Hepatitis B is and remains a health problem worldwide having no age barrier or sexual affiliation. This viral infection caused by the hepatitis B Virus HBV . HBV is transmitted through sexual intercourse, by exchange of saliva during kissing and to newborn babies of infected mothers. Hepatitis B has been misconstrued by the locals and communities within the Mezam area for other related health problems because of the symptoms. The focal point is the attack on the liver. To eradicate and keep this viral infection at bay entails some sound knowledge and comprehension of what Hepatitis B is, explore local perceptions and understanding of it, especially within the Mezam communities. Following a cross sectional study with a population of 50 informants chosen from 20 quarters. The research methods or techniques qualitative and quantitative were used to facilitate data collection and the cultural interpretative theory was used to analyze data. As a result, a large part of the population 80 directly or indirectly concerned with Hepatitis B perceives this infection HB differently due to mainly the cost of modern medicine among other reasons they turn to seek traditional medicine for treatment, while 20 strictly belief on modern medicine and its effectiveness despite the cost. The study perceived that Hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes the inflammation of the liver and it is treatable by both traditional and modern medicines while modern medicine is the most effective. Lawong Vivian Dzelambong "Socio-Cultural Perception and Treatment of Hepatitis in Mezam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49379.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/49379/sociocultural-perception-and-treatment-of-hepatitis-in-mezam/lawong-vivian-dzelambong
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Principles of Infection and Disease Control
Supervisor: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Ms Fiona Hernandez
University of the West of Scotland
This document discusses HIV/AIDS in three main paragraphs. It begins by explaining what HIV/AIDS is, how it was discovered in 1985, and how this led to many questions. It then discusses how people are searching for an understanding and cure, and questions about preventing mother-to-child transmission. Finally, it notes that children born with HIV/AIDS face challenges in sharing their status due to fears of being treated differently.
Spread the Awareness about #Hepatitis with us on this World Hepatitis Day!
#28July #WorldHepatitisDay
*Free Shipping on all US Orders - Coupon Code "FS99"
www.OffshoreCheapMeds.co
world hepatitis day awareness presentation july 2022.pptxanjalatchi
World Hepatitis Day (WHD) is recognized annually on July 28th, the birthday of Dr. Baruch Blumberg (1925–2011). Dr. Blumberg discovered the hepatitis B virus in 1967, and 2 years later he developed the first hepatitis B vaccine
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers. It is transmitted through contact with certain bodily fluids and has killed over 25 million people worldwide since 1981. While treatments can slow the progression of the virus, there is currently no known cure. The social stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS can be as destructive as the disease itself.
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. It is transmitted through contact with certain bodily fluids and has become a global pandemic over recent decades. While treatments can slow the progression of the virus, there is currently no known cure. The disease disproportionately impacts marginalized groups and its stigma can be as destructive as the physical effects.
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to other infections and diseases. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be deadly if left untreated, having killed over 25 million people worldwide. While treatments exist to help manage the virus, there is currently no known cure. HIV/AIDS disproportionately impacts marginalized groups and its stigma and discrimination can be as harmful as the disease itself.
Outbreak of hepatitis b, epidemiology, and transmission in provinces of pakistanshahzebkhanshaz
This document summarizes the outbreak, epidemiology, and transmission of hepatitis B in Pakistan. It discusses that Pakistan has a high prevalence of hepatitis B, with approximately 8-10 million people infected. Transmission occurs primarily through blood and blood products, sexual contact, and from mother to child during childbirth. The prevalence is highest in Baluchistan province at 4.3% and lowest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at 1.3%. Common modes of transmission in Pakistan include shared needles, unscreened blood transfusions, sexual contact, and birth from an infected mother.
