Karen Enciso Valencia, Álvaro Rincón Castillo, Alejandro Ruden and Stefan Burkart
58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, July 10-14, Cartagena, Colombia
The document evaluates the profitability of including Leucaena diversifolia in Colombian cattle production systems compared to a grass monoculture. Key findings include:
- The legume system increased carrying capacity by 20%, weight gain by 49%, and reduced fattening time by 33% compared to the monoculture.
- Financial analysis found the legume system had higher net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability while reducing economic loss risk compared to the monoculture.
- Including the legume improved productivity, environmental impacts, and economic resilience of cattle production systems in Colombia.
The inclusion of Leucaena diversifolia in Colombian cattle systems: An econom...Tropical Forages Program
Karen Enciso; Mauricio Sotelo; Michael Peters; Stefan Burkart
58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, July 10-14, Cartagena, Colombia
Towards climate smart livestock systems in Tanzania: assessing opportunities to meet the triple win
Poster presented at the 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpellier.
Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
Enhancing Global Food Resources: CGIAR Strategy and its future Portfolio of P...CGIAR
Presented to the Second International Forum on Global Food Resources, 5-6 October 2016, Hokkaido University.
By Peter Gardiner, CGIAR System Management Office, France
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
The document evaluates the profitability of including Leucaena diversifolia in Colombian cattle production systems compared to a grass monoculture. Key findings include:
- The legume system increased carrying capacity by 20%, weight gain by 49%, and reduced fattening time by 33% compared to the monoculture.
- Financial analysis found the legume system had higher net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability while reducing economic loss risk compared to the monoculture.
- Including the legume improved productivity, environmental impacts, and economic resilience of cattle production systems in Colombia.
The inclusion of Leucaena diversifolia in Colombian cattle systems: An econom...Tropical Forages Program
Karen Enciso; Mauricio Sotelo; Michael Peters; Stefan Burkart
58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, July 10-14, Cartagena, Colombia
Towards climate smart livestock systems in Tanzania: assessing opportunities to meet the triple win
Poster presented at the 3rd Global Science Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpellier.
Read more: http://ccafs.cgiar.org/3rd-global-science-conference-%E2%80%9Cclimate-smart-agriculture-2015%E2%80%9D#.VRurLUesXX4
Enhancing Global Food Resources: CGIAR Strategy and its future Portfolio of P...CGIAR
Presented to the Second International Forum on Global Food Resources, 5-6 October 2016, Hokkaido University.
By Peter Gardiner, CGIAR System Management Office, France
Animal nutrition approaches for profitable livestock operations and sustainab...ILRI
Presented by Blümmel, M.1, Garg, M.R.,2 Jones, C.1, Baltenweck, I.1 and Staal, S. at the Indian Animal Nutrition Association XI Biennial Conference, Patna, India, 19-21 November 2018
This document provides summaries of three FAO success stories implementing climate-smart agriculture in different regions. In Tanzania, an agroforestry system covering 120,000 hectares on Mount Kilimanjaro's slopes was preserved through introducing coffee and vanilla cash crops and trout aquaculture to increase incomes while maintaining the ecological integrity of the system. In China, a project in Qinghai province aims to restore degraded grasslands through sustainable grazing management to sequester carbon, increase productivity, and improve livelihoods for herding communities.
Gonzalo Becona - Global Roundtable for Sustainable Beef Uruguay UpdateJohn Blue
This document discusses sustainable beef cattle systems in Uruguay. It provides context on Uruguay's population, land use, and cattle numbers. Currently, beef production has increased 45% since 1980, but agricultural expansion has reduced natural grasslands to 70% of the country. This raises environmental priorities like climate change mitigation. The document then outlines the country's typical beef cattle rearing and production systems, from calving to slaughter. It identifies four common systems - two as "low feed, low/high costs" and two as "high feed, low/high costs." The international context of increasing demand for animal proteins is noted. Finally, it stresses the need for a clear, discussed vision of sustainable production that considers different regional resources
This document discusses developing country-specific emission factors for livestock systems in Colombia. It notes that Colombia has diverse ecosystems and cattle production systems, requiring the development of at least four distinct emission factors. The document reviews techniques for measuring methane and nitrous oxide emissions from cattle using SF6 tracer gas and closed static chambers, and identifies ways to reduce the costs of such measurements, such as decreasing sampling frequency. The goal is to develop more accurate country-specific emission factors to better quantify greenhouse gas emissions from Colombian agriculture.
