Great creative leaders (witness Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech) use metaphor a great deal to illustrate, persuade and inspire. Metaphors influence how you think and how you act. In this document, we explore the use of metaphor and its structure. We show how metaphors help shape your thinking and the thinking of others. We illustrate how you can use them in practical ways in work and workshops to transform teams.
This document discusses metaphors from multiple perspectives. It begins with an overview of metaphors from a cognitive semantics viewpoint, defining key terms and theoretical approaches. Specific sections then discuss the power of metaphors, their uses in various domains like literature, news, music, and movies. It also addresses challenges in translating metaphors across languages and cultures. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate metaphor concepts and analysis.
Parentheticals & point of view in free indirectJoey Balsomo
The document discusses the use of parenthetical structures in free indirect style (FIS) writing. It analyzes examples from several authors to examine how parentheticals can both increase the sense of intimacy between the reader and the character by capturing interruptions in thought, and create distance by ironically commenting on a character's perspective. The document concludes that parentheticals allow narrators to represent thoughts from different perspectives, including their own, in a way that can reward readers through increased understanding or a sense of collusion with the author.
This document provides an overview of conceptual metaphors from the cognitive linguistic perspective. It discusses the traditional and modern views of metaphor, including key aspects of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's 1980 work which showed that metaphor is fundamental to thought and language. The document outlines different types of conceptual metaphors - structural, ontological, and orientational - and provides examples like LIFE IS A JOURNEY. It explains how conceptual metaphors allow us to understand one conceptual domain in terms of another through conceptual mappings between domains.
On implicatures, pragmatic enrichment and explicaturesLouis de Saussure
The document discusses challenges to the idea of semantic determinism in language. It argues that the full propositional content of an utterance is not fully determined by semantics alone, but requires pragmatic enrichment based on context. Explicatures, or contextually supplemented meanings, are needed to arrive at a basic propositional meaning. Indirect speech acts also rely on pragmatic reasoning rather than just conventional meanings.
Presenter: Milena Pribic, IBM, UX Designer
How do you craft a conversation between a machine and a human— not only to give your users the right answers, but to get them to ask the right questions?
In this (user-centric) session, we’ll explore the importance of voice and tone in conversational AI and discuss how we can encourage epiphanies through good design. We’ll chat about branding for cognitive solutions and the true intents behind crafting a personality for a product or experience. Hear about lessons learned from work using IBM Watson to help students and also touch on inspiration from less conventional sources.
Implicature refers to what a speaker implies rather than literally says. There are two main types: conversational implicature which is derived from cooperative conversation principles, and conventional implicature which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature which does not depend on context, and particularized implicature which does. Scalar implicature also falls under conversational implicature and is implied when a weaker term on a scale is used. Particularized implicature provides more contextual information than generalized implicature. Implicatures can intentionally or unintentionally impact understanding in conversations.
This document discusses semantics and pragmatics, implicature, and Grice's theory of implicature. It defines semantics as the study of literal meaning and pragmatics as the study of intended meaning. Pragmatics considers what is meant rather than solely what is said. Grice's theory proposes that speakers follow a cooperative principle with maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner to ensure conversations are cooperative and successful. Implicature is the additional meaning implied rather than stated. There are different types of implicature including scalar, conversational, conventional, generalized, and particularized.
Metaphors are indirect comparisons between two unlike subjects using "is" that transfers attributes between the subjects. There are many types of metaphors including dead metaphors whose metaphorical meaning is no longer understood, extended metaphors that use multiple comparisons, and conceptual metaphors that shape fundamental understandings. Idioms differ in that their meanings are not related to their individual words but are adopted phrases, though some idioms can also function metaphorically by creating comparisons.
This document discusses metaphors from multiple perspectives. It begins with an overview of metaphors from a cognitive semantics viewpoint, defining key terms and theoretical approaches. Specific sections then discuss the power of metaphors, their uses in various domains like literature, news, music, and movies. It also addresses challenges in translating metaphors across languages and cultures. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate metaphor concepts and analysis.
Parentheticals & point of view in free indirectJoey Balsomo
The document discusses the use of parenthetical structures in free indirect style (FIS) writing. It analyzes examples from several authors to examine how parentheticals can both increase the sense of intimacy between the reader and the character by capturing interruptions in thought, and create distance by ironically commenting on a character's perspective. The document concludes that parentheticals allow narrators to represent thoughts from different perspectives, including their own, in a way that can reward readers through increased understanding or a sense of collusion with the author.
This document provides an overview of conceptual metaphors from the cognitive linguistic perspective. It discusses the traditional and modern views of metaphor, including key aspects of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson's 1980 work which showed that metaphor is fundamental to thought and language. The document outlines different types of conceptual metaphors - structural, ontological, and orientational - and provides examples like LIFE IS A JOURNEY. It explains how conceptual metaphors allow us to understand one conceptual domain in terms of another through conceptual mappings between domains.
On implicatures, pragmatic enrichment and explicaturesLouis de Saussure
The document discusses challenges to the idea of semantic determinism in language. It argues that the full propositional content of an utterance is not fully determined by semantics alone, but requires pragmatic enrichment based on context. Explicatures, or contextually supplemented meanings, are needed to arrive at a basic propositional meaning. Indirect speech acts also rely on pragmatic reasoning rather than just conventional meanings.
Presenter: Milena Pribic, IBM, UX Designer
How do you craft a conversation between a machine and a human— not only to give your users the right answers, but to get them to ask the right questions?
In this (user-centric) session, we’ll explore the importance of voice and tone in conversational AI and discuss how we can encourage epiphanies through good design. We’ll chat about branding for cognitive solutions and the true intents behind crafting a personality for a product or experience. Hear about lessons learned from work using IBM Watson to help students and also touch on inspiration from less conventional sources.
Implicature refers to what a speaker implies rather than literally says. There are two main types: conversational implicature which is derived from cooperative conversation principles, and conventional implicature which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature which does not depend on context, and particularized implicature which does. Scalar implicature also falls under conversational implicature and is implied when a weaker term on a scale is used. Particularized implicature provides more contextual information than generalized implicature. Implicatures can intentionally or unintentionally impact understanding in conversations.
