 Americans were killed. It then discusses the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 by the US, which killed over 200,000 people. The document also examines different Christian attitudes towards war, including the just war theory, pacifism, and holy wars. It notes there are differing views among Christians as to which position is the right one to take regarding war.
How Justifiable are Just-Wars? A Critical Review
This paper is a critical review of the theory of just war. The paper
attempts to explain what Just-War Theory is. An overview of the history of Just War Tradition is given. There are some cited assumptions and approaches of Just-War Theory. The paper also gives some strengths and weaknesses of Just-War. The paper also gives some strengths and weaknesses of Just-War. The paper concludes with the fact that Just War Theory provides balances that must be taken into consideration when there is any necessitated war that results from inevitable conflicts. Furthermore, the paper concludes that the strengths of the theory should be built on when there is such war.
Q70 tolerate killng inocent
This document seeks to address and dispel several common misconceptions about Islam, including that it tolerates killing innocents, that Muslims are inherently terrorists, that jihad means holy war, and that Islam spread by the sword. It argues that the Quran unambiguously prohibits killing innocents and that terrorists who do so commit a grave sin. It explains the true meaning of jihad as struggle, including fighting oppression. It also notes Islam's judicial system only mandates retaliation with strict conditions and forgiveness is better. The document concludes that Islam could not have spread by force, as the Quran states there is no compulsion in religion.
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 7 - A Brief History of IHL
This lecture presents the brief history of International Humanitarian Law. It explains how precursor of present day IHL are found in all cultures.
C5 - International Relation Theory
1) Traditional Islamic scholars believe that foreign relations in Islam are based on fighting non-Muslim states and societies, dividing the world into the "Domain of Islam" and the "Domain of War".
2) They argue that preaching Islam through both peaceful and forceful means is a religious duty of the Islamic state. According to the traditional view, verses in the Quran gradually established fighting as a principle of foreign relations.
3) However, other Islamic jurists believe that the original principle of foreign relations in Islam is peace. The article aims to re-examine the traditional assumptions and incorporate non-traditional views into a more comprehensive approach.
Lrp ppt to video test
The document discusses different biblical passages related to war and peace, including Cain killing Abel, God commanding the annihilation of Canaanite nations, prohibitions against defiling the land, and the sons of Jacob killing the men of Shechem in retaliation for Dinah's defilement. It also includes Jesus telling Peter to put his sword away and passages from prophets about beating swords into plowshares and nations not making war.
muhammad taught us to fightppt.pptx
The document discusses military strategy and tactics used by early Islamic armies and how they may relate to modern groups like ISIS. It notes that early Islamic forces were highly adaptive, drawing inspiration from past battles and innovating new tactics like psychological warfare. They fought with total religious commitment and used a variety of strategies, adapting weapons and hitting vulnerabilities. The document argues groups like ISIS learn from this history, showing resilience by counterattacking after defeats and continuing operations undaunted by losses of territory or leaders.
Muhammad taught us to fight
A comparison of the tactics and strategy used in the early Islamic expansion and the present day strategy and tactics of the Daesh Erhab ( terrorists)
When Is it Right to Fight
1) The document discusses when the use of force and violence is justified according to the Bible, such as in self-defense of oneself and one's family or community.
2) It argues that Christianity does not mandate pacifism and that just wars can be fought defensively to protect innocent lives according to theological principles.
3) The key message is that while military defense may sometimes be necessary, the most effective way to undermine oppression and conflict is through fulfilling the Great Commission of making disciples of all nations through preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ.
What islam is and what it is not about
This slide show presents to true teachings of Islam. It shows that Islam Does Not promote violence. The few verses that are used to promote violence in the name of Islam are taken totally out of context to justify the perverted agenda of those so called Islamist.
Islam And Violence
While some claim Islam promotes violence, the document argues this is a misinterpretation. It summarizes that the Quran and hadiths instruct Muslims to act with justice, mercy, and avoid harming others. Terrorism runs contrary to Islamic principles of preserving life and avoiding aggression. Islamic law establishes protections for life, intellect, property, lineage and faith.
Rights of enemies in war
This document discusses the rights of enemies in war according to Islam. It explains that Islam established humane rules of war over 1400 years ago, drawing a distinction between combatants and non-combatants. Non-combatants like women, children, monks and the wounded were not to be killed. Combatants were to be treated humanely as well - they could not be tortured, wounded soldiers could not be attacked, prisoners could not be slain, and bodies were not to be mutilated. Islam prohibited looting, destruction of property, and using things without permission in conquered lands.