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Principles of Infection and Disease Control
Supervisor: Dr William Mackay Gordie and Ms Fiona Hernandez
University of the West of Scotland
This document discusses HIV/AIDS in three main paragraphs. It begins by explaining what HIV/AIDS is, how it was discovered in 1985, and how this led to many questions. It then discusses how people are searching for an understanding and cure, and questions about preventing mother-to-child transmission. Finally, it notes that children born with HIV/AIDS face challenges in sharing their status due to fears of being treated differently.
Spread the Awareness about #Hepatitis with us on this World Hepatitis Day!
#28July #WorldHepatitisDay
*Free Shipping on all US Orders - Coupon Code "FS99"
www.OffshoreCheapMeds.co
world hepatitis day awareness presentation july 2022.pptxanjalatchi
World Hepatitis Day (WHD) is recognized annually on July 28th, the birthday of Dr. Baruch Blumberg (1925–2011). Dr. Blumberg discovered the hepatitis B virus in 1967, and 2 years later he developed the first hepatitis B vaccine
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers. It is transmitted through contact with certain bodily fluids and has killed over 25 million people worldwide since 1981. While treatments can slow the progression of the virus, there is currently no known cure. The social stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS can be as destructive as the disease itself.
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumors. It is transmitted through contact with certain bodily fluids and has become a global pandemic over recent decades. While treatments can slow the progression of the virus, there is currently no known cure. The disease disproportionately impacts marginalized groups and its stigma can be as destructive as the physical effects.
HIV/AIDS is a disease that weakens the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to other infections and diseases. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be deadly if left untreated, having killed over 25 million people worldwide. While treatments exist to help manage the virus, there is currently no known cure. HIV/AIDS disproportionately impacts marginalized groups and its stigma and discrimination can be as harmful as the disease itself.
Outbreak of hepatitis b, epidemiology, and transmission in provinces of pakistanshahzebkhanshaz
This document summarizes the outbreak, epidemiology, and transmission of hepatitis B in Pakistan. It discusses that Pakistan has a high prevalence of hepatitis B, with approximately 8-10 million people infected. Transmission occurs primarily through blood and blood products, sexual contact, and from mother to child during childbirth. The prevalence is highest in Baluchistan province at 4.3% and lowest in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at 1.3%. Common modes of transmission in Pakistan include shared needles, unscreened blood transfusions, sexual contact, and birth from an infected mother.
A single low-cost 2.5mg dose of vitamin D was found to boost the immune system's ability to fight tuberculosis (TB) for at least 6 weeks in a randomized controlled trial. Over 90% of TB patients studied in London hospitals had vitamin D deficiency. While vitamin D supplements were commonly used to treat TB before antibiotics, this is the first study to show that vitamin D supplementation can enhance immunity against mycobacteria that cause TB. A single large dose of vitamin D was found to enhance immunity at low cost and with no safety risks, suggesting vitamin D supplements could significantly impact people most at risk for TB.
The document discusses the level of awareness and practices regarding HIV/AIDS prevention among male adolescents and young adults in Cavite, Philippines. It notes that adolescents have limited access to facts about HIV and many believe they are immune. While risky behaviors are increasing, few high-risk youth have been tested for HIV. More initiatives are needed to educate young people and address the growing threat of HIV infection in this vulnerable population.
The document discusses immunization and infectious diseases. The main goals are to increase immunization rates and reduce preventable infectious diseases. Immunization works by stimulating the body's natural defenses to recognize and attack specific bacteria or viruses. This helps prevent disease or reduce severity if exposed. While vaccines have reduced many diseases, some remain issues and new threats may emerge. Maintaining surveillance and immunization programs is important for protecting public health.
COVID-19: Knowledge Base, Attitudes and Practices among Practising Journalist...Premier Publishers
The document discusses a study that examined the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of journalists in Abuja, Nigeria regarding COVID-19. The study utilized the Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) model to assess how journalists' knowledge impacted their attitudes and behaviors related to COVID-19 protocols. The study found that journalists had generally good knowledge of COVID-19, which positively influenced their attitudes. However, their knowledge did not strongly correlate with adopting recommended practices. The study suggests journalists must follow public health protocols to effectively spread COVID-19 information to the public and encourage adherence to containment measures.