This document discusses semantics and pragmatics, implicature, and Grice's theory of implicature. It defines semantics as the study of literal meaning and pragmatics as the study of intended meaning. Pragmatics considers what is meant rather than solely what is said. Grice's theory proposes that speakers follow a cooperative principle with maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner to ensure conversations are cooperative and successful. Implicature is the additional meaning implied rather than stated. There are different types of implicature including scalar, conversational, conventional, generalized, and particularized.
Metaphors are indirect comparisons between two unlike subjects using "is" that transfers attributes between the subjects. There are many types of metaphors including dead metaphors whose metaphorical meaning is no longer understood, extended metaphors that use multiple comparisons, and conceptual metaphors that shape fundamental understandings. Idioms differ in that their meanings are not related to their individual words but are adopted phrases, though some idioms can also function metaphorically by creating comparisons.
Essay on Classic English Literature
MLA Style
Instructions:
So far this semester, you have been introduced to the nature and scope of political economy through an eclectic array of required reading. For your first take-home essay, identify the reading assignment that you found most compelling, intriguing, or insightful. articulate a thesis that justifies your selection and build an argument in support of your thesis.
≫ Single Mothers Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. My Mother Essay | Essay on My Mother for Students and Children in .... 004 Essay Example Single Parent Struggle Argumentative The Real Effects .... Essay on My Mother [My Mother Easy in English] - Myriadstory. college essay mother | Love essay, Hero essay, My mother essay. My mother essay 1000 words. Essay of mom. Single mother essay - City Centre Hotel Phnom Penh. How to Write My Mother Essay: Example Included!. 018 Single Parenting In India Essay Example O Mom ~ Thatsnotus. Write My Mother Essay : My Mother: My Role Model and Best Friend. Essay Motherhood. 020 Essay Example Admire My Mom ~ Thatsnotus.
What Are Metaphors?
Metaphors As A Metaphor
Metaphor In Talk Essay
Metaphors And Figurative Language
Life Metaphors And Similes Essay
Metaphor Essay Metaphor
What Does Metaphor Mean
Example Of A Metaphor
Metaphor In The Metaphor
Conceptual Metaphors Essay
Experience With Metaphors
Metaphors We Live By Essay examples
Summary Of Metaphors We Live By
Metaphors We Live By Summary
Life with Metaphors Essay
Main Concepts Of Metaphors
Life goes on (Metaphor essay )
My Metaphor Essay
How To Write A Metaphor
Metaphor: A Short Story
Essay on Friendship Importance of Friendship Essay for Students and .... Essay about a good friendship. What Is The Meaning Of True Friendship Quotes lifescienceglobal.com. Scholarship essay: True friendship definition essay. Unbelievable Definition Essay On True Friendship Thatsnotus. Friendship essay examples. Friendship Essay Sample. 2019-01-13. Now I Realise The Value Of A True Friend Essay. Essay on A Good Friend A Good Friend Essay for Students and Children .... 007 True Friendship Essay Example Thatsnotus. eassay on my best friend - Saferbrowser Yahoo Image Search Results True .... Formidable Friendship Definition Essay Thatsnotus. Friend Definition of friendship, Friendship essay, True friendship. True friendship essays examples. 60 Friendship Essay Topics Inc .... A True Friend Pictures, Photos, and Images for Facebook, Tumblr .... Definition Essay For Real Friendship - moodgoodmissions diary. Mark Vernon Quote: What is Friendship, Definition of Friend, True .... Definition of True Friendship Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... What Is The Importance Of Friendship? - Free Essay Example PapersOwl.com. A true friend essay Topics in English. 016 Essay Example Friendship Definition Best Friend Outline For Online .... True friendship essays examples. True Friendship Essay for Students and .... 019 True Friendship Essay For Friends Collage Jon Write An Explaining .... College essay: Definition of a true friendship essay. True Friendship Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. This is the true meaning of a best friend. To be labeled as a BF is .... Meaning Of Friendship Essay. 005 Gj60o8orim Friendship Definition Essay Thatsnotus. The True Meaning Of Friendship In Of annahof-laab.at. True Meaning Of Friendship. Persuasive Essay: Narrative essay about true friendship. Essay About A True Friendship - True Friend Essay True Friendship Definition Essay True Friendship Definition Essay
1. The document discusses developing a metaphor to describe one's perspective on conflict. It provides examples of metaphors and explains how metaphors can help clarify abstract concepts.
2. Readers are prompted to develop their own metaphor for how they view conflict and include it in their response. They are also asked to reflect on how their metaphor reflects their feelings about conflict and how it could influence relationships.
3. Readers should then watch a video on conflict and respond using 15-20 sentences reflecting on their metaphor and how conflict could be used to strengthen relationships.
Pragmatics is the study of meaning beyond the words themselves. It examines how context, including linguistic context, physical context, and cultural context, influence meaning. Some key aspects of pragmatics include deixis, which examines words that depend on context like pronouns; inference, which is how listeners understand implied meaning; presupposition, which are assumptions in language; and politeness, which looks at how language is used to maintain social relationships and self-image. Understanding pragmatics is important for comprehending intention and avoiding cross-cultural misunderstandings.
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning and how more is communicated than what is explicitly said. It examines invisible meanings, inferences, and assumptions that arise from linguistic and physical context. Key aspects of pragmatics include deixis, which are expressions like pronouns that depend on context to be understood, and speech acts, such as requests, that depend on context and politeness conventions. Politeness aims to save face by mitigating threats to people's self-image and sense of independence or belonging.
My Childhood Memories Essay | Essay on My Childhood Memories for .... Cherished Memories: The Summer Cottage Experience Free Essay Example. My favorite childhood memory essay in 2021 | Memories essay, Childhood .... Essay about a favorite childhood memory. 005 My Favorite Memory Essay High School Childhood Memories Narrative .... 012 Childhood Memories Essay Example 91 Thumb ~ Thatsnotus. M
This document provides biographical information about Dr. Ali Anani and summaries of several of his writings on complexity, leadership, and human behavior. It includes details about Dr. Anani's educational background and experience as well as short summaries of 10 of his writings on topics such as complexity having shadows that can provide insights, questioning whether 100% transparency is always valuable for organizations, and how new technologies may be impacting writers and the writing process.