Presentation at workshop: Reducing the costs of GHG estimates in agriculture to inform low emissions development
November 10-12, 2014
Sponsored by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
This document outlines an assessment of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). It discusses indicators for measuring CSA's contributions to food security, adaptation, and mitigation. It provides examples of successful CSA projects from FAO and others, including those focusing on improved rice cultivation techniques in Vietnam, drought-tolerant maize varieties in Africa, and livestock insurance programs in Kenya and Ethiopia. The document concludes with instructions for a breakout group exercise to further assess the CSA potential of case studies.
Science-fiction or science-fact? Research for sustainable livestock agri-food...ILRI
The keynote presentation discusses the challenges of sustainable livestock agriculture given increasing global demand for livestock products. It notes that metrics around livestock's impacts on nutrition, climate change, and the environment can be confusing due to different perspectives and data. The presentation calls for science-based solutions to address these challenges and ensure sustainable healthy diets for all, including improving production efficiencies, identifying heat-tolerant livestock genetics, and better rangeland management. Livestock research can help clarify evidence, mitigate impacts, and transform agri-food systems to balance food security and environmental protection.
COP 22 Side Event Official Presentation
Side event title: Improving MRV for agricultural emission reductions in the livestock sector
7 November 2016, 16:45- 18:15 with cocktail following
Mediterranean Room
To accelerate implementation of the Paris Agreement, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), in collaboration with the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), will facilitate a science-policy dialogue on measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) to detect mitigation impacts in livestock production systems. Country experiences will be shared to identify practical innovations for the collection and coordination of activity data and improved emission factors.
DRM Webinar III: Benefits of farm-level disaster risk reduction practices in ...FAO
Over the past decade, economic damages resulting from natural hazards have amounted to USD 1.5 trillion caused by geophysical hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides, as well as hydro-meteorological hazards, including storms, floods, droughts and wild fires. Climate-related disasters, in particular, are increasing worldwide and expected to intensify with climate change. They disproportionately affect food insecure, poor people – over 75 percent of whom derive their livelihoods from agriculture. Agricultural livelihoods can only be protected from multiple hazards if adequate disaster risk reduction and management efforts are strengthened within and across sectors, anchored in the context-specific needs of local livelihoods systems.
This series of three webinars on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRR/M) in agriculture is organized to:
1. Discuss the new opportunities and pressing challenges in reducing and managing disaster risk in agriculture;
2. Learn and share experiences about disaster risk reduction and management good practices based on concrete examples from the field; discuss how to create evidence and conditions for upscaling of good practices; and
3. Exchange experiences and knowledge with partners around resilience to natural hazards and climate-related disasters.
This webinar covered:
• measuring the benefits of farm-level disaster risk reduction practices in agriculture – approaches, methods and findings from FAO’s preliminary study;
• a case study from Uganda on how the agricultural practices for disaster risk reduction were implemented and monitored at farm level; and
• perspective from the Philippines on the challenges and opportunities to upscale the agriculture good practices for disaster risk reduction at national level.