Epidemic diseases are spread by insects passing on microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and protozoa when they feed or bite. Mosquitoes in particular spread serious epidemic diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, African sleeping sickness, and West Nile virus. Malaria is one of the deadliest diseases worldwide, spread by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito between dusk and dawn across over 100 countries. Yellow fever is also spread by mosquitoes and causes varied symptoms with most improving after a few days but some experiencing liver and kidney failure. Vaccines exist for these diseases but are not always accessible in developing areas.
The document is a global policy report on viral hepatitis prevention and control by the World Health Organization. It finds that viral hepatitis is a widespread and growing disease burden globally that causes liver damage and cancer. While tools exist to prevent and treat hepatitis, more action is needed as many infections are asymptomatic until serious liver damage occurs. The report analyzes data from a WHO survey of member states on their hepatitis policies and programs. It identifies gaps in prevention, screening, and treatment efforts and areas where WHO can provide assistance to member states in developing more effective national and localized response strategies.
A Short Report on Status of Leprosy in India by Rahul Shukla in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
Care and social reintegration of young people living with hiv/aids admitted t...AJHSSR Journal
This document discusses a study on the care and social reintegration of young people living with HIV/AIDS admitted to the CePReF (Care, Research and Training Centre) in Yopougon, Cote d'Ivoire. The study found that young people living with HIV/AIDS face stigmatization due to the incurable nature of HIV/AIDS and the perception that it is sexually transmitted. Disclosing their HIV-positive status can negatively impact their social ties and exclusion from family and community activities. The care provided at CePReF aims to support this vulnerable group through counseling, medical care, psychosocial support, and community reintegration programs. However, stigma remains a challenge.
This document discusses elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, which is a disease prevalent in Kenya's coastal region. It is caused by parasitic roundworms transmitted by mosquitoes. The document provides background on the disease and risk factors for its spread. It then outlines a social work plan to address the increasing cases of elephantiasis in the community through awareness campaigns, meetings with authorities, community involvement in prevention and treatment efforts, and addressing stigma and misconceptions around the disease. Case studies are also presented to illustrate the impact of elephantiasis on individuals and challenges in controlling its spread.
Today we stand at a vital threshold. Within our grasp is the opportunity to end 30 years of suffering and death due to HIV/AIDS. Individuals and communities around the world have been mobilized toward prevention, and existing treatment can prolong life for many years. While we celebrate these successes, we reject any modicum of complacency. Now is the time to double down and finish the job. The world is fighting AIDS today just as it had previously fought to eliminate smallpox. For centuries, smallpox was a feared scourge that killed nearly half of those infected and maimed those that survived. A worldwide campaign to end the disease began in earnest in the late 1960s and by 1980 smallpox was officially eradicated.
Planet Aid anticipates the day when AIDS, too, will be stopped. To this end, we have been helping mobilize communities around the globe to increase HIV/AIDS prevention and care. With this special issue of the Planet Aid Post, we focus on the battle ahead. We also extend a warm welcome to those joining us on the forefront of this work,
The document discusses HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention practices among male adolescents and young adults in Cavite, Philippines. It notes that adolescents lack access to essential HIV facts and testing services. Most young people believe they are immune to HIV, and few are able to correctly answer basic questions about transmission and prevention. Growing threats of HIV infection among youth highlight the need for improved awareness initiatives targeting this vulnerable population.
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Covid-19 and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: what is the link?Valentina Corona
This editorial discusses the potential link between Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and resistance to COVID-19. It notes that BCG vaccination may train innate immunity through epigenetic reprogramming. Preliminary data shows lower COVID-19 incidence and mortality in countries with BCG programs compared to those without. Ongoing trials aim to determine if BCG vaccination can boost resistance to COVID-19. The editorial also addresses considerations for continuing intravesical BCG therapy during the pandemic.