Outline For Descriptive Essay. 020 Descriptive Essay Outline ThatsnotusMonique Bae
How To Write A Descriptive Essay - The Detailed A+ Guide. 020 Descriptive Essay Outline ~ Thatsnotus. Learn How to Write a Descriptive Essay Outline With Examples. Descriptive Essay – 6+ Free Samples, Examples, Format Download. How to Write a Descriptive Essay: Topics, Outline, Examples | EssayPro .... 010 Descriptive Essay Outline Example Family Narrative Define Art .... Descriptive Essay: Topics, Outline and Writing Tips | HandMadeWriting. Outline For Descriptive Essay Samples Of Descriptive Essay Writing .... How to Write a Descriptive Essay - Easy Guide & Example. outline for descriptive essay about a place - Google Search | Essay .... Descriptive Essay Outline – Telegraph. How to Write a Descriptive Essay Outline for College - PapersOwl.com. 11+ Free Descriptive Essay Templates - PDF, DOC. History Essay: Descriptive essay outline example. FREE 9+ Descriptive Essay Examples in PDF | Examples. Descriptive Essay Template - 8+ Free Word, PDF Documents Download. College essay: Descriptive essay outline samples. ️ Descriptive writing template. Writing Descriptive Essays About A .... Descriptive writing outline | Descriptive writing, Writing outline .... Descriptive Essay Writing Help: Topics and Examples. College essay: Descriptive paper outline. College essay: Descriptive essay outline. Outline for a Descriptive Essay | Essay, Essay writing tips, Essay tips. How to write a descriptive essay outline 2 by jaywfor - Issuu Outline For Descriptive Essay Outline For Descriptive Essay. 020 Descriptive Essay Outline Thatsnotus
Pragmatics is the study of meaning beyond the words themselves. It examines speaker meaning, contextual meaning, and how more is communicated than is said through things like deixis, inference, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness. Pragmatics helps explain how context, both linguistic and physical, affects meaning and allows people to communicate indirectly. Understanding pragmatics is important for comprehending intentions and avoiding cross-cultural misunderstandings in communication.
Pragmatics is the study of meaning beyond the words themselves. It examines speaker meaning, contextual meaning, and how more is communicated than is said through things like deixis, inference, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness. Pragmatics helps explain how context, both linguistic and physical, affects meaning and allows people to communicate indirectly. Understanding pragmatics is important for comprehending intention and avoiding cross-cultural misunderstandings in communication.
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning, speaker meaning, and how more is communicated than what is explicitly said. It involves the study of invisible meaning, deixis, reference, inference, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness. Pragmatics examines how context, both linguistic and physical, affects meaning, and how language is used to manage social relationships and interactions.
Pragmatics is the study of meaning beyond the words themselves. It examines speaker meaning, contextual meaning, and how more is communicated than is said through things like deixis, inference, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness. Pragmatics helps explain how context, both linguistic and physical, affects meaning and allows people to communicate indirectly. Understanding pragmatics is important for comprehending intentions and avoiding cross-cultural misunderstandings in communication.
6The Key to a Mental Map for Exploring the LiteratureKeyworomeliadoan
6
The Key to a Mental Map for Exploring the Literature
Keywords
assumptions; concepts; ideologies; mental map; metaphors; models; perspectives; theories
In
Part Two
, we further develop the ideas from
Part One
by demonstrating how to critically analyse texts in greater depth. As you embark on reading a range of literature using the Critical Synopsis Questions in
Part One
, you will probably identify a small number of texts as being particularly central for your topic. These are the texts with the greatest potential to inform your thinking and your subsequent writing. So it will be a good investment of time to scrutinize these texts in greater depth. Doing so successfully and efficiently requires a refined grasp of how academic enquiry works and a more extensive array of questions to guide your critical engagement.
To help you sharpen your in-depth critical analysis skills, we show you how to develop a
mental map
that can guide your thinking as you explore the social world. The map will enable you to find patterns in the ways that authors discuss their topics and in how they develop their argument in trying to convince their target audience. For many of our illustrations, we draw on the abridged version of the journal article by Wallace (2001) in
Appendix 2
.
The present chapter introduces the mental map, which consists of a key and four components, by exploring the key in detail.
Chapter 7
discusses the first component: the detailed warranting of arguments. We pay special attention to checking how well the claims made in the conclusion of an argument are matched by the warranting employed to try and make them convincing.
Chapter 8
sets out the three other components in turn: the main kinds of knowledge that authors may claim to have, the types of literature they produce and their ‘intellectual projects’ or reasons for studying the social world. We show how, in principle, they can be used to inform an analysis. Then, in
Chapter 9
, the mental map is put to work on a real example. We use it in demonstrating a structured approach to the Critical Analysis of Wallace’s article, inviting you to try it out for yourself. In
Chapter 10
, we provide our own completed Critical Analysis of this article as an illustration. It includes an accompanying commentary explaining our reasons for each step we have taken. Finally, in
Chapter 11
, we begin by exploring how a Critical Analysis of this kind can be used as the platform for writing a Critical Review of a particular text. By way of illustration, we offer our own Critical Review of Wallace’s article, drawing on the earlier Critical Analysis. Thus, we mirror, with an in-depth analysis, the procedures we illustrated in
Part One
using the five Critical Synopsis Questions to create a less-detailed Critical Summary. As in
Part One
, the approach that we first describe and illustrate for one text can be expanded to cover multiple texts. We end the chapter with structured advice on how to ...
Literary Essay - 7+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples. FREE 10+ Literary Essay Samples in MS Word | PDF. 13+ Literary Essay Templates in Word | Google Docs | Apple Pages | PDF. Essay Writing Examples - 21+ in PDF | Examples. Literary Analysis Essay: Tips to Write a Perfect Essay - wuzzupessay. Literary Essay - Teaching to the Test-Taker.
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Slang language الدكتور كرار رأفت علوش < Dr. karrar raafat alwashDr. Karrar Alwash
This document discusses slang language and metaphors. It begins by defining slang and explaining how slang evolves based on generational differences and group membership. It then defines metaphors and provides examples of common metaphors. The document discusses different types of metaphors, including implied metaphors, sustained metaphors, dead metaphors, and mixed metaphors. It concludes by outlining the key elements involved in the working mechanism of a metaphor, including the metaphor producer and receiver, the source and target domains, and the role of context.
