Water Resources Use of Water Resources Over-utilization of surface & ground water Problems due to overuse of Surface & Ground water Mineral Resources Types of Mineral Resources Uses of Mineral Resources Associated problems with Mineral Resources Environmental problems due to extracting & using Mineral Resources

1. Topic:- Water Resources
Subject Name :- Hazards & Safety Management
Subject Code:- MQA201T
Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance
Smt. B. N. B. Swaminarayan Pharmacy College, Salvav–vapi
Presented by:-
Machhi Dhruvi A.
2nd sem M.Pharm.

2. CONTENTS
• WATER RESOURCES
 USE OF WATER RESOURCES
 OVER-UTILIZATION OF SURFACE & GROUND WATER
 PROBLEMS DUE TO OVERUSE OF SURFACE & GROUND WATER
• MINERAL RESOURCES
 TYPES OF MINERAL RESOURCES
 USES OF MINERAL RESOURCES
 ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS WITH MINERAL RESOURCES
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS DUE TO EXTRACTING & USING MINERAL RESOURCES
• REFERENCES
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4. WATER RESOURCES
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• Water, a renewable resource, is an important element of hydrosphere.
• There are several activities which require water. It is used for daily chores
by all the living organisms.
• Apart from that, it is also used for;
 electricity production
 irrigation
 industrial use
 navigation &
 other domestic purposes.

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• The most significant role of maintaining various forms of water in nature is
played by water cycle.
• Water from moist surfaces of earth, oceans, lakes, streams, etc. evaporates
& passes into the atmosphere. These water vapours after condensation
process come back to the earth in the form of rainfall, snow, & hail.
• The amount of moisture present in the air at any given point of time is
sufficient to fulfil a total rainfall need of only 10 days. Hence, water moves
very rapidly from land & ocean into the atmosphere.
• Global evaporation takes place from two major sources:
1. Ocean surface contribute 84%
2. Rest 16% contributed from land surface

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• Oceans occupy around three fourth of the Earth's surface & these oceans include
approximately 97.5% of Earth's water in fully saline conditions.
• The remaining 2.5% is fresh water which is suitable for human consumption but
all of it is not available in such a form that humans can consume it directly.
• Only 3% of the total water is fresh water.
• Of this, 2% is in polar ice caps & only 1% is usable water in rivers, lakes &
subsoil aquifers. Only a fraction of this can be actually used.
• At a global level 70% of water is used for agriculture about 25% for industry &
only 5% for domestic use.
• However this varies in different countries & industrialized countries use a
greater percentage for industry.
• India uses 90% for agriculture, 7% for industry & 3% for domestic use.

7. USE OF WATER RESOURCES
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• Water resources are used for
agricultural, industrial, domestic,
recreational, & environmental
activities. Majority of the uses
require fresh water.
1.
Agricultural
Use
2. Industrial
Use
3. Domestic
Use
4.
Hydropower
Generation
5. Navigation
& Recreation Use of
Water
Resourc
es

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1. Agricultural Use:
• Agriculture accounts for 69% of all water consumption basically in
agricultural economies like India. Agriculture, therefore, is the largest
consumer of the Earth’s available freshwater.
• By 2050, the global water demand of agriculture is estimated to increase by
a further 19% due to irrigational needs.

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2. Industrial Use:
• Water is the lifeblood of the industry.
• It is used as a raw material coolant, a solvent, a transport agent, & as a
source of energy.
• Besides, paper & allied products, chemicals & primary metals are major
industrial users of water.
• Worldwide, the industry accounts for 19% of total consumption.
• In industrialized countries, however, industries use more than half of the
water available for human use.

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3. Domestic Use:
• The daily necessities of a household come under the domestic use of water.
• It includes drinking, cleaning, personal hygiene, garden care, cooking,
washing of clothes, dishes, vehicles, etc.
• Of all water consumption in the world, domestic use accounts for about 12%.
4. Use for Hydropower Generation:
• Electricity produced from water is called as hydropower.
• Hydropower is the leading renewable source of electricity in the world.
• It accounts for about 16% of total electricity generation globally.
• There are many opportunities for hydropower development throughout the
world. Today, the leading hydropower generating countries are China, US,
Brazil, Canada, India & Russia.

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5. Use for Navigation & Recreation:
• Navigable waterways are defined as watercourses that have been or may be
used for transport of interstate or foreign commerce.
• Water is also used for recreational purposes such as boating, swimming &
sporting activities.
• These uses affect the quality of water & pollute it. Highest priority should
be given to public health & drinking water quality while permitting such
activities in reservoirs, lakes & rivers.