This document discusses climate smart agriculture as the way forward for food security in a changing climate. It outlines the triple challenge of producing more and better quality food for more people while adapting to and mitigating climate change. It provides examples of practices for building resilient food systems like rainwater harvesting, conservation agriculture, nutrient management, agroforestry, reducing food losses, and managing risks. The document emphasizes the need to account for agriculture in climate actions and financial mechanisms, given agriculture's importance and the specific needs of smallholder farmers. It lists several FAO submissions to the UNFCCC on these topics and calls for linking food security and climate change issues in international forums like the Committee on World Food Security.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture based on data and models from CIAT. It summarizes that climate models project the world will get warmer and wetter but not everywhere. CIAT has climate change data from 18 global climate models statistically downscaled for analysis. Estimates of impacts on crops are provided using niche, empirical and mechanistic modeling, showing changes in suitability of crops like cassava, coffee and potential adaptation strategies across different agricultural systems.
To accelerate implementation of the Paris Agreement, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), in collaboration with the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), will facilitate a science-policy dialogue on measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) to detect mitigation impacts in livestock production systems. Country experiences will be shared to identify practical innovations for the collection and coordination of activity data and improved emission factors.
Walter Oyhantacabal, Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fishery, Uruguay
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- The document summarizes a case study assessing the impacts of climate change on major cropping systems in Punjab, Pakistan using climate, crop, and economic modeling.
- It finds that temperatures are projected to increase by 2.8°C for rice-wheat and 2.5°C for cotton-wheat systems by 2040-2069, reducing yields for rice by 17%, wheat by 14%, cotton by 42%, and wheat by 4.5% on average under a mid-range climate scenario.
- Economic modeling shows poverty levels could be reduced by 5-6% in both systems through adaptations like altered planting dates and cultivars, though yields would still decline overall.
The Perennial Farming Initiative is creating a Circular Economy to establish a Renewable Food System that directly funds Healthy Soil as a Climate Solution.
Crop-livestock intensification in the face of climate change: exploring oppor...ICRISAT
This study used an integrated multi-modeling approach to assess the impact of climate change and potential adaptation strategies on crop-livestock systems in Southern Africa. The models projected increases in temperature of 1-5°C and decreases in rainfall of 5-10% for the mid-century. Without adaptation, about 60% of farms would lose income due to climate change impacts. The evaluated adaptation strategies, including drought-tolerant maize varieties, crop rotations, and micro-dosing of fertilizer, reduced the proportion of losing farms to 20% while increasing farm incomes for up to 80% of farms, though benefits were small (<20% income increases). Adaptation provided the greatest benefits for larger farms while small farms saw only modest
Livestock and Climate Change - Tara Garnett, Food Climate Research Network, U...guycollender
This document summarizes livestock and dairy production's significant contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and discusses options for reducing emissions. Livestock accounts for around 15-18% of global GHG emissions. Meeting projected global demand increases in meat and dairy by 2050 without changes would be unsustainable. Technological improvements could reduce emissions by 13-30% by 2020 and 50% by 2050, but reductions in consumption are also needed to see an actual decrease in emissions. To meet UK climate targets, livestock consumption may need to be cut by 11-36% by 2020 and 48% by 2050. Approaches that focus on ecological constraints and meeting needs rather than demand are recommended.
Importancia de los stocks de carbono en suelo para fines de inventarios nacio...Tropical Forages Program
Este documento resume la importancia de los stocks de carbono en el suelo para los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero en Colombia. Explica que el Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM) es la entidad responsable de elaborar el Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (INGEI) de Colombia. Señala que los pastizales representan el 59% de las emisiones totales de GEI en 2018, aunque también proporcionan absorciones significativas de carbono en el suelo
Silvopastoral Systems, working with communities in the Department of Caquetá Tropical Forages Program
Mauricio Sotelo-Cabrera; Juan Cardoso; Alejandro Montoya; Natalia Triana; Juan Gabriel Ortiz; Viviana Rivera; José Luis Urrea; Jacobo Arango
58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation, July 10-14, Cartagena, Colombia
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This document provides summaries of three FAO success stories implementing climate-smart agriculture in different regions. In Tanzania, an agroforestry system covering 120,000 hectares on Mount Kilimanjaro's slopes was preserved through introducing coffee and vanilla cash crops and trout aquaculture to increase incomes while maintaining the ecological integrity of the system. In China, a project in Qinghai province aims to restore degraded grasslands through sustainable grazing management to sequester carbon, increase productivity, and improve livelihoods for herding communities.