John Brooker documented his first week at the SOL2013 conference in a personal photo diary. On Monday, he settled into his room and organized for the event. On Tuesday, he explored the Palm and Zen Gardens and found Google Earth for the opening ceremony. That evening, he attended a drinks reception where Penny entertained. On Wednesday, the opening ceremony began, as captured in John's photo diary videos.
This document provides tools and techniques for generating creative ideas in a short period of time, such as ten minutes. It uses the analogy of blackberry picking to explain the idea generation process, noting that initial ideas are easy but more exploration is needed to find hidden ideas. It then presents six specific tools: 5Ws and H, DREAMERS, Get Fired, Where in the World, Yes! And..., and Random Connection. Each tool provides a structured approach and examples of how it can be applied. The document encourages using these tools to facilitate innovative thinking within time constraints.
The document describes two meetings held by an IT organization, Hi5, to discuss a potential security issue. In the first meeting, the group spent a long time debating how to define the problem without reaching a resolution. In the second meeting, which used a Solutions Focus approach, the group quickly agreed on a future perfect solution after just five minutes. They then identified existing resources to help and small immediate steps to take, leaving with a belief progress would be made. The document advocates for Solutions Focus as a way to more efficiently tackle challenges through a positive, solution-oriented mindset.
Essay on Classic English Literature
MLA Style
Instructions:
So far this semester, you have been introduced to the nature and scope of political economy through an eclectic array of required reading. For your first take-home essay, identify the reading assignment that you found most compelling, intriguing, or insightful. articulate a thesis that justifies your selection and build an argument in support of your thesis.
≫ Single Mothers Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. My Mother Essay | Essay on My Mother for Students and Children in .... 004 Essay Example Single Parent Struggle Argumentative The Real Effects .... Essay on My Mother [My Mother Easy in English] - Myriadstory. college essay mother | Love essay, Hero essay, My mother essay. My mother essay 1000 words. Essay of mom. Single mother essay - City Centre Hotel Phnom Penh. How to Write My Mother Essay: Example Included!. 018 Single Parenting In India Essay Example O Mom ~ Thatsnotus. Write My Mother Essay : My Mother: My Role Model and Best Friend. Essay Motherhood. 020 Essay Example Admire My Mom ~ Thatsnotus.
What Are Metaphors?
Metaphors As A Metaphor
Metaphor In Talk Essay
Metaphors And Figurative Language
Life Metaphors And Similes Essay
Metaphor Essay Metaphor
What Does Metaphor Mean
Example Of A Metaphor
Metaphor In The Metaphor
Conceptual Metaphors Essay
Experience With Metaphors
Metaphors We Live By Essay examples
Summary Of Metaphors We Live By
Metaphors We Live By Summary
Life with Metaphors Essay
Main Concepts Of Metaphors
Life goes on (Metaphor essay )
My Metaphor Essay
How To Write A Metaphor
Metaphor: A Short Story
Essay on Friendship Importance of Friendship Essay for Students and .... Essay about a good friendship. What Is The Meaning Of True Friendship Quotes lifescienceglobal.com. Scholarship essay: True friendship definition essay. Unbelievable Definition Essay On True Friendship Thatsnotus. Friendship essay examples. Friendship Essay Sample. 2019-01-13. Now I Realise The Value Of A True Friend Essay. Essay on A Good Friend A Good Friend Essay for Students and Children .... 007 True Friendship Essay Example Thatsnotus. eassay on my best friend - Saferbrowser Yahoo Image Search Results True .... Formidable Friendship Definition Essay Thatsnotus. Friend Definition of friendship, Friendship essay, True friendship. True friendship essays examples. 60 Friendship Essay Topics Inc .... A True Friend Pictures, Photos, and Images for Facebook, Tumblr .... Definition Essay For Real Friendship - moodgoodmissions diary. Mark Vernon Quote: What is Friendship, Definition of Friend, True .... Definition of True Friendship Essay Example Topics and Well Written .... What Is The Importance Of Friendship? - Free Essay Example PapersOwl.com. A true friend essay Topics in English. 016 Essay Example Friendship Definition Best Friend Outline For Online .... True friendship essays examples. True Friendship Essay for Students and .... 019 True Friendship Essay For Friends Collage Jon Write An Explaining .... College essay: Definition of a true friendship essay. True Friendship Free Essay Sample on Samploon.com. This is the true meaning of a best friend. To be labeled as a BF is .... Meaning Of Friendship Essay. 005 Gj60o8orim Friendship Definition Essay Thatsnotus. The True Meaning Of Friendship In Of annahof-laab.at. True Meaning Of Friendship. Persuasive Essay: Narrative essay about true friendship. Essay About A True Friendship - True Friend Essay True Friendship Definition Essay True Friendship Definition Essay
1. The document discusses developing a metaphor to describe one's perspective on conflict. It provides examples of metaphors and explains how metaphors can help clarify abstract concepts.
2. Readers are prompted to develop their own metaphor for how they view conflict and include it in their response. They are also asked to reflect on how their metaphor reflects their feelings about conflict and how it could influence relationships.
3. Readers should then watch a video on conflict and respond using 15-20 sentences reflecting on their metaphor and how conflict could be used to strengthen relationships.
Pragmatics is the study of meaning beyond the words themselves. It examines how context, including linguistic context, physical context, and cultural context, influence meaning. Some key aspects of pragmatics include deixis, which examines words that depend on context like pronouns; inference, which is how listeners understand implied meaning; presupposition, which are assumptions in language; and politeness, which looks at how language is used to maintain social relationships and self-image. Understanding pragmatics is important for comprehending intention and avoiding cross-cultural misunderstandings.
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning and how more is communicated than what is explicitly said. It examines invisible meanings, inferences, and assumptions that arise from linguistic and physical context. Key aspects of pragmatics include deixis, which are expressions like pronouns that depend on context to be understood, and speech acts, such as requests, that depend on context and politeness conventions. Politeness aims to save face by mitigating threats to people's self-image and sense of independence or belonging.