Middle East, past and present
This document provides an overview of the history and beliefs of Islam and the Middle East region. It discusses the origins and key teachings of Islam, including the Quran and hadith. It then covers major historical events and conflicts in the Middle East such as the Mongol invasions, Crusades, Ottoman-Persian wars, European colonialism, and current issues. The document seeks to clarify common misconceptions about Islamic beliefs and teachings regarding God, prophets, Jesus, the Bible, treatment of non-Muslims, and the circumstances under which Islam permits fighting.
Civilian Immunity in Foundational Islamic Strategic Thought, by Professor Joe...
Civilian Immunity in Foundational Islamic Strategic Thought, by Professor Joe...Professor Joel Hayward
This study analyses the Qur’anic revelation and the preaching and practices of the Prophet Muhammad in order to ascertain what Islam in its initial manifestation taught regarding the responsibilities of Islamic armies and warriors towards the people that we nowadays call civilians and other non-combatants. It is clear that the divine revelation and the Prophet of Islam ushered in an era of humanity during warfare exceeding that found previously in Arabia and indeed virtually anywhere in the world. Muhammad did not intend war and its ravages to involve whole communities, but, rather, to involve only the combatants, whose aggression and willingness to take up arms made them culpable and subject to armed resistance. Understanding that Allah permitted self-defense against attack, he directed warfare to the attackers, but not to the enemy force’s women, children, and elderly. Indeed, in keeping with modern international humanitarian law he forbade their deliberate targeting, unless they surrendered their rights to protection by taking part in combat. Extending this right to protection to the monks and other clergy who devoted themselves to religious practices, and then even to the kinds of property that we now call civilian infrastructure, Muhammad created a widespread environment of security that safeguarded the lives, and way of life, of most people even in warring communities. Popular misconceptions fueled by the indiscriminate atrocities of Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Boko Haram vi and other violent extremist groups are simply not based on an unbiased reading of the historical evidence. That evidence tells a totally different story to theirs: of a close compatibility between the early Islamic practices under the Prophet Muhammad’s direction and the ethical code of civilian immunity embedded within western Just War theory and international humanitarian law. Aside from the combatants, Muslims were not to kill or otherwise harm the innocent and they were not to destroy their homes, infrastructure or means of survival.Pacifism: A Discussion Paper
The document discusses pacifism in early Christianity based on examples from the Bible and writings of early Christian leaders. It notes that while Christians faced violent persecution, there are no biblical examples of Christians using violence in self-defense. Many early Christian writers advocated nonviolence and turning the other cheek. The position of nonviolence shifted in the 4th century as Constantine and Augustine began justifying Christian use of violence. The document raises questions about how to apply teachings of nonviolence in dangerous scenarios.
Rights of non muslims in Islam
Presentation by Al Midrar Institute
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Islam Mission Fest
The document provides an overview of Islam, including:
1) Islam is the fastest growing religion in the world with over 1.3 billion followers globally, especially in Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and other Asian and African countries.
2) The core beliefs of Islam include tawhid (monotheism), justice of God, prophethood (including belief in prophets like Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus), and life after death.
3) Key practices include the five daily prayers (salah), fasting during Ramadan (saum), pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj), religious tax (zakat), and striving for good (jihad), which is primarily
Revision War and Peace
The document discusses different ethical approaches to war, including just war theory, pacifism, and Christian realism. It provides details on the origins and key principles of just war theory as developed by Augustine and Aquinas, including jus ad bellum criteria for a just war and jus in bello principles for just conduct during war. The document also examines pacifism and outlines different types of pacifist positions. It notes criticisms of both just war theory and pacifism and discusses Reinhold Niebuhr's view of Christian realism.
148122042 terrorism-knows-no-religion
The Muslims who killed innocent Muslims are insulting their religion They can not be true Muslims .Similarly those who killed innocent Muslims are also terrorists .Actually these two groups of people are helping each other indirectly.The anti terrorism war should be called against both of these two groups ,in other ways we should fight against those people who kills innocent people either he is Muslim or from other community.The anti terrorism activities should be operated neutrally ,it should not be biased if we want really a peaceful world.No religion supports terrorism and a few people in every religions are evils who are enough to make this world unstable.So we should not try to make popular a single community as terrorists because in this case the real terrorists are free which is not beneficiary for the world and mankind at all.Lets lead our lives naturally and peacefully
Just_War (2003-2017)
The document discusses Just War Theory, outlining its key criteria for determining whether a war can be considered "just". It explains that early Christian approaches were pacifist but that Augustine and Aquinas later developed arguments for use of force. Their criteria included that war must be undertaken as a last resort, for just cause by legitimate authority, intended to establish peace, and conducted humanely. Modern philosophers continue debating how to apply just war theory to today's globalized world of war and terrorism.