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This document discusses sustainable beef cattle systems in Uruguay. It provides context on Uruguay's population, land use, and cattle numbers. Currently, beef production has increased 45% since 1980, but agricultural expansion has reduced natural grasslands to 70% of the country. This raises environmental priorities like climate change mitigation. The document then outlines the country's typical beef cattle rearing and production systems, from calving to slaughter. It identifies four common systems - two as "low feed, low/high costs" and two as "high feed, low/high costs." The international context of increasing demand for animal proteins is noted. Finally, it stresses the need for a clear, discussed vision of sustainable production that considers different regional resources
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Presentation at workshop: Reducing the costs of GHG estimates in agriculture to inform low emissions development
November 10-12, 2014
Sponsored by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
This document outlines an assessment of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). It discusses indicators for measuring CSA's contributions to food security, adaptation, and mitigation. It provides examples of successful CSA projects from FAO and others, including those focusing on improved rice cultivation techniques in Vietnam, drought-tolerant maize varieties in Africa, and livestock insurance programs in Kenya and Ethiopia. The document concludes with instructions for a breakout group exercise to further assess the CSA potential of case studies.
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The keynote presentation discusses the challenges of sustainable livestock agriculture given increasing global demand for livestock products. It notes that metrics around livestock's impacts on nutrition, climate change, and the environment can be confusing due to different perspectives and data. The presentation calls for science-based solutions to address these challenges and ensure sustainable healthy diets for all, including improving production efficiencies, identifying heat-tolerant livestock genetics, and better rangeland management. Livestock research can help clarify evidence, mitigate impacts, and transform agri-food systems to balance food security and environmental protection.
COP 22 Side Event Official Presentation
Side event title: Improving MRV for agricultural emission reductions in the livestock sector
7 November 2016, 16:45- 18:15 with cocktail following
Mediterranean Room
To accelerate implementation of the Paris Agreement, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), in collaboration with the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), will facilitate a science-policy dialogue on measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) to detect mitigation impacts in livestock production systems. Country experiences will be shared to identify practical innovations for the collection and coordination of activity data and improved emission factors.
DRM Webinar III: Benefits of farm-level disaster risk reduction practices in ...FAO
Over the past decade, economic damages resulting from natural hazards have amounted to USD 1.5 trillion caused by geophysical hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides, as well as hydro-meteorological hazards, including storms, floods, droughts and wild fires. Climate-related disasters, in particular, are increasing worldwide and expected to intensify with climate change. They disproportionately affect food insecure, poor people – over 75 percent of whom derive their livelihoods from agriculture. Agricultural livelihoods can only be protected from multiple hazards if adequate disaster risk reduction and management efforts are strengthened within and across sectors, anchored in the context-specific needs of local livelihoods systems.
This series of three webinars on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRR/M) in agriculture is organized to:
1. Discuss the new opportunities and pressing challenges in reducing and managing disaster risk in agriculture;
2. Learn and share experiences about disaster risk reduction and management good practices based on concrete examples from the field; discuss how to create evidence and conditions for upscaling of good practices; and
3. Exchange experiences and knowledge with partners around resilience to natural hazards and climate-related disasters.
This webinar covered:
• measuring the benefits of farm-level disaster risk reduction practices in agriculture – approaches, methods and findings from FAO’s preliminary study;
• a case study from Uganda on how the agricultural practices for disaster risk reduction were implemented and monitored at farm level; and
• perspective from the Philippines on the challenges and opportunities to upscale the agriculture good practices for disaster risk reduction at national level.
