8. Organization of human body - Anatomy - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. T...thiru murugan
Organization of human body, Cavity Cartilage and Muscle
The human body is organized at different levels, starting with the cell.
Cells are organized into tissues, and tissues form organs.
Organs are organized into organ systems such as the skeletal and muscular systems.
CELL is the smallest functional unit of the body - The groups of cells are called TISSUE
The groups of tissues are called ORGANS - The groups of organs are called SYSTEM.
Systems of the human body
Integumentary system - Skin and its structures (hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands)
Skeletal system - Bones, joints and their associated cartilages.
Muscular system - Muscles.
Nervous system - Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
Endocrine system - Endocrine glands
Cardiovascular system - Blood, Heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic system and immunity - Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.
Respiratory system - Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes leading into lungs.
Digestive system - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, and accessory organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
Urinary system - Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder & urethra
Reproductive system - Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, epididymis, vas deferens and penis)
Special senses - eye, nose, tongue, skin, ear
Body cavities: Body cavities means Any space in the body of a multicellular organism, containing the viscera or fluid
Two types of body cavities:
Ventral Cavity: Consist of Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
Dorsal Cavity: Include Cranial Cavity & Spinal cavity.
Hyaline Cartilage has a smooth surface and is the most common of the three types of cartilage.
Tough but slightly flexible.
It consists of elastic material with many fine collagen fibrils and chondrocytes.
Because of its smooth surfaces, providing flexibility and support
Example: Connection between ribs and sternum, nasal cartilage and articular cartilage (which covers opposing bone surfaces in many joints).
Fibrocartilage:
Fibrocartilage is the toughest cartilage.
It contains collagen fibers embedded with chondrocytes, making it durable and tough. This makes it perfect to provide support and rigidity
Example: Intervertebral disc, Menisci (knee joint), the callus, Pubic Symphysis
Elastic Cartilage:
Elastic cartilage provides support. It has a yellowish colour
Chondrocytes are located between a network of threadlike elastic fibres;
It flexible and resilient.
Example: the auricle of the outer ear.
Skeletal muscles:
Close relationship to the bone or skeleton, Prominent striations - “Striated Muscles”. Also known as “Voluntary Muscles”
The nucleus is located peripherally
It consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers
It has 3 layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
Functions: locomotion, protection & balance
Cardiac muscle:
Also called heart muscle or myocardium.
8. Organization of human body - Anatomy - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. T...thiru murugan
Organization of human body, Cavity Cartilage and Muscle
The human body is organized at different levels, starting with the cell.
Cells are organized into tissues, and tissues form organs.
Organs are organized into organ systems such as the skeletal and muscular systems.
CELL is the smallest functional unit of the body - The groups of cells are called TISSUE
The groups of tissues are called ORGANS - The groups of organs are called SYSTEM.
Systems of the human body
Integumentary system - Skin and its structures (hair, nails, sweat glands and oil glands)
Skeletal system - Bones, joints and their associated cartilages.
Muscular system - Muscles.
Nervous system - Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves
Endocrine system - Endocrine glands
Cardiovascular system - Blood, Heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic system and immunity - Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.
Respiratory system - Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchial tubes leading into lungs.
Digestive system - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, and accessory organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
Urinary system - Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder & urethra
Reproductive system - Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, epididymis, vas deferens and penis)
Special senses - eye, nose, tongue, skin, ear
Body cavities: Body cavities means Any space in the body of a multicellular organism, containing the viscera or fluid
Two types of body cavities:
Ventral Cavity: Consist of Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
Dorsal Cavity: Include Cranial Cavity & Spinal cavity.
Hyaline Cartilage has a smooth surface and is the most common of the three types of cartilage.
Tough but slightly flexible.
It consists of elastic material with many fine collagen fibrils and chondrocytes.
Because of its smooth surfaces, providing flexibility and support
Example: Connection between ribs and sternum, nasal cartilage and articular cartilage (which covers opposing bone surfaces in many joints).
Fibrocartilage:
Fibrocartilage is the toughest cartilage.
It contains collagen fibers embedded with chondrocytes, making it durable and tough. This makes it perfect to provide support and rigidity
Example: Intervertebral disc, Menisci (knee joint), the callus, Pubic Symphysis
Elastic Cartilage:
Elastic cartilage provides support. It has a yellowish colour
Chondrocytes are located between a network of threadlike elastic fibres;
It flexible and resilient.
Example: the auricle of the outer ear.
Skeletal muscles:
Close relationship to the bone or skeleton, Prominent striations - “Striated Muscles”. Also known as “Voluntary Muscles”
The nucleus is located peripherally
It consists of numerous cells called muscle fibers
It has 3 layers: endomysium, perimysium and epimysium
Functions: locomotion, protection & balance
Cardiac muscle:
Also called heart muscle or myocardium.
5. Tissues - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. Thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Tissues: the group of cells are called tissue. A tissue is an assemble of similar cells that together carry out a specific function. The group of tissues are joined and form organ.
Types or classification:
4 basic tissues:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
Epithelial tissue is made up of epithelial cells.
The cells can be different shapes and can be arranged in a single layer or multiple layers depending on where they are located in body and what kind of functions they have.
All substances that enter or leave an organ must cross the epithelial tissue first.
The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands.
Epithelial tissue has a variety of functions depending on where it’s located in body, including protection, secretion and absorption.
Types of epithelial tissue:
Based on how the cells are arranged:
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
1.simple epithelium: A simple epithelium means that there’s only one layer of cells.
Simple squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium typically lines blood vessels and body cavities and regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue.
Simple cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is typically found in glandular (secreting) tissue and kidney tubules.
Simple columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is often specialized for absorption and usually has apical cilia or microvilli. These cells line in stomach and intestines.