Semelhante a Western and Islamic Just War, by Professor Joel Hayward (20)
From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima: Christian (Adventist) Perspectives on War
From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima: Christian (Adventist) Perspectives on War
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 7 - A Brief History of IHL
International Humanitarian Law Lecture 7 - A Brief History of IHL
Civilian Immunity in Foundational Islamic Strategic Thought, by Professor Joe...
Civilian Immunity in Foundational Islamic Strategic Thought, by Professor Joe...
Mais de Professor Joel Hayward
The Battle of Dhi Qar, by Professor Joel Hayward
The Battle of Dhi Qar (Arabic: يوم ذي قار), also known as the Battle of Dhu Qar,was a pre-Islamic battle fought between Arab tribes and the Sassanid Empire in Southern Iraq. The battle occurred after the death of Al-Nu'man III by the orders of Khosrow II.
By the end of this lecture students should be able to:
Understand Middle Eastern political and strategic dynamics in late antiquity
Analyze the nature of Arab-Persian relations
Analyze the causes, the course, and the consequences of the Battle of Dhi Qar
An Introduction to Terrorism, by Professor Joel hayward
An Introduction to Terrorism, by Professor Joel hayward
By the end of this lecture students should be able to:
Recognise some major forms of terrorism
Understand some basic motivations behind them
Understand the nature and scope of the threat to us
An Introduction to Insurgency, by Professor Joel Hayward
This document provides an introduction to insurgency and distinguishes it from terrorism. It defines insurgency as an armed resistance against political authority based on a belief that the authority is illegitimate, unfair, or harmful. Insurgencies can involve conventional warfare, guerrilla warfare, or terrorism, but most only involve guerrilla warfare and are not terrorist. The document discusses different types of insurgencies and their motives, providing examples of insurgent leaders. It concludes that not all insurgents are terrorists and some insurgencies could be seen as having positive motives from the insurgents' perspective.
The Battle of Britain 1940, by Professor Joel Hayward
The Battle of Britain 1940 by Professor Joel Hayward
By the end of the lecture students should be able to understand:
The differing strategic objectives of both sides in the air campaign
The importance of control of the air to achieving these objectives
The qualities of Dowding’s Integrated Air Defence System
The Characteristics and Utility of Airpower, by Professor Joel Hayward
By the end of this lecture students should be able to understand that:
Air power represents a technological revolution
Air power has tremendously changed the conduct of warfare
Air power has not changed the nature of warfare
The Evolution of Integrated Air Power (air-land integration), 3, by Professor...
The Evolution of Integrated Air Power (air-land integration), 3, by Professor...Professor Joel Hayward
By the end of this lecture student will be able to understand that, in any return to conventional air-land integration, air forces will face:
Vastly improved precision capabilities
Greater intolerance of harm to civilian objects and infrastructure
Greater demands for ubiquity
Greater intolerance of fratricide
A return to conventionally contested airspace
The Evolution of Integrated Air Power (air-land integration), 1, by Professor...
The Evolution of Integrated Air Power (air-land integration), 1, by Professor...Professor Joel Hayward
The document discusses the evolution of air-land integration during World War I. It notes that while independent air operations made up a tiny portion of total air efforts during WWI, the war prompted novel ideas about using air power and removing battle from traditional war. After WWI, the concept of "independent" versus "integrated" air power emerged, where integrated referred to close air support of ground forces and control of the air.The Evolution of Integrated Air Power (air-land integration), 2, by Professor...
The Evolution of Integrated Air Power (air-land integration), 2, by Professor...Professor Joel Hayward
By the end of this lecture students should be able to understand:
Different approaches to air-land integration between 1939-1953
The challenges of coordinating air power and land power
Some of the efforts made to overcome these challenges
The enduring importance of battle to strategic decisionManeuver Warfare (the Maneuverist Approach), by Professor Joel Hayward
By the end of this lecture students should be able to understand:
the relationship between maneuver and firepower
key Maneuver Warfare concepts
that flexibility is necessary in their interpretation and application
الحصانة المدنية في الفكر الاستراتيجي الإسلامي التأسيسي تحقيقٌ تاريخي البروفيس...
