This document discusses systemic hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. It defines hypertension as blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg and identifies both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. The pathophysiology involves increased cardiac output, total peripheral vascular resistance, or both. Symptoms can include headaches, chest pain, dizziness, and vision changes. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, weight loss, and quitting tobacco. Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to complications affecting the heart, like heart attack, and arteries supplying the brain or kidneys.

2. SYSTEMIC
HYPERTENSION
DR.N.MANJULA
SENIOR RESIDENT
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY

3. BLOOD PRESSURE

6. • WHO DEFINITION:-
HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE) IS
WHEN THE PRESSURE IN YOUR BLOOD VESSELS IS TOO HIGH
(140/90 MMHG OR HIGHER)
HYPERTENSION WITH NO KNOWN CAUSE (PRIMARY;
FORMERLY, ESSENTIAL, HYPERTENSION) IS MOST COMMON.

7. RISK FACTORS
MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
INCLUDE UNHEALTHY DIETS (EXCESSIVE SALT
CONSUMPTION, A DIET HIGH IN SATURATED FAT AND TRANS
FATS, LOW INTAKE OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES), PHYSICAL
INACTIVITY, CONSUMPTION OF TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL, AND
BEING OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE.
NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS
INCLUDE A FAMILY HISTORY OF
HYPERTENSION, AGE OVER 65 YEARS AND CO-EXISTING DISEASES
SUCH AS DIABETES OR KIDNEY DISEASE.

8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• BECAUSE BLOOD PRESSURE == CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO) ×
TOTAL PERIPHERAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE (TPR)
• PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS INVOLVE:-
INCREASED CO
INCREASED TPR
BOTH

10. PATHOGENESIS
• GENETIC PREDISPOSITION
• SYMPATHETIC OVERACTIVITY
• ROLE OF SODIUM INTAKE
• VASCULAR HYPERACTIVITY
• RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE
ACTIVITY
• ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION

11. SYMPTOMS
1. SEVERE HEADACHES
2. CHEST PAIN
3. DIZZINESS
4. DIFFICULTY BREATHING
5. NAUSEA
6. VOMITING
7. BLURRED VISION OR OTHER VISION CHANGES
8. ANXIETY
9. CONFUSION
10. BUZZING IN THE EARS
11. NOSEBLEEDS
12. ABNORMAL HEART RHYTHM

12. TREATMENT
• LIFESTYLE CHANGES CAN HELP LOWER HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE.
THESE INCLUDE:
• EATING A HEALTHY, LOW-SALT DIET
• LOSING WEIGHT
• BEING PHYSICALLY ACTIVE
• QUITTING TOBACCO.

13. PREVENTION
• LIFESTYLE CHANGES
CAN HELP LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE.
• REDUCING HYPERTENSION PREVENTS HEART ATTACK, STROKE
AND KIDNEY DAMAGE, AS WELL AS OTHER HEALTH PROBLEMS.
• REDUCE THE RISKS OF HYPERTENSION BY:
• REDUCING AND MANAGING STRESS
• REGULARLY CHECKING BLOOD PRESSURE
• TREATING HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
• MANAGING OTHER MEDICAL CONDITIONS.

14. DO’S:
• EAT MORE VEGETABLES AND
FRUITS.
• BE MORE PHYSICALLY ACTIVE,
WHICH CAN INCLUDE WALKING,
RUNNING, SWIMMING, DANCING
OR ACTIVITIES THAT BUILD
STRENGTH, LIKE LIFTING WEIGHTS.
• LOSE WEIGHT IF YOU’RE
OVERWEIGHT OR OBESE.
• TAKE MEDICINES AS PRESCRIBED
BY YOUR HEALTH CARE
PROFESSIONAL.
• KEEP APPOINTMENTS WITH YOUR
HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONAL.
DON’T:
• EAT TOO MUCH SALTY FOOD
(TRY TO STAY UNDER 2
GRAMS PER DAY)
• EAT FOODS HIGH IN
SATURATED OR TRANS FATS
• SMOKE OR USE TOBACCO
• MISS OR SHARE MEDICATION.

15. COMPLICATIONS OF
UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION
• HARDEN ARTERIES, DECREASING THE FLOW OF BLOOD AND
OXYGEN TO THE HEART.
• CHEST PAIN, ALSO CALLED ANGINA.
• HEART ATTACK, WHICH OCCURS WHEN THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO
THE HEART IS BLOCKED AND HEART MUSCLE CELLS DIE FROM
LACK OF OXYGEN.
• THE LONGER THE BLOOD FLOW IS BLOCKED, THE GREATER THE
DAMAGE TO THE HEART;

16. • HEART FAILURE, WHICH OCCURS WHEN THE HEART CANNOT
PUMP ENOUGH BLOOD AND OXYGEN TO OTHER VITAL BODY
ORGANS; AND
• IRREGULAR HEART BEAT WHICH CAN LEAD TO A SUDDEN
DEATH.
• HYPERTENSION CAN ALSO BURST OR BLOCK ARTERIES THAT
SUPPLY BLOOD AND OXYGEN TO THE BRAIN, CAUSING A
STROKE.
• IN ADDITION, HYPERTENSION CAN CAUSE KIDNEY DAMAGE,
LEADING TO KIDNEY FAILURE.

18. THANK U!!!