2.stratified epithelium: A stratified epithelium is made up of more than one layer of cells.
Stratified squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium usually has protective functions, including protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. The outer layer of skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is found in the excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is not as common and is seen in the mucous membrane (conjunctiva) lining in eyelids, where it’s both protective and mucus-secreting.
3. Pseudostratified:
These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.
Pseudostratified epithelium can also possess fine hair-like extensions of their apical (luminal) membrane called cilia.
In this case, the epithelium is described as ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.
Epithelial cells based on specialized functions
Transitional epith
Typical levels of organization that one finds in the literature include the atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, group, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and biosphere levels.
A tissue may be defined as an aggregate or collection of same type of cells performing the same general functions of the body. For example: Blood, bone, muscle etc.
here, you will find out a brief summary about the chapter tissues it is an very interesting chapter in this ppt all the topics have been discussed you can this ppt
IT IS A PRESENTATION CONSISTING 24 SLIDES. IT IS PREPARED BASED ON ANIMAL TISSUES FROM THE CHAPTER TISSUE OF CLASS IX. IT DETAILY COVERS THE DIVISIONS OF ANIMAL TISSUE AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS. HOPE IT HELPS...
5. Tissues - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. Thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Tissues: the group of cells are called tissue. A tissue is an assemble of similar cells that together carry out a specific function. The group of tissues are joined and form organ.
Types or classification:
4 basic tissues:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
Epithelial tissue is made up of epithelial cells.
The cells can be different shapes and can be arranged in a single layer or multiple layers depending on where they are located in body and what kind of functions they have.
All substances that enter or leave an organ must cross the epithelial tissue first.
The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands.
Epithelial tissue has a variety of functions depending on where it’s located in body, including protection, secretion and absorption.
Types of epithelial tissue:
Based on how the cells are arranged:
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
1.simple epithelium: A simple epithelium means that there’s only one layer of cells.
Simple squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium typically lines blood vessels and body cavities and regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue.
Simple cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is typically found in glandular (secreting) tissue and kidney tubules.
Simple columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is often specialized for absorption and usually has apical cilia or microvilli. These cells line in stomach and intestines.
2.stratified epithelium: A stratified epithelium is made up of more than one layer of cells.
Stratified squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium usually has protective functions, including protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. The outer layer of skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is found in the excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is not as common and is seen in the mucous membrane (conjunctiva) lining in eyelids, where it’s both protective and mucus-secreting.
3. Pseudostratified:
These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.
Pseudostratified epithelium can also possess fine hair-like extensions of their apical (luminal) membrane called cilia.
In this case, the epithelium is described as ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.
Epithelial cells based on specialized functions
Transitional epith
Typical levels of organization that one finds in the literature include the atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organismal, group, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, and biosphere levels.
A tissue may be defined as an aggregate or collection of same type of cells performing the same general functions of the body. For example: Blood, bone, muscle etc.
here, you will find out a brief summary about the chapter tissues it is an very interesting chapter in this ppt all the topics have been discussed you can this ppt
IT IS A PRESENTATION CONSISTING 24 SLIDES. IT IS PREPARED BASED ON ANIMAL TISSUES FROM THE CHAPTER TISSUE OF CLASS IX. IT DETAILY COVERS THE DIVISIONS OF ANIMAL TISSUE AND ITS SUBDIVISIONS. HOPE IT HELPS...
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Tissues
• Cells are the body’s smallest functional units they are grouped together
to form tissues, each of which has specialized functions
• Study of tissues is called histology.
• Tissues are grouped together to form organs e.g heart,stomach ,brain.
Organs are grouped together to form system,each of which performs a
particular functions.eg digestive system
3. • Cells are closely packed without any intercellular spaces
• They lie on basement membrane
• Found covering the body and lining cavities and tubes. Outer and
inner lining of most of the body organs such as urinary tract , blood
vessels, heart chambers, uterus. Found on the entire exposed surface
of the body such as skin. Also found in glands
4. Types of tissues
• There are four types of tissues:
• Epithelial tissues
• Connective tissues
• Muscular tissues
• Nervous tissues
5. Epithelial tissues
• Epithelial tissues are widespread throughout the body. They form the covering of all
body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in
glands. They perform a variety of functions that include protection, secretion,
absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception. There are five
types of epithelial tissues:
• Squamous epithelium
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Columnar epithelium
• Cuboidal epithelium
• Ciliated columnar epithelium
6. Connective tissues
Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues.
Major functions of connective tissue includes binding and supporting, protecting,
transporting substances within the body. Connective tissues can have various levels of
vascularity. The four types of connective tissues are: blood, bone, cartilage, and
adipose tissue.
Bone Adipose Blood Cartilage
7. Muscle tissues
• Muscle tissue is composed of cells that have the
special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce
movement of the body parts. The tissue is highly
cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels. Muscle
tissue can be categorized into skeletal muscle tissue,
smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue.
• Skeletal muscle cells (fibers), like other body cells,
are soft and fragile. The connective tissue covering
furnish support and protection for the delicate cells and
allow them to withstand the forces of contraction.
• Smooth muscle is a type of tissue found in the walls
of hollow organs, such as the intestines, uterus and
stomach. ... This type of involuntary non-striated
muscle is also found in the tracts of the urinary,
respiratory and reproductive systems.
• Cardiac muscle tissue is only found in your heart,
where it performs coordinated contractions that allow
your heart to pump blood through your circulatory
system.
8. Nervous tissues
• Nervous tissue is found in the
brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is
responsible for coordinating and
controlling many body activities.
The cells in nervous tissue that
generate and conduct impulses are
called neurons or nerve cells.
These cells have three principal
parts: the dendrites, the cell body,
and one axon.