الحصانة المدنية في الفكر الاستراتيجي الإسلامي التأسيسي تحقيقٌ تاريخي البروفيس...Professor Joel Hayward
الحصانة المدنية في الفكر الاستراتيجي الإسلامي التأسيسي
تحقيقٌ تاريخي
البروفيسور جويل هيوارد
تحلل هذه الدراسة الوحي القرآني ووعظ وممارسات النبي محمد من أجل التحقق مما قام الإسلام بتعليمه في مستهل ظهوره فيما يتعلق بمسؤوليات الجيوش الإسلامية والمحاربين اتجاه الأشخاص الذين نسميهم في الوقت الحاضر بالمدنيين وغيرهم من غير المقاتلين. من الواضح أن الوحي الإلهي ونبي الإسلام قد هدوا في عصر الإنسانية خلال حربٍ تفوق تلك التي وجدت في وقت سابق في الجزيرة العربية وفي الواقع في أي مكان في العالم. لم يتعمد محمد الحرب ودمارها لتشمل مجتمعات بأكملها، بل بالأحرى لتطال المقاتلين فقط، الذين جعلتهم عدوانيتهم ورغبتهم في حمل السلاح مذنبين وخاضعين للمقاومة المسلحة. مدركين بأن الله قد سمح بالدفاع عن النفس ضد الهجوم، وقد قام بتوجيه الحرب على المهاجمين، ولكن ليس على نساء قوات العدو، وأطفالهم، وكبار السن. في الواقع، متمشياً مع القانون الدولي الإنساني المعاصر، فقد حظر محمد الإستهداف المتعمد لهم، مالم يتنازلوا عن حقوقهم في الحماية بالمشاركة في القتال. موسّعاً حق الحماية هذا إلى الرهبان وغيرهم من رجال الدين الذين كرسّوا حياتهم للممارسات الدينية، ومن ثمّ إلى أنواع من الممتلكات التي نسميها الآن بالبنية التحتية المدنية، أنشأ محمد بيئة واسعة من الأمان والتي حافظت على أرواح وطرق معيشة الناس حتى في المجتماعات المتحاربة. إن المفاهيم الخاطئة الشائعة التي أججتها الأفعال الوحشية غير المسؤولة لتنظيم القاعدة وتنظيم الدولة الإسلامية ، وبوكو حرام وغيرها من التنظيمات الإرهابية المتطرفة، هي وببساطة لا تستند على قراءة عادلة للدليل التاريخي. حيث يحكي ذلك الدليل قصة مغايرة تماماً لما يرونه: للإنسجام الوثيق بين الممارسات الإسلامية الأولى بتوجيهات محمد وبين المدونة الأخلاقية للحصانة المدنية الراسغة في نظرية الحرب العادلة الغربية والقانون الدولي الانساني. بمعزلٍ عن المقاتلين، لم يكن المسلمين ليقتلوا أو على نحو آخر ليلحقوا الأذى بالأبريا، ولم يكونوا ليدمروا منازلهم، والبنية التحتية أو مستلزمات معيشتهم.
Warfare in the Qur'an, by Professor Joel Hayward
The Qur’an is among the most widely read books on earth, yet it is also commonly misunderstood and misquoted. Islam’s critics say that it contains exhortations of violence against non-Muslims and a concept of war that is far more unbridled and indiscriminate than the western Just War theory.
This study is not a general overview or critique of the Islamic laws of war, which are the varied and sometimes contradictory opinions of medieval Islamic jurists ― mainly from the ninth to thirteenth centuries CE. Instead, this study analyses only the Qur’anic text itself and, by putting its verses into historical context, attempts to explain its codes of conduct in order to determine what it actually requires or permits Muslims to do in terms of the use of military force.
It concludes that the Qur’an is clear: Muslims must not undertake offensive violence and are instructed, if defensive warfare should become unavoidable, always to act within a code of ethical behavior that is closely similar to the western Just War tradition. This study attempts to dispel any misperceptions that Islam’s holy book advocates the subjugation or killing of non-Muslims and reveals that, on the contrary, its key and unequivocal concepts governing warfare are based on justice and a profound belief in the sanctity of human life.
Civilian Immunity and "Collateral Damage", by Professor Joel Hayward
By the end of this lecture you should be able to understand:
why civilians are to be considered “innocent”
the moral and legal importance of civilian immunity
that the attacking force carries responsibility for protecting civilians
that even the accidental killing of civilians is politically damaging
Warfare and Environmental Ethics, by Professor Joel Hayward
Ecologists, activists, lobbyists and of course politicians are already turning their attention to ecological aspects of modern warfare. As a consequence, governments and their armed forces will have to pay more attention to the serious ecological ramifications of conflict. Air forces face the greatest challenges. During both peace and war they have far greater carbon footprints than armies and navies. They use potentially more devastating ordnance. Their targets traditionally include objects in or near population centers and the aquifers, waterways, soils and food sources that sustain them. And air forces cause far worse damage to environmentally significant production, storage and distribution infrastructure (much of it based on petroleum, oil, lubricants or chemicals). This lecture does not recommend the blanket exclusion of any potential target sets from planning processes. Rather, it argues that, when we utilize our existing warrior code, the Just War ethical framework, we must now slightly expand our time-honored moral and legal constructs of proportionality and discrimination to include environmental issues. That is, the lecture argues for the inclusion of ecological protection in military planning and for it to be weighed expertly, along with the likely need for post-war remediation activities, among the factors that will ultimately determine the justifiability of military actions.