This document discusses climate smart agriculture as the way forward for food security in a changing climate. It outlines the triple challenge of producing more and better quality food for more people while adapting to and mitigating climate change. It provides examples of practices for building resilient food systems like rainwater harvesting, conservation agriculture, nutrient management, agroforestry, reducing food losses, and managing risks. The document emphasizes the need to account for agriculture in climate actions and financial mechanisms, given agriculture's importance and the specific needs of smallholder farmers. It lists several FAO submissions to the UNFCCC on these topics and calls for linking food security and climate change issues in international forums like the Committee on World Food Security.
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture based on data and models from CIAT. It summarizes that climate models project the world will get warmer and wetter but not everywhere. CIAT has climate change data from 18 global climate models statistically downscaled for analysis. Estimates of impacts on crops are provided using niche, empirical and mechanistic modeling, showing changes in suitability of crops like cassava, coffee and potential adaptation strategies across different agricultural systems.
To accelerate implementation of the Paris Agreement, the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), in collaboration with the Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), will facilitate a science-policy dialogue on measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) to detect mitigation impacts in livestock production systems. Country experiences will be shared to identify practical innovations for the collection and coordination of activity data and improved emission factors.
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- The document summarizes a case study assessing the impacts of climate change on major cropping systems in Punjab, Pakistan using climate, crop, and economic modeling.
- It finds that temperatures are projected to increase by 2.8°C for rice-wheat and 2.5°C for cotton-wheat systems by 2040-2069, reducing yields for rice by 17%, wheat by 14%, cotton by 42%, and wheat by 4.5% on average under a mid-range climate scenario.
- Economic modeling shows poverty levels could be reduced by 5-6% in both systems through adaptations like altered planting dates and cultivars, though yields would still decline overall.
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This study used an integrated multi-modeling approach to assess the impact of climate change and potential adaptation strategies on crop-livestock systems in Southern Africa. The models projected increases in temperature of 1-5°C and decreases in rainfall of 5-10% for the mid-century. Without adaptation, about 60% of farms would lose income due to climate change impacts. The evaluated adaptation strategies, including drought-tolerant maize varieties, crop rotations, and micro-dosing of fertilizer, reduced the proportion of losing farms to 20% while increasing farm incomes for up to 80% of farms, though benefits were small (<20% income increases). Adaptation provided the greatest benefits for larger farms while small farms saw only modest
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This document summarizes livestock and dairy production's significant contributions to greenhouse gas emissions and discusses options for reducing emissions. Livestock accounts for around 15-18% of global GHG emissions. Meeting projected global demand increases in meat and dairy by 2050 without changes would be unsustainable. Technological improvements could reduce emissions by 13-30% by 2020 and 50% by 2050, but reductions in consumption are also needed to see an actual decrease in emissions. To meet UK climate targets, livestock consumption may need to be cut by 11-36% by 2020 and 48% by 2050. Approaches that focus on ecological constraints and meeting needs rather than demand are recommended.
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Soil macrofauna abundance and diversity were analyzed in silvopastoral systems to study the influence of including legumes. Higher macrofauna abundance was found at 1.5m from Leucaena trees compared to areas closer to or further from the trees. Closer to the trees, higher soil compaction was found likely due to animal grazing preferences and search for shade, resulting in less large water-stable aggregates and more physicogenic aggregates. The inclusion of legumes positively impacted soil macrofauna but also showed the importance of evaluating spatial heterogeneity in management for balancing trade-offs.
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Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The use of Arachis pintoi in cattle systems in Colombia's Orinoquía region as a first step towards silvopastoral systems
1. The use of Arachis pintoi in
cattle systems in Colombia's
Orinoquía region as a first step
towards silvopastoral systems
Enciso, Karen; Rincón, Álvaro; Ruden,
Alejandro; Burkart, Stefan
July 12, 2022
58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Tropical
Biology and Conservation, July 10-14, Cartagena, Colombia
3. Problem description
• In parts of the Colombian Orinoquía region, cattle production takes place on
poorly drained soils.