My Childhood Memories Essay | Essay on My Childhood Memories for .... Cherished Memories: The Summer Cottage Experience Free Essay Example. My favorite childhood memory essay in 2021 | Memories essay, Childhood .... Essay about a favorite childhood memory. 005 My Favorite Memory Essay High School Childhood Memories Narrative .... 012 Childhood Memories Essay Example 91 Thumb ~ Thatsnotus. M
This document provides biographical information about Dr. Ali Anani and summaries of several of his writings on complexity, leadership, and human behavior. It includes details about Dr. Anani's educational background and experience as well as short summaries of 10 of his writings on topics such as complexity having shadows that can provide insights, questioning whether 100% transparency is always valuable for organizations, and how new technologies may be impacting writers and the writing process.
Outline For Descriptive Essay. 020 Descriptive Essay Outline ThatsnotusMonique Bae
How To Write A Descriptive Essay - The Detailed A+ Guide. 020 Descriptive Essay Outline ~ Thatsnotus. Learn How to Write a Descriptive Essay Outline With Examples. Descriptive Essay – 6+ Free Samples, Examples, Format Download. How to Write a Descriptive Essay: Topics, Outline, Examples | EssayPro .... 010 Descriptive Essay Outline Example Family Narrative Define Art .... Descriptive Essay: Topics, Outline and Writing Tips | HandMadeWriting. Outline For Descriptive Essay Samples Of Descriptive Essay Writing .... How to Write a Descriptive Essay - Easy Guide & Example. outline for descriptive essay about a place - Google Search | Essay .... Descriptive Essay Outline – Telegraph. How to Write a Descriptive Essay Outline for College - PapersOwl.com. 11+ Free Descriptive Essay Templates - PDF, DOC. History Essay: Descriptive essay outline example. FREE 9+ Descriptive Essay Examples in PDF | Examples. Descriptive Essay Template - 8+ Free Word, PDF Documents Download. College essay: Descriptive essay outline samples. ️ Descriptive writing template. Writing Descriptive Essays About A .... Descriptive writing outline | Descriptive writing, Writing outline .... Descriptive Essay Writing Help: Topics and Examples. College essay: Descriptive paper outline. College essay: Descriptive essay outline. Outline for a Descriptive Essay | Essay, Essay writing tips, Essay tips. How to write a descriptive essay outline 2 by jaywfor - Issuu Outline For Descriptive Essay Outline For Descriptive Essay. 020 Descriptive Essay Outline Thatsnotus
Pragmatics is the study of meaning beyond the words themselves. It examines speaker meaning, contextual meaning, and how more is communicated than is said through things like deixis, inference, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness. Pragmatics helps explain how context, both linguistic and physical, affects meaning and allows people to communicate indirectly. Understanding pragmatics is important for comprehending intentions and avoiding cross-cultural misunderstandings in communication.
Pragmatics is the study of meaning beyond the words themselves. It examines speaker meaning, contextual meaning, and how more is communicated than is said through things like deixis, inference, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness. Pragmatics helps explain how context, both linguistic and physical, affects meaning and allows people to communicate indirectly. Understanding pragmatics is important for comprehending intention and avoiding cross-cultural misunderstandings in communication.
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning, speaker meaning, and how more is communicated than what is explicitly said. It involves the study of invisible meaning, deixis, reference, inference, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness. Pragmatics examines how context, both linguistic and physical, affects meaning, and how language is used to manage social relationships and interactions.
Pragmatics is the study of meaning beyond the words themselves. It examines speaker meaning, contextual meaning, and how more is communicated than is said through things like deixis, inference, presupposition, speech acts, and politeness. Pragmatics helps explain how context, both linguistic and physical, affects meaning and allows people to communicate indirectly. Understanding pragmatics is important for comprehending intentions and avoiding cross-cultural misunderstandings in communication.
6The Key to a Mental Map for Exploring the LiteratureKeyworomeliadoan
6
The Key to a Mental Map for Exploring the Literature
Keywords
assumptions; concepts; ideologies; mental map; metaphors; models; perspectives; theories
In
Part Two
, we further develop the ideas from
Part One
by demonstrating how to critically analyse texts in greater depth. As you embark on reading a range of literature using the Critical Synopsis Questions in
Part One
, you will probably identify a small number of texts as being particularly central for your topic. These are the texts with the greatest potential to inform your thinking and your subsequent writing. So it will be a good investment of time to scrutinize these texts in greater depth. Doing so successfully and efficiently requires a refined grasp of how academic enquiry works and a more extensive array of questions to guide your critical engagement.
To help you sharpen your in-depth critical analysis skills, we show you how to develop a
mental map
that can guide your thinking as you explore the social world. The map will enable you to find patterns in the ways that authors discuss their topics and in how they develop their argument in trying to convince their target audience. For many of our illustrations, we draw on the abridged version of the journal article by Wallace (2001) in
Appendix 2
.
The present chapter introduces the mental map, which consists of a key and four components, by exploring the key in detail.
Chapter 7
discusses the first component: the detailed warranting of arguments. We pay special attention to checking how well the claims made in the conclusion of an argument are matched by the warranting employed to try and make them convincing.
Chapter 8
sets out the three other components in turn: the main kinds of knowledge that authors may claim to have, the types of literature they produce and their ‘intellectual projects’ or reasons for studying the social world. We show how, in principle, they can be used to inform an analysis. Then, in
Chapter 9
, the mental map is put to work on a real example. We use it in demonstrating a structured approach to the Critical Analysis of Wallace’s article, inviting you to try it out for yourself. In
Chapter 10
, we provide our own completed Critical Analysis of this article as an illustration. It includes an accompanying commentary explaining our reasons for each step we have taken. Finally, in
Chapter 11
, we begin by exploring how a Critical Analysis of this kind can be used as the platform for writing a Critical Review of a particular text. By way of illustration, we offer our own Critical Review of Wallace’s article, drawing on the earlier Critical Analysis. Thus, we mirror, with an in-depth analysis, the procedures we illustrated in
Part One
using the five Critical Synopsis Questions to create a less-detailed Critical Summary. As in
Part One
, the approach that we first describe and illustrate for one text can be expanded to cover multiple texts. We end the chapter with structured advice on how to ...
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Yes! And... The Power of Metaphor to Transform Teams
1. The Power of
Metaphors to
Transform Teams
Great creative leaders (witness Martin Luther King’s “I have a
dream” speech) use metaphor a great deal to illustrate,
persuade and inspire. Metaphors influence how you think and
how you act.