Air Power, Ethics and Civilian Immunity during the Great War and its Aftermat...
Air Power, Ethics and Civilian Immunity during the Great War and its Aftermat...Professor Joel Hayward
Little has been published on the ethical and legal basis of air attacks on non-combatants during the First World War. Existing works have focused mainly on the injustice of the German Zeppelin and Gotha raids on British towns. They present British air campaigns on German towns and the formation of the Royal Air Force as a reasoned self-defensive response. This article breaks new ground as it attempts to paint a richer picture by explaining the influence of retributive passions – vengeance – on British thinking about how best to respond to the villainy of German air raids. By using unpublished primary sources to uncover the moral and legal rationale used by British decision-makers, it shows that they (as their German counterparts had) exploited ambiguities or "loopholes" in the ethical and legal prohibitions on the bombardment of non-combatants and explained away their own air attacks on civilian towns and villages as legitimate acts of reprisal. It ends by demonstrating that, far from feeling grave concerns about the inhumanity of targeting civilians and their environs, the most influential air power thinkers after the war were relatively uninterested in moral concepts of proportionality and discrimination. They saw air power's ability to punish the strong and culpable by attacking the weak and vulnerable as a way of making wars shorter and therefore less expensive.Air Power: The Quest to remove Battle from War, by Professor Joel Hayward
Air power emerged from the Great War as a third primary form of military force, along armies and navies. Its early theorists made astounding claims that air power alone could delivery strategy – that is, the war-winning outcomes that involved the enemy’s defeat – without the significant and inevitably bloody contributions of soldiers and sailors. Throughout the next century their ideas were attempted and almost without exception they proved inadequate. The so-called strategic air campaigns damaged enemy production, but only in a zero-sum way, with the cost of producing and maintaining massive air fleets and soaking up their ghastly attrition balancing out the gains being made. The exception might be the nuclear bombings of Japan, but the atomic weapon itself was the game-changer, with air power being merely its delivery system for a brief time before missiles became the major delivery instrument and source of deterrence. Air power’s most effective role was not away from the battlefield, with cities, civilians and industry the focus of attack, but was on the battlefield in coordination with the other services. Air power’s most significant contributions to strategy came in what looks superficially like a tactical role: as close air support, interdiction, reconnaissance, air supply, counter-air operations, and medical evacuation. These, especially the former, close air support, have proven devastating and enabled joint forces to inflict strategic wins.
Stalingrad: An Examination-of Hitler's Decision to Airlift, by Professor Joel...
Stalingrad: An Examination-of Hitler's Decision to Airlift, by Professor Joel...Professor Joel Hayward
After February 1943, the shadow of Stalingrad ever lengthened ahead of Adolf Hitler. The battle for that city had ended in disastrous defeat, shattering the myth of his military "Midas touch," ending his chances of defeating the Red Army, permanently damaging relations with Italy, Rumania, Hungary, and other allied nations, and, of course, inflicting heavy losses on his eastern armies. More than 150,000 Axis soldiers, most of them German, had been killed or wounded in the city's approaches or ruins; 108,000 others stumbled into Soviet captivity, 91,000 in the battle's last three days alone. (Although Hitler never learned of their fate, only six thousand ever returned to Germany.) The battle has attracted considerable scholarly and journalistic attention. Literally scores of books and articles on Stalingrad have appeared during the 50 years since Stalin's armies bulldozed into Berlin, bringing the war in Europe to a close. Most have been published in Germany and, to a lesser degree, Russia, where the name "Stalingrad" still conjures up powerful and emotional imagery. Comparatively few have been published in the English-speaking world, and this is understandable. Because no British, Common wealth, or American forces took part in the battle, they can number none of their own among its many heroes, martyrs, prisoners, and victims. Moreover, although the German defeat at Stalin grad was immediately seen in the West as a turning point, its effects were not directly felt by the Anglo- - American nations. The main focus of Stalin grad historiography, including the dozen books published in 1992 and 1993 to commemorate the battle's 50th anniversary, has been the fighting, encirclement, suffering, and destruction of Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich Paulus's Sixth Army. Few books and articles have devoted adequate attention to the activities of the Luftwaffe, although it made substantial contributions to all battles throughout the 1942 summer campaign—of which Stalingrad was the climax—and it alone was responsible for the maintenance of Sixth Army after Marshal G. K. Zhukov's forces severed it from all but radio contact with other German army formations. Even fewer works—and none in English—have analyzed in depth Hitler's decision to supply the forces trapped at Stalin grad from the air, even though this decision led to the destruction of those forces after the Luftwaffe failed to keep them adequately supplied. Hitler's Quest for Oil: The Impact of Economic Considerations on Military Str...