• Extensive grazing systems with Brachiaira humidicola cv. Humidicola dominate:
high adaptation potential and biomass production but low nutritional quality.
• Feed shortage is a major constraint, particularly during dry season.
• According to climatic projections for the region, climate change (CC) will
negatively affect quantity and quality of forages and increase heat stress risks
for cattle.
• AGROSAVIA selected Arachis pintoi CIAT 22160 cv. Centauro (Centauro) as a
promising alternative for the sustainable intensification of cattle production
and rehabilitation of degraded areas.
a
5. General characteristics:
Arachis pintoi CIAT 22160 cv. Centauro
Good nutritional quality
(leaf CP 15 -18% ) and
high biomass production
Good shade tolerance
Strong persistence, competes
with weeds, and is tolerant to
several pests and diseases.
High soil cover levels (>90%),
favoring the reduction of soil
compaction and erosion.
Improves the persistence
of the associated grasses
(N fixation)
Helps in reducing GHG emissions
(ruminal fermentation processes
and use of nitrogen fertilizers).
6. Objective
To assesses dual-purpose milk production in the foothills of the Colombian Orinoquía from
an economic perspective. We compare 2 production systems:
T1: Centauro–Brachiaria humidicola cv.
Humidicola association (new system)
T2: Brachiaria humidicola cv. Humidicola as a
monoculture (traditional system).
9. Economic evaluation under the current scenario
Summary of main costs and revenues for the grass-legume association and the grass monoculture.
Economic indicators Grass-legume association Grass monoculture
Milk production (l ha−1 y−1) 2,373 1,560
Gross income from milk sales (US$ ha−1 y−1) 834.2 548.6
Gross income from weaned calf sales (US$ ha−1 y−1) 489.5 257.0
Pasture establishment costs (US$ ha−1)a 642 450
Production costs (US$ ha−1 y−1) 787.9 699.7
Net income system (US$ ha−1 y−1) 212.0 −7.0
Unit cost of milk production (US$ l−1) 0.2 0.3
Milk profit margin (US$ l−1) 0.1 0.0
Unit cost of calf production (US$ kg−1) 1.2 1.5
aIncludes the costs associated with soil analysis, machinery rental, inputs and labor required for soil preparation,
fertilization, weed control, and planting of the material for both treatments. Vegetative material and labor costs for
planting the legume are added to the items required for the establishment of a grass in monoculture.
10. Estimated change in suitable areas for Centauro by 2050 under RCP
2.6 (left) and RCP 8.5 (right).
Results MaxEnt model
Changes in suitable areas towards
higher altitudes (RCP 2.6).
A general reduction of suitable
areas for the legume (RCP 8.5).
11. Changes in milk production under climate change scenarios.
Strong decrease in milk
production in both systems:
during dry season by 23% (RCP
2.6) and 33% (RCP 8.5) for T1,
and 63% y 67% for T2,
respectively.
Results LIFE-SIM model
Biomass production declines by
7.74% (RCP 2.6) and 16.62%
(RCP 8.5) for T1, and 14.95% and
35.27% for T2, respectively.
12. Economic evaluation under climate change scenario
NPV probability distribution for the grass-legume association and the grass monoculture under climate change
scenarios. GLA, Grass-legume association; GM, Grass monoculture.
13. • Integrating the legume Centauro in a Humidicola monoculture has great potential
to improve both productive and economic indicators in the dual-purpose cattle
production system of the Orinoquía region.
• Under the tested CC scenarios, the impact of atmospheric variables on forage
production is considerable: both total area and potential distribution will change,
and biomass production will decline.
• The effects of climate change on forage biomass production would lead to a strong
decrease in milk production in both systems. The grass-legume would, however, be
less affected (-19%) than the grass monoculture (−56%).
• The adoption of more efficient production practices (e.g., the use of trees in
paddocks, protein banks, or efficient animal breeding) are important for improving
resilience under CC scenarios.
Conclusions