This document discusses hepatitis, focusing on hepatitis B. It notes that approximately 500 million people worldwide are living with hepatitis B or C. Hepatitis B can be transmitted sexually or from mother to child during childbirth. While hepatitis B cannot spread through casual contact like kissing or sharing utensils, it can spread through bodily fluids. The document outlines risks of mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy and delivery, as well as complications of hepatitis B like cirrhosis and liver cancer. It stresses the importance of testing and vaccination.
This document discusses hepatitis, specifically hepatitis B, C, and D. It notes that approximately 500 million people worldwide are living with hepatitis B or C. Hepatitis B can be transmitted sexually or from mother to child during childbirth if not prevented. Chronic hepatitis B infection puts people at risk of cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. While hepatitis B vaccination can prevent infection, complications from chronic hepatitis B and D infection remain a serious global health problem.
This document discusses the debate around AIDS exceptionalism. It argues that AIDS requires an exceptional response in some contexts but not others. Specifically:
- In countries with low HIV prevalence, AIDS should be normalized and treated as a public health issue, while still addressing the human rights and stigma faced by at-risk groups.
- In countries with mid-level prevalence, AIDS can also be normalized except where treatment depends on outside resources, as is the case in most African countries, due to sustainability challenges.
- Countries with high HIV prevalence over 10% still require an exceptional response, due to substantial morbidity, mortality, and challenges providing effective prevention and treatment programs. The impacts on demography, society and development are significant
This document summarizes the history and current understanding of the AIDS epidemic. It discusses how AIDS has become one of the most studied diseases and our understanding of its medical and social drivers has deepened over time. However, the impacts are still unfolding over generations and varying significantly between places. While early models predicted severe economic impacts, some hard-hit countries have maintained growth. Understanding the social impacts remains challenging given the epidemic is only 25 years old.
This document provides background information on a WHO consultation regarding guidance on viral hepatitis prevention, surveillance, and treatment. It summarizes statistics on hepatitis B and C infections globally and among people who inject drugs. It also describes the negative impact of HIV co-infection on hepatitis disease progression. To inform the guidance, interviews were conducted with community members and healthcare providers affected by or working on viral hepatitis across various world regions. Their perspectives will provide insights into the individual challenges faced by those impacted by the guidance.
World Hepatitis Day is observed annually on July 28th to raise awareness of viral hepatitis, which causes liver inflammation and disease. This year's theme is "Hepatitis Can't Wait" to convey the urgency of eliminating hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030. Hepatitis B and C affect 325 million people worldwide, causing 1.4 million deaths per year. While hepatitis is preventable and treatable, over 80% of people living with hepatitis lack access to services. The document outlines messages for the public, policymakers, and national leaders calling for immediate action to expand access to testing, treatment, and vaccination to eliminate hepatitis.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Semelhante a Socio Cultural Perception and Treatment of Hepatitis in Mezam
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Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
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This document discusses hepatitis, specifically hepatitis B, C, and D. It notes that approximately 500 million people worldwide are living with hepatitis B or C. Hepatitis B can be transmitted sexually or from mother to child during childbirth if not prevented. Chronic hepatitis B infection puts people at risk of cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. While hepatitis B vaccination can prevent infection, complications from chronic hepatitis B and D infection remain a serious global health problem.
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- In countries with mid-level prevalence, AIDS can also be normalized except where treatment depends on outside resources, as is the case in most African countries, due to sustainability challenges.
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Semelhante a Socio Cultural Perception and Treatment of Hepatitis in Mezam (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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with a high incidence of the infection or through
contacts with infectious persons. This has also served
as a guide for us to find out whether people in Mezam
community suffer from these effects of travelling to
other countries or cities within the country.
However, in developing countries, and in regions
with poor hygiene standards, the perception of
infection with the virus is silent, high and the illness
is usually contracted in early childhood. As incomes
rise and access to clear water increases, the
perception of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) decreases.