Hitler's Quest for Oil: The Impact of Economic Considerations on Military Str...Professor Joel Hayward
When asked by his Allied captors in 1945 to what extent German military strategy had been influenced at various stages by economic considerations, Albert Speer, Hitler's outstanding Armaments Minister, replied that in the case of Operation BARBAROSSA the need for oil was certainly a prime motive.' Indeed, even during the initial discussions of his plan to invade the Soviet Union, Hitler stressed the absolute necessity of seizing key oilfields, particularly those in the Caucasus region, which accounted for around 90 per cent of all oil produced in the Soviet Union. For example, during a war conference at the Berghof on 31 July 1940, Hitler revealed to high-ranking commanders his intention to shatter Russia 'to its roots with one blow'2 After achieving the 'destruction of Russian manpower', he explained, the German Army must drive on towards the Baku oilfield, by far the richest of those in the Caucasus and one of the most productive in the world. Despite Hitler's optimism, the 1941 campaign - which opened along a 2,000 km front and involved 148 combat divisions - failed to shatter Russia 'to its roots with one blow'. Consequently, it failed to bring the huge oil region of the Caucasus under German control. After reverses in the winter of 1941/42, it was no longer possible for the Wehrmacht to undertake wide-ranging offensives along the entire front, by then over 2,500 km in length. The summer campaign of 1942, although still immense, was necessarily less ambitious. It opened along a front of around 725 km, and involved 68 German and 25 allied combat divisions. Soviet oil remained a major attraction for Hitler. The offensive's objectives were to destroy the main Russian forces between the Donets and the Don river, capture the crossings into the mountainous Caucasus region and then deliver the rich oilfields into German hands. The perceived importance of these oilfields to the German economy, and hence the war effort, cannot be overstated. On 1 June 1942, four weeks to the day before the summer campaign began, Hitler told the assembled senior officers of Army Group South that 'If I do not get the oil of Maikop and Grozny then I must end this war'.3 The purpose of this study is not to provide a narrative description of the planning of the 1942 campaign, but, rather, to reveal the central role which economic considerations played in the planning of that ill-fated endeavor. In the following pages I shall appraise Hitler's preoccupation with the Caucasus region and its oilfields, and describe how Germany's own oil situation in the first two years of the war led him to believe that the capture of those oilfields was an essential prerequisite to waging a prolonged war of economic attrition. I shall then outline and explain the lengthy planning of the 1942 campaign, which aimed first at protecting the vulnerable Rumanian oilfields - upon which the German war economy was already heavily reliant - and secondly (and more importantly) at possessing the far ...Horatio Lord Nelson's Warfighting Style and the Maneuver Warfare Paradigm, by...
Horatio Lord Nelson's Warfighting Style and the Maneuver Warfare Paradigm, by...Professor Joel Hayward
Readers seeking to analyze Maneuver Warfare’s applicability to combat on the seas that cover most of the globe can be forgiven for noticing the absence of scholarly interest in this theme and thinking that, in short, Maneuver Warfare must have no applicability at sea. One can, however, easily find many fine examples of what is now called Maneuver Warfare in seapower’s long history. This article draws from one such example – splendidly manifest in the person of Britain’s greatest fighting seaman, Vice-Admiral Horatio, Lord Nelson (1758–1805) – to demonstrate that students of maneuver need not fear turning their attention occasionally from land battles towards those fought at sea. They may indeed be greatly enriched by doing so. While being mindful to avoid anachronism (Maneuver Warfare’s conceptual framework, after all, is very recent), this article shows that Lord Nelson’s warfighting style closely resembles the modern Maneuver Warfare paradigm. He was not fighting according to any paradigm, of course, much less one that dates from almost 200 years after his death. He understood naval tactics and battle according to the norms and behavioral patterns of his own era and continuously experimented and tested ideas, rejecting some, keeping others. The article naturally makes no claim that Nelson’s warfighting style was unique among sea warriors or that he contributed disproportionately to conceptual or doctrinal developments in tactics or operational art. Even a cursory glance at the careers of John Paul Jones, Edward Hawke and John Jervis (one of Nelson’s mentors), to mention but a few, reveals that their names fit almost as aptly as Nelson’s alongside Napoleon Bonaparte’s, Erwin Rommel’s and George S. Patton’s in studies of effective maneuverists. Yet Lord Nelson makes an ideal focus for a case study of Maneuver Warfare at sea. Extant sources pertaining to his fascinating life are unusually abundant and reveal that he raised the art of war at sea to unsurpassed heights, all the while perfecting the highly maneuverist warfighting style that gave him victory in several of naval history’s grandest battles.The German Use of Airpower at Kharkov, May 1942, by Professor Joel Hayward
This archival source-based analysis of the role and effectiveness of airpower during the Battle of Kharkov in May 1942 demonstrates that it was the critical factor in determining German success. Masterfully commanded by Generaloberst Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, the Third Reich's leading close air support expert, the Luftwaffe delivered highly effective support to the German army and prevented a major Soviet encirclement attempt from succeeding.