In this document, you will learn how to use metaphor and its
structure. You will see how metaphors help shape your
thinking and the thinking of others and how you can use them
in practical ways in work and workshops.
How metaphors can help you to
think more creatively when
working with teams.
This is one of a number of
articles that we provide for
those who are interested in
innovative thinking and the
Solution Focus approach to
tackling difficult team
challenges. If you would like to
read more articles, please go
to:
http://www.yesand.eu/learn-
from-us/
John Brooker
Yes! And…
www.yesand.eu
+44 (0) 7866 431046
2. Introduction
My colleague and I were
running an interactive focus
group to gauge people’s
reaction to a proposed
training course on
innovation. We had received
a positive reaction but I was
not convinced we were
hearing all opinion. I asked if
anyone had any concerns.
One of the group, an
experienced manager,
emitted an exasperated sigh
and exclaimed, “Personally I
think this course will be a
waste of **###** time.” That
perked the group up a bit!
“What’s your reason for
stating that?” we asked.
“Well, there’s no money to do
anything, even if we do come
up with innovative ideas.” He
then used his hands to
describe an obstacle in front
of him. “The budget is a
huge wall around us, it stops
us doing anything.”
We nodded, thanked him and
noted his reaction; we
weren’t there to argue the
case.
Driving home afterwards, I
mused on what he had said.
It was a great example of
how people use metaphors to
simplify and describe
complex situations.
It was also an example of
how the metaphors people
use can influence how they
approach a situation. From
his point of view, it was not
worth doing anything
because the budget was
finite, an “insurmountable
obstacle” or at least one he
seemed no longer willing to
overcome.
“It was also an
example of how the
metaphors people
use can influence
how they approach a
situation.”
Although he may not have
realised it, he had explained
the issue in terms of a
conceptual metaphor
(obstacle) and metaphorical
linguistic expressions (the
budget as a wall around him);
(Concepts in green from:
Zoltan Kovecses ~ “Metaphor:
A Practical Introduction”).
What relevance has this story
to creative leaders and
facilitators?
In summary, people,
consciously or unconsciously
use metaphor to:
• Make sense of complex
and confusing situations
(for example, their lives)
• Communicate their
understanding (sense) of
situations
• Work out how to tackle
those situations
A definition of
metaphor
The Oxford English
Dictionary says a metaphor
is: “A figure of speech in which
an expression is used to refer to
something that it does not
literally denote in order to
suggest a similarity.”
Our manager, by referring to
the budget as a wall, is
helping to describe his
situation to others. However,
theorists, perhaps
contradicting the OED,
consider metaphor is more
than a method of expression;
it is fundamental to how you
think.
Why use metaphor?
You are bombarded with
information every day that
you shape largely in terms of
what you already know.
Some of this is simple; you
can categorise literally that
the green matter outside
your window is grass, that
tall brown object is a tree,
that object with four wheels,
is a car. You have seen these
objects before. However, you
don’t always have a literal
reference, so, to reiterate,
3. 3
you may often use metaphor
or analogy to help you:
• Make sense of a
situation. “The Cuban
missile crisis was the
rutting of stags” (my
metaphor), gives a sense
of two powerful animals
(the USA and USSR) in a
battle over territory or a
female (Cuba).
• At other times you may
understand the situation
but need metaphor to
help you communicate
the situation in a simple
way. “The new manager
is drowning” is not
literally true (unless
perhaps he/she works as
a lifeguard), but does help
you convey to another
person that the manager
is out of control. This
allows the listener to
share the image of the
manager using your
“filter” (the metaphor)
and relate to it.
• Thirdly, you may use that
metaphor as the basis to
tackle a situation – e.g.
your response to our
drowning manager
metaphor is, “Can we
throw them a lifebelt?”
Which perhaps, leads you
to offer them coaching.
• One other factor we have
found helpful when
coaching and facilitating
is to have people express
themselves through
metaphor because to
discuss a situation
through metaphor can be
less emotive than
discussing the literal
situation, as if it removes
the “you” from the
situation.
For a diversion, here are two
examples from the arts, of
using metaphor to
communicate:
Example 1:
Emeli Sande in her song
River sings metaphorically of
her unrequited love for
someone: “I’ll be your river,
river, I’ll move the mountains
for you.” She may have moved
people at the London
Olympics but don’t expect to
see her literally shifting
mountains anytime soon.
Example 2:
Witness this poem by
Winthrop Aldrich (Artificial
Poetry ISBN 0 – 934276 – 02
– 1):
An irreverent gardener once,
for a fee,
Contracted to edit an
evergreen tree;
So he struck off some branches
to polish the style,
And fixed up the syntax, but
after a while
It shed all its needles, and
withered, and died.
The gardener weathered the
blow to his pride,
Though he knew ‘twas his
editing had, by some quirk,
Constrained the tree’s Author
to withdraw his work.
How might you interpret this
poem? Perhaps he had his
work badly edited at some
time, or is the gardener a
manager, easily capable of
destroying people’s work
through poor skills or
bullying.
This ability to express
alternative concepts is
both a strength and
weakness of metaphors.
The structure of
metaphors
Conceptual metaphor
I joined the British Royal Air
Force at sixteen as an
apprentice and left eleven
years later as a Corporal. In
terms of rank, I did not
progress very far. Yet when I
started civilian work, the pace
of my career picked up and
after overcoming some
obstacles I reached my goal of
attaining a certain level
within the organisation. On
reaching my goal, I felt my life
was at a crossroads and
eventually I took the path of
running my own company.
4. 4
I use that description of my
career as an example of one
aspect of the structure of
metaphor. “Life as a journey”
is an example of a
CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR (that
is, the internal idea behind
the metaphor).
Another example is Nelson
Mandela’s book “Long Walk
To Freedom”, which depicts
his life as a journey.
Lakoff and Johnson in their
book “Metaphors We Live By”
identify other classic
CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS such
as Argument is war; Love is a
journey; Theories are
buildings; Ideas are food.
What conceptual
metaphor did the
manager use when
describing his budget?
Linguistic Expressions.
We express these conceptual
metaphors in METAPHORICAL
LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS, how
the internal idea can be
externalised in words. For
examples, refer to the
italicised phrases in the
paragraph on my career
describing “life as a journey.”