12. OVER-UTILIZATION OF SURFACE & GROUND WATER
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• The rapid increase in population & industrial growth led to severe demand
on water resources.
• After using all available surface water resources to the maximum, human
beings began using groundwater to meet their needs.
1. The increased extraction of groundwater far in excess of the natural recharge
led to decreased groundwater level. The erratic & inadequate rainfall cause
reduction in storage of water in reservoirs. This also led to decrease of
groundwater.
2. Building construction activities seal permeable soil zone & reduce the area
for percolation of rainwater thereby increasing surface runoff.

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3. If groundwater withdrawal rate is higher than recharge rate, sediments in
aquifers get compacted resulting in sinking of overlaying land surface. This is
called land subsidence.
4. Over-utilization of groundwater in arid & semi-arid regions for agriculture
disturbs equilibrium of reservoir in the region causing problems like lowering
of water table.
5. Over utilization of groundwater in coastal areas leads to rapid intrusion of
salt water from the sea thereby rendering it unusable for drinking &
agriculture.

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6. Over-utilization of groundwater leads to decrease in water level thereby
causing earthquake, landslides & famine.
7. Over-utilization of groundwater leads to drying-up of dug-wells as well as
bore-wells.
8. Due to excess use of groundwater near agricultural fields, agricultural water
that contains nitrogen as a fertilizer percolates rapidly & pollutes the
groundwater thereby rendering the water unfit for potable use.

15. PROBLEMS DUE TO OVERUSE OF SURFACE &
GROUND WATER
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• With the growth of human
population there is an increasing
need for larger amounts of water
to fulfill a variety of basic needs.
• Today in many areas this
requirement cannot be met. So,
overutilization of water occurs at
various levels.
• Several issues due to overuse of
water are as follows:

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1. Lack of Access to Drinking Water:
• The biggest problem is that people are not able to get fresh, clean drinking
water. The human body can hardly survive so long without water, & a lack
of drinking water can result in a number of other problems also.
2. Sanitation Issues:
• Since we need water for several tasks of our daily life, without having
access to clean water for drinking, cooking, washing or bathing, it usually
results in unhygienic conditions for people.
• When people are not given access to proper sanitation, diseases become
much more of an issue.

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3. Migration:
• Water scarcity may also lead to migration waves. When large areas of land
may no longer be suitable for living or farming because of lack of water,
millions of people may lose their livelihood due to that. These people may
be forced to migrate to other places to survive.
4. Destruction of Habitats:
• Water is crucial for all life forms on our planet.
• If water scarcity persists over a longer period, it may also lead to the
destruction of whole habitats.
• Animals & plants may no longer be able to get enough water & may
therefore die or have to move to other regions.

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5. Loss of Biodiversity:
• If regions suffer from severe water shortages, some animals may become
extinct since they simply starve or die of thirst.
• Many plants may no longer be able to grow & reproduce in a sufficient
manner causing serious biodiversity loss.

19. REFERENCES
1. DR. Y. K. SINGH, IN "ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE" ; NEW AGE
INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS, NEW DELHI, 2006, PP: 10-
2. ERACH BHARUCHA IN "TEXTBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES FOR
UNDERGRADUATE COURSES"; UNIVERSITY GRANT COMMISSION, NEW
DELHI, 2004, PP: 20-
3. ANKUR CHOUDHARY, “NATURAL RESOURCES & ASSOCIATED
PROBLEMS”
HTTPS://WWW.PHARMAGUIDELINE.COM/2022/01/NATURAL-RESOURCES-
&-ASSOCIATED-PROBLEMS.HTML
4. DR. M. S. KUMAR, DR. VIRENDRA KUMAR, IN ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE, THAKUR PUBLICATION, LUCKNOW, PP: 67-68
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20. 5. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES - WATER RESOURCES
HTTPS://WWW.TUTORIALSPOINT.COM/ENVIRONMENTAL_STUDIES/
ENVIRONMENTAL_STUDIES_WATER_RESOURCES.HTM
6. MRINAL GAUR, “NATURAL RESOURCES: WATER RESOURCES -
USE & OVER-USE” OCTOBER 2013,
HTTPS://MJCETENVSCI.BLOGSPOT.COM/2013/10/NATURAL-
RESOURCES-WATER-RESOURCES.HTML
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21. THANK YOU
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