Such is not the case of the Mezam ethnographic area
who suffers unclean and predominant shortage in
water supply following a pilot study. Hepatitis A
infection has no clinical signs and symptoms in over
90% of infected children and since the infection
confers lifelong immunity, the disease is of no special
significance to those infected early in life.
(Encyclopedia of World Diseases).
According to Yufeh, (2010), some two million people
in Cameroon suffer from Hepatitis. This information
was released during activities that commemorate
World Hepatitis Day on the 22nd
of June, 2010.
However, official statistics on the disease were
disturbing; the prevalence rate for Hepatitis in
Cameroon is 10% for type “B” and 13% for Hepatitis
“C”. These figures classified Cameroon as a country
with one of the highest prevalence rate in Africa.
Following the study on the knowledge, attitude and
seropositive of Hepatitis B Virus among blood donors
in the Bamenda Regional Hospital Blood bank,
Cameroon, and the prevalence of Hepatitis B among
blood donors in this blood service is in the high
intermediate category. Overall, the level of
knowledge on this infection among these blood
donors is average. These findings suggest that health
education on HBV infection should be provided to the
public as a major strategy to curb the infection.
(Moses Samje et al. 2021)
In the North West Region and particularly in Mezam,
the people refer to it as “yellow fever”, which
medically can be one of the symptoms or
manifestation of Hepatitis B; this implies a
misconception of the infection by this group of
people. Some cultural people within Mezam namely;
Bamendankwe call it /njonghoh/ meaning deadly
spear that is shoot on a person that cannot be
reversed, Ndongamantung call it /yang/ that is
exaggerated yellow fever, in Lamnso it is call /nkum/
describing a swollen stomach and the Mbouda call it
/mpang/. Notwithstanding, the growth of urban
traditional medicine in this community and the high
presence of biomedical centers dotted all over
sometime serves as a means of management and
treatment of Hepatitis B. As well as, constraints as
regard the socio-cultural perceptions the population
presents towards its origin, causes, signs and
symptoms and the various ways used in managing
this infection.
Considering the perception and the factors
determining the treatment of this disease, it focuses
on influence by the world view which will be
centered on internal or biological forces and external
or cultural forces. Biologically, based on ideologies,
ideas and affected persons, the intention of this study
is to find out the established perception of the
infection as a result, of the socio-cultural risk factors
that come as a result of the growth of urban
traditional medicine in order to understand the
treatment of Hepatitis B within the Mezam cultural
area.
LITERATURE REVIEW
This section focuses on existing literature on
Hepatitis B. We have examined the phenomenon in
view of what other writers have said about the
infection. These ideas are addressed generally under
sub-titles; understanding Hepatitis B, classification of
hepatitis, treatment and management, social
epidemiology, effects, and prevention of the viral
infection.
Hepatitis B as seen above is an infection that causes
an inflammation of the liver. Worth mentioning, the
liver is the largest gland in the human body. It weighs
approximately 1.36kg. It is reddish brown and is
divided into four lobes of different sizes and lengths.
It is also the largest internal organ (the largest organ
is the skin). It is below the diaphragm on the right in
the thoracic region of the abdomen. Blood reaches the
liver through the hepatic artery and the portal vein.
The portal vein carries blood containing digested food
from the small intestine, while the hepatic artery
carries oxygen-rich blood from the aorta. The liver is
made up of thousands of lobules, each lobule consists
of many hepatic cells – hepatic cells are the basic
metabolic cells of the liver. Yamini (July 2012).
Unfortunately, this precious organ has suffered from
neglect by individuals, local and international
community and the medical scientific world. Many
people suffer and die from infections that are
preventable and curable. That is, Hepatitis B can heal
“on its own” with no significant consequence, or it
can progress to scarring of the liver. As seen above,
acute Hepatitis B last less than six months while
chronic Hepatitis B last longer.