Von Richthofen's 'giant fire-magic': The Luftwaffe's Contribution to the Batt...
Von Richthofen's 'giant fire-magic': The Luftwaffe's Contribution to the Batt...Professor Joel Hayward
The document summarizes the strengths of Soviet forces defending the Kerch Peninsula in 1942, totaling over 200,000 troops packed into fortified defensive lines. It also discusses German General Erich von Manstein's plan for the Battle of Kerch, which involved a surprise attack in the weakly defended southern sector of the peninsula followed by encirclement of Soviet forces further north. Hitler personally oversaw planning for extensive Luftwaffe support, ordering disruption of Soviet supply lines and concentration of bombers, fragmentation bombs, and close air support to breach fortifications and destroy Soviet concentrations of troops.Mais de Professor Joel Hayward (20)
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Western and Islamic Just War, by Professor Joel Hayward
- 1. Professor Joel Hayward The Ethics and Laws of War
- 2. Learning Objectives: At the end of this lecture students should be able to: Identify and understand the key elements of Western Just War (“Bellum iustum”) and Islamic Jihad concepts Understand and evaluate the purpose and importance of those frameworks
- 3. Summary: The Qur’an and Sunnah reveal a conception of war that is just That framework is highly compatible with Western Just War Both cover the causes and conduct of war Both seek to minimise the harm brought by war Both closely match the Geneva Conventions
- 4. Different historical development? Christian / Western Just War tradition Concepts are not explicit in Christian scriptures Evolved as values to inform rulers, but not as binding laws Islamic tradition Concepts are explicit in scriptures and the Sunnah Therefore they became enshrined in laws within the Sharia
- 5. Classical philosophers Cicero (106-43 BC) Early Christian writers Ambrose (339-397) Augustine (354-430) Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Francisco de Vitoria (1481-1546) Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) Modern thinkers Michael Walzer (1935-)
- 6. Classical philosophers Cicero (106-43 BC) Early Christian writers Ambrose (339-397) Augustine (354-430) Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Francisco de Vitoria (1481-1546) Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) Modern thinkers Michael Walzer (1935-)
- 7. Key Just War conclusions of the western philosophers War is always a hated thing but not necessarily morally wrong Under certain circumstances killing may actually be morally necessary The harm of war must be outweighed by a “greater good” And war must conform to clear principles
- 8. The Key Principles (by stage) ius ad bellum (Justice going into War) ius in bello (Justice during War) Note: for a war to be just, it must be just in both stages Pronunciation key: ius = “yoos”
- 9. ius ad bellum (Justice going into War) Just Cause Right Intention Last Resort Legitimate Authority Proportionality Probability of success Ordinarily “self defense” Ordinarily to create a “better state of peace” Ordinarily “no greater violence than needed”
- 10. ius in bello (Justice during War) Proportionality Discrimination Nothing malum in se Pronunciation key: Malum in se = “Marlim in say”
- 11. Key principles of just war embedded within western canon law by c. 1275 Informed the conduct of war during the Renaissance (15th, 16th C.) Grotius’s De iure belli ac pacis = ideas on “mutual agreement” within the “community of states” Dramatic violations of principles during the 20th Century Led to Geneva Conventions of 1949
- 13. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ Holy Qur’an revealed episodically between 610 and 632 Allah revealed concepts of warfare between 622 and 632 Qur’an continued the wahi with great convergence with Torah and Injeel, but did not draw upon the biblical war narratives At Jericho, “they destroyed with the sword every living thing in it: men and women, young and old, cattle, sheep and donkeys.” — Joshua 6:21
- 14. Hijjra to Medina 622 Battle of Badr 624 313 / 950 Battle of Uhud 625 700 / 3,000 The Ditch 627 3,000 / 10,000 Battle of Khayba 628 1,600 / 10,000 Fateh of Mecca 630 10,000 Battle of Hunayn 630 12,000 / 20,000 Battle of Ta’if 630 12,000 Tabuk Campaign 630 30,000 (claimed)
- 15. Killed in all battles: 216 Enemies 138 Muslims 354 Total
