History of Pharmacy: A Short Journey Ancient Beginnings (Pre-1800s): 2400 BC: Oldest known prescriptions appear on Sumerian clay tablets, listing ingredients like mustard, fig, and even bat droppings! Ancient Egypt, China, India: Rich traditions of using plants and other natural materials for medicinal purposes. Medieval Europe: Apothecaries emerge, combining roles of physicians and merchants, selling and preparing remedies. 1441: Royal College of Apothecaries in Valencia (Spain) is founded, considered the oldest such institution. 1543: First pharmacopeia published in Florence, establishing standards for medicines. Modern Transformation (1800s-present): Early 1800s: Pharmacy separates from medicine as a distinct profession. 1820s: US Pharmacopeia (USP) founded, ensuring quality and consistency of drugs. 19th century: Advancements in science and technology lead to development of new synthetic drugs. 20th century: Rise of pharmaceutical companies, mass production, and stricter regulations. 21st century: Focus on personalized medicine, gene therapy, and drug discovery using AI. Key Developments: Standardization: Pharmacopeias ensure consistent quality and safety of medications. Education: Formal training programs for pharmacists become established. Discovery & Innovation: New drugs and delivery methods are continuously developed. Technology: Automation and digitalization play an increasingly important role.