Or think of “the wall.”
Other examples from Lakoff
and Johnson are:
ARGUMENT IS WAR
• He attacked her argument
• I’ve never won an
argument with her
• If you use that argument,
he’ll wipe you out
• He outflanked her
opening argument
IDEAS ARE FOOD
• The paper has raw facts
and half baked ideas
• I can’t swallow her
proposals
• She devoured the article
• Let’s put that idea on the
back burner for now
Source and Target
Examining the metaphors
above, you can begin to
identify other aspects of
metaphor, that of the SOURCE
and the TARGET. In the cases
above, “war” and “food” are
the SOURCE and “argument”
and “ideas” are the TARGETS.
We map characteristics of
war to an argument
Below, you can relate this
concept to business by using
the example of mapping the
characteristics of a plant to
an organisation.
You should note parallels
between the characteristics
of the plant and the
organisation. Knowing this
can help you later when you
review a tool for using
metaphors.
SOURCE:
Plant
TARGET:
Organisation
The whole
plant
The
organisation
The growth
of the plant
The growth of
the
organisation
Pruning the
plant
Reducing the
organisation
Flowering
Reaching
organisational
targets
Not
watering
Starving of
resources
Fruit or
crop
The benefits
the
organisation
gains
How would you relate
the SOURCE “Navigation”
to the TARGET
“Organisation”?
Other Features of
Metaphor
Implicit and Explicit Metaphors
“His spirits soared every time
they met.” If this sentence
strikes you as very positive,
5. 5
it is probably because of the
implicit understanding that
“good” is “up” and “bad” is
“down” in Western culture
(some metaphors apply
globally whereas others
vary). In brief, many of the
metaphors people use are
not easy to identify as
metaphors. Like “good is
up” they are “implicit”.
Let’s look at this in more
detail. John Martin, in
“Practical Thinking”, (Open
University course, sadly no
longer in print) highlights the
use of “manager” in
business. A manager is a
concept to which we are all
accustomed. We literally
manage. There is no
metaphor there, is there?
Why then are so many
management related phrases
to do with “hands” e.g. “I’m
handing over responsibility”;
“I can handle that situation”;
“We should grasp this
opportunity”; “We are within
reach of a solution”; “The
team were putty in her
hands”?
Perhaps a clue is that the
root of the word “manager”
is the Latin word “manus” – a
hand – as in manipulating
something. Henry Mintzberg,
(management consultant and
author) made the implicit
metaphor explicit when he
compared the skills of a
manager with those of a
potter “shaping” the “clay” of
an organisation.
The Context of Metaphor
Recall my sentence, “His
spirits soared every time they
met.” You might interpret
this as positive, he was
pleased to see them; but
what if his spirit soared
because the other person
was down on their luck? This
gives a different
interpretation and raises
another important facet of
metaphor - metaphor can
often only be understood
correctly if those sharing it
know the context. Therefore
you need to ensure that you
have a shared context when
using metaphor.
Linguistic and cognitive
We have said that metaphors
form a large part of the way
we communicate, both
consciously and
unconsciously hence Lakoff
and Johnson’s assertion that
we should not make the
mistake of thinking that
metaphors are merely a
linguistic device. Metaphors
are fundamental to the way
in which we think and
reason.
Evidence of this can be seen
in the work of Lawley and
Tomkins (based on the work
of David Grove) in which they
use Symbolic Modelling
model to help clients achieve
change in their metaphorical
perception of their world. In
essence, the client describes
metaphorical symbols (e.g. a
wall) and forms a
metaphorical landscape that
the client subsequently
changes through questioning.
As John Martin says,
“Metaphor is a point where
psychology, scientific
enquiry, literature, the arts
and even religion all meet
together. It is literally a
(perhaps the) foundation of
thinking.”
So an understanding of how
metaphors influence you and
other people is important,
especially when dealing with
implicit metaphors that may
influence thinking in a
negative way. How does “up”
is good and “down” is “bad”
influence thinking in
organisations? You might try
to find an organisational
chart with senior
management positioned at
the base, (outside of a
customer service book).
In terms of your
organisation, how might
metaphor influence you
and how might you use
it?
6. 6
Unidirectional
Another concept that
Kovecses identifies is that of
UNIDIRECTIONALITY. What this
means is that a TARGET does
not usually work as a SOURCE.
Why is this? Kovecses says it
is because the target is
usually more abstract and
the source more concrete (to
use a metaphor). Saying “the
Cuban missile crisis was the
rutting of stags” is very
different from saying “the
rutting of stags is a Cuban
missile crisis.”
Therefore, we might say that
metaphors help us to make
the abstract more concrete.
For example, organisational
climate might be an example
of an abstract concept you
might find easier to describe
in metaphorical terms.
Is your organisation an
Olympic Village (lots of team
spirit and superb
performers) or a bad night at
the BRIT Awards (full of
prima donnas and mayhem)?
Using metaphor in
organisations
Organisational change
Having reviewed the basic
structure of metaphors and
their use, how might you as a
creative leader or facilitator
use them in an organisation?
Gareth Morgan in his work
“Imaginization” explains that
the metaphors social
scientists used previously for
organisations i.e. the
machine and the organism,
limited how people viewed
the organisation. Why is this?
Metaphors can help reveal a
lot about situations but also
limit what we can discover.
Thus, if we see the
organisation as an efficient
machine, we may overlook
that there is a climate of fear
because the characteristics
of a machine would not
reveal this.
Morgan therefore added
additional metaphors such
as the “brain” and
“instruments of domination”
to the repertoire, but
crucially was “at pains to
avoid asserting the supremacy
of any given metaphor…
because I want to encourage
the reader to realise that there
is no one metaphor… that is
going to provide all of the
answers… that we must forge
our own understanding and
interpretations of the issues we
face.” In other words, devise
a number of your own
metaphors for your
organisation to help describe
it.
Example Use
How can this help creative
leaders and facilitators?
Imagine you run a function
within an organisation. The
CEO has requested a review
of that function to
understand what value it
adds and how it might
progress.
As a first step, you would like
to know what your peers
think about it and the way it
might develop. You hold a
workshop and you ask
individuals to think of
metaphors [SOURCE] that
represent the function
[TARGET] as it is today.