- 16. Only 2 enemy soldiers died per month for ten years Only 1 Muslim soldier died each month for ten years
- 18. “If anyone kills a person, unless it is for murder or fasad in the land, it is as though he has killed all of humanity. And whoever saves a life, it is as though he has saved all of humanity.” — Surah 5 al-Ma’idah 32 (revealed in 7 AH)
- 19. “Fighting is ordained for you, though it is hateful to you; but it may be that you hate a thing which is good for you, and that you love a thing which is bad for you. Allah knows what you do not know.” — Surah 2 Al-Baqarah 216
- 21. A moral obligation to fight was later revealed (2:190-193, 216 and 224)
- 22. Surah al-Shura 42:41: “And whoever defends himself after he has been wronged, there is no way [of blame] against him”
- 23. Just Cause Self-defence End of severe religious oppression Pre-emption against evident threat Maintaining the sanctity of Al-Masjid Al-Haram Right Intention The Pursuit of Peace Absence of greed Absence of hatred Forgiveness where possible
- 24. Last Resort After attempts at diplomacy have failed Legitimate Authority The king, caliph, emir, or sultan Restraint Immediate cessation of violence if the opponent stops
- 25. “But if they cease, Allah is Most Gracious, Most Merciful. Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] worship is for Allah. And if they desist, then know that hostility can only be directed against the oppressors.” — Surah 2 Al-Baqarah 192-193 — Surah 8 Al-Anfal 61
- 26. ْمُكْيَلَع ٰ َىدَتْعا اَم ِلْثِمِب ِهْيَلَع ُوادَتْعاَف ْمُكْيَلَع ٰ َىدَتْعا ِنَمَف “If any one transgresses against you, you also may retaliate against them to an equal extent.” — Surah 2 Al-Baqarah 216 Proportionality
- 27. Discrimination Women, children, elderly and all non-combatants not to be harmed, and nor are their houses and possessions Prisoners and wounded to be treated with respect and humanity
- 28. The Prophet’s ﷺ instructions to the army he dispatched to Mu’ta in 629 CE: “Attack in the name of Allah, and fight His enemy and yours in Al-Sham. You will encounter men secluded in monasteries, withdrawn from others. Do not attack them. You will find other people seeking out Satan and sin. Draw your swords against them. Do not kill a woman or a young child, or the old and infirm. Do not destroy the date palm, cut down trees, or destroy a dwelling.” ― Al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi; Ibn Hisham, Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyya.
- 29. Key principles guided the Great Expansion “Rules” within al-Shaybani’s الـسـيـر كـتـاب الـكـبـيـر (Greater Book of International Law (c. 773) Embedded early within Islamic fiqh (by c. 1000 CE) Most famous set of written rules in ‘Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami’s Kitab al-Jihad (c. 1080) Causes of war, and conduct of war, must both be just
- 30. Violations of the rules sometimes occurred and various works and fatawa have challenged some issues Yet the basic concepts have remained largely unchanged Greatest violations have been recent (by non-state actors)
- 32. Battle of Solferino, 24 June 1859 France and Sardinia versus Austria c. 270,000 combatants c. 40,000 casualties
- 33. Henri Dunant ICRC 1863
- 34. Geneva Conventions 1864, 1929, 1949 and three protocols in 1977 Govern the distinction between and treatment of combatants noncombatants “Hors de combat” prisoners refugees Pronunciation key: “or da comba”
- 35. Caveats: The concept of “military necessity” offers a lot of flexibility Conventions do not illegalize “foreseen but unintended” harm Open to interpretation
- 36. Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907) Based largely on the Lieber Code issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863 Govern “unfairly advantageous” or “unnecessarily cruel” weapons and tactics Expanding bullets, non-metallic fragments, poison gases Regulate how to fight fairly and proportionally Proportionality: “doing the minimum necessary to facilitate victory”
- 37. Geneva Conventions = Who to Fight (Distinction) Hague Conventions = How to Fight (Proportionality) The conventions say little on why or whether to fight
- 38. Conclusions: Western and Islamic traditions have sophisticated intellectual frameworks for limiting war’s harm Neither is pacifistic or intended to outlaw all war Only to reduce wars to those that are necessary and to ensure they are fought humanely
- 39. Thank you
Notas do Editor
- Not The minimum necessary But The minimum necessary to guarantee victory