With regards to the global policy report on the
prevention and control of viral Hepatitis in World
Health Organization member countries states that:
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“The five viruses that cause infection of the liver are
responsible for a widely prevalent and growing
disease burden. No country is spared (rich or poor).
These viruses are important and they cause infectious
diseases in their own right. HAV and HEV are major
food borne and waterborne infections which cause
millions of cases of acute illness every year with
several months sometimes needed for full recovery.
But Viral Hepatitis also makes a substantial
contribution to the burden of chronic diseases and the
premature mortality they cause. Worldwide infections
with HBV and HCV cause an estimated 57% of cases
of liver cirrhosis and 78% of cases of primary liver
cancer. The availability of a vaccine that confers life-
long protection against infection with HBV gives
public health a rare opportunity to prevent a leading
cause of cancer, especially in low and middle income
countries. The significance of these challenges and
opportunity was formally acknowledged in 2010,
when the world health assembly adopted its first
resolution on viral hepatitis. That resolution, which
called for a comprehensive approach to prevention
and control opened a new era of awareness about the
magnitude of disease caused by viral hepatitis and the
need for urgent action on several fronts. As attention
to Viral Hepatitis B continue to build, so as
recognition of the many strategies available for
prevention and control in all resource settings.
Control measures for viral hepatitis fit well with the
current drive to strengthen health systems, especially
as many measures touch on the fundamental
capacities of a well-functioning health system. These
includes; reaching every child with immunization
programs that include Hepatitis B vaccine, protecting
against mother-to-child transmission of the virus and
ensuring safety of blood transfusion services, organ
donation, and injection practices”.(Yamini, 2012).
In short, its understanding can be seen from the name,
symptoms and signs, diagnosis and types: modes of
transmission.
This will be examined based on the various causes, or
mode of transmission of the disease or the infection
and clinical manifestations. As a result, defining the
different types of hepatitis, based on viral and non-
viral hepatitis for a better comprehension. Also
important, treatment and management will be based
of viral and non-viral hepatitis.
According to Mattson 2009:2, it can be transmitted
orally (A type), sexually (B type) through blood
transfusion, contaminated syringe, (C type) caused by
three Hepatitis Viruses, called Hepatitis A, B and C
that caused most liver damage which can lead to
injury or death.
However, Hepatitis can also be caused by alcohol and
some other toxins (non-viral), certain medication such
as paracetamol and ketoconazole, some industrial
organic solvent such as white phosphorus, plants,
other infections, autoimmune diseases and mushroom
containing poisonous elements. Hepatitis B may
occur with little or no symptoms. It often leads to
jaundice, anorexia, malaise. It is acute when it is less
than six months and chronic when it persists longer.
Acute Hepatitis B has the following symptoms:
muscle and joint aches, fever, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, and headache. Specific symptoms include:
loss of appetite, aversion to smoking among smokers,
jaundice (yellowing of the eyes), abdominal
discomfort, lymphadenopathy (enlargement of lymph
nodes), hepatomegaly (swelling of the liver), and
splenomegaly (swelling of the spleen). Equally, acute
hepatitis is more likely to be asymptomatic in young
children liver failure which leads to confusion and
coma, and peripheral oedema.
However, embracing these, most people often
neglects the situation; others relate it to a curse while
others are stigmatized and some for high cost of
treatment and management reasons are often confused
where to seek treatment. Given the reason that the
communities are made up of so many traditional
healers who claim to treat the infection, so many
patients still run to them after experiencing some
constraints especially the cost in the medical sphere
although which is more efficient as informants
admitted. Thus, supporting the WHO statistics which
reveal that, 80% of African population often resorts to
traditional medicine. As a result, with the use of the
WHO comprehensive approach, the people belief
systems also have to be taken into consideration in
order to seek lasting solutions for the endemic
infection.