Next, you ask them to work
with others and represent
these metaphors in some
way as a small group,
perhaps by drawing, perhaps
by telling a story or by acting
them out.
In this step, you have the
group explain the CONCEPT of
their metaphors (there may
be more than one), the
associated characteristics of
the concept and how these
relate to your function.
We should note here that
asking your peers to discuss
“your baby” (your function)
might be painful, especially if
7. 7
they see it as a “whingeing
brat”, but we need to
understand what others truly
think. The use of metaphor
can be helpful in enabling
people to express themselves
freely.
Next, ask your peers to
represent metaphorically the
function working at the peak
of its performance in the
future and truly adding value.
Again, you have them explain
the CONCEPT of the
metaphors, the associated
characteristics and how they
relate to your situation.
Let us post a health warning
here. Metaphors are not in
themselves going to make
the changes you and the
organisation desire but they
will provide you with a
number of different
perspectives and may help
remove some of the
emotional blocks to change
that exist.
Tackling Challenges
Metaphor can be used for
organisational change but
also in narrower areas of
change. I developed a model
(please see Page 9) for use
with MBA students and have
adapted it with experience.
It takes familiar concepts of
metaphorical characteristics
and applies them to our
situation, but also asks,
“How might we counter or
enhance them?”
You can use the model on
your own perfectly well,
although using it with others
tends to stimulate more
ideas, builds involvement in
the challenge and is often
more fun. It has been used
by scores of people on work
challenges and usually works
successfully, much to the
surprise of the sceptical.
Example Use
The following shortened
example of the model in
action (please see Page 11)
uses a real situation. In a
previous role, my team had
to transfer the operation of a
telephone call centre to the
US from the UK. We wanted
to ensure the thirty staff in
the UK found new jobs.
We set up a workshop with
HR, team representatives,
the team manager and me,
using this model as a tool in
the workshop on the
challenge: “How can
management and staff make
it easier to find jobs for staff
when the centre closes?”
The model is self-explanatory
though P/N represents a
Positive or a Negative
characteristic. (You should
balance negative & positive
characteristics to ensure a
balanced view).
You will note that the model
works on similar principles to
those discussed in the
section on organisations. In
this case, the CONCEPTUAL
METAPHOR was “search” and
we chose “finding a job is
like a treasure hunt” (driving
round the country in cars
searching for “treasure”) as
our LINGUISTIC METAPHORICAL
EXPRESSION.
It is better to use the model
by working through column
by column as this encourages
divergent (creative) and
convergent (judgement)
thinking at appropriate
times.
The advantage of using such
a model is that it is
systematic. It helps people
who consider themselves
methodical and “uncreative”
(however irrational that
belief) to conceptualise, but
in a style with which they are
comfortable.
How might you use this
model to explore the
“wall” metaphor you
read about earlier?
As mentioned earlier, there is
no right metaphor. The more
metaphors you use, the more
perspectives you will gain on
the situation and the greater
your chance of finding novel
ideas.
8. 8
One way to use this model in
teams is to select different
metaphors for the same
challenge and have different
teams work on them.
CRITICISM OF THE MODEL
One criticism of using the
model (and metaphors) is
that you may not reveal novel
insights in to the situation.
This is valid. No technique or
tool can guarantee that, but
the model does enable you to
develop a lot of ideas from
different perspectives very
efficiently.
To Close
In Morgan’s words
“metaphor is not just a
literary or linguistic device
for embellishing or
decorating discourse. It is a
primal means through which
we forge our relationships
with the world. Metaphor has
a formative impact on
language, on the
construction and
embellishment of meaning
and on the development of
theory and knowledge of all
kind… The challenge is to
become skilled in the art of
seeing, understanding,
interpreting and reading the
situations we face.”
As a creative leader and
facilitator, you can use
metaphors and similar
devices to:
• Make sense of a situation
• Communicate the
situation in a simple way
• Tackle situations
• Discuss situations less
emotively
• Metaphors are
fundamental to the way in
which we think and
reason.
• The structure of
metaphors is:
• CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR -
The internal idea behind
the metaphor
• METAPHORICAL LINGUISTIC
EXPRESSIONS – How you
express these conceptual
metaphors
• They have a source and a
target. A target does not
usually work as a source,
this is the principle of
unidirectionality
• They can help you
describe a situation and
so make the abstract
more concrete.
• You may not always
realise that you are using
metaphors, because
metaphors can be implicit
and explicit
• To truly understand
metaphors, people must
have a shared context
• To use them more
powerfully, you must use
several metaphors to
analyse a situation
• We trust this article will
help you develop your
teams and your
organisations in creative
and interesting ways so
that, perhaps, you can
help them put the ball
over the competition’s
wall and into the net!
Contact Us
If you would like to discuss
how you can transform
teams or would be interested
in a half-day workshop on
using metaphors for team
transformation, please
contact us. See front page.
METAPHOR; SIMILE; ANALOGY?
There are other linguistic
devices in the English
language similar to
metaphor, analogy and
synonym being two. Although
the theorists make
distinction between these, in
practical terms it can be
useful if you do not get too
concerned with correct usage
as this poem explains:
Metaphor and simile
Like peas in a pod, at least to
me.
We can argue, their similarity,
But let’s not stoop to analogy.
Just use these tools as ways to
see,
Your challenge more creatively.
9. CHALLENGE: How can management and staff make it easier to find jobs for staff when the centre closes?
Conceptual metaphor: Search Linguistic metaphor: Finding a job is a treasure
hunt
CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED
WITH LINGUISTIC METAPHOR
P/N
WHAT DOES THIS REVEAL ABOUT
THE SITUATION?
HOW CAN WE COUNTER OR ENHANCE THIS?
Some people don’t arrive at
the end until too late
N Some people may not find
jobs by the time of transfer
Be positive but honest about reality.
Inject the need for action.
Some people like to mislead
other seekers
N This may get competitive Emphasise helping each other. Share
successful job finding strategies.
People argue as well as have
fun
N This is a stressful time for
staff
Be around. Make the environment
better. Celebrate people finding jobs.
There are lots of clues to
enable you to finish
P Staff may need information Provide info packs. Find other call
centres needing staff.