The broad social and environmental determinants of
Viral Hepatitis B further call for improvement in
housing sanitation, food and water safety. The fact
that many infections are silent, causing no symptoms
until there is irreversible damage to the liver, points to
the urgent need for universal access to immunization,
screening, diagnosis and antiviral therapy. As
Hepatitis Viruses show great diversity in their
prevalence and modes of transmission in different
parts of the world, policies and strategies for
prevention and control need to be tailored to the
specific national or sub-national context. Based on the
2010 world health assembly resolution, that urged
member states to generate reliable information as a
foundation for building prevention and control
measures which match the local epidemiological
profile and health system capacities. This report is a
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contribution to that objective. It sets a pace for the
result of the survey conducted in mid-2012 by WHO
and World Hepatitis Alliance. The survey aimed to
gather country-specific baseline data on hepatitis
policies in WHO member states in all six regions.
Survey data also offer insight into conditions in
specific countries that may have hindered past effort
to achieve Hepatitis Policy Objectives. Gaps that need
to be filled are identified as are specific areas of
policy development where WHO assistance is
needed. Such baseline data will serve as a solid bench
mark, as countries supported by World Health
Organization and its partners, seek to make the
“silent” epidemic of Hepatitis B more visible and
more manageable.
From the world statistics according to AllAfrica.com
and Yufeh (2016) the situation in Cameroon is
worrisome as national statistics reveals that the
prevalence rate of hepatitis virus in the countrystands
at 11.9 percent with two million Cameroonians
exposed to Hepatitis B Virus and 2000 infected with
HCV. While government is making strides to reduce
the cost in treating these deadly and costly viral
infection, health experts say the population should be
conscious against this infection. (The question is how
the population can be made conscious, which shall be
seen in subsequent chapters) A public health
specialist in Yaounde, Dr Jude NGU Achidi,
AllAfrica.com and Yufeh (2016) following an
interview on the national TV station (stated that
Hepatitis B and C were the most dangerous amongst
the viral infections which greatly affected the liver
causing cancer. While Hepatitis A is considered one
of Cameroon’s major infectious diseases caused by;
mobile-friendly-food or waterborne diseases:
bacterial and protozoa diarrhea, typhoid fever and
Hepatitis-A and the degree of risk is assessed to be
very high as compared to the United States. These
infectious diseases represent risks to US government
personnel traveling to the specified country for a
period of less than three years. The degree of risk is
assessed by considering the foreign nature of these
infections listed do not necessarily represent the total
infection burden experienced by the local population.
The risk to an individual traveler varies considerably
by the specific location, visit duration, type of
activities, type of accommodations, time of the year,
and other factors. Consultation with a travel medicine
physician is needed to evaluate individual risk and
recommend appropriate preventive measures such as
vaccines, thus creating awareness on the relevance to
know the local diseases to international travellers.
Diseases are organized into the following six
exposure categories listed in typical descending order
of risk: The sequence of exposure categories listed in
individual country entries may vary according to local
conditions; Food or waterborne diseases acquired
through eating or drinking on the local economy. In
Cameroon Hepatitis A is listed first.
As a representation at all regional level as confirmed
by Bayong, (30-11-2015) patients are referred to pilot
hospitals (Yaoundé Central Hospital, Douala
Regional Hospital and, University Teaching Hospital
Yaounde, (CHU, CUSS) that deal with the diagnosis
and treatment of Hepatitis B. Thus there is a great
need that at all regional levels there should be a
therapeutic committee involved in the management of
this ailment as the state is struggling to form a
“Generic Form” to sub vent the cost of pre-
therapeutic examination BY 50%, (from 104000 to
52000frs). On the other hand, other measures still
need to be put in place for the disease to be well
known in the Mezam community and the
Cameroonian society at large. Since most informants
perceived Hepatitis B infection based on community
diagnosis. As a result, in relation to a view shared by
Hardon (1995:6) that in all human societies’ beliefs
and practices relating to ill-health, are a central
feature of cultural life. Although cultural beliefs and
practices strongly influence people’s health, culture is
by no means the only factor involved. Personal,
educational and socio-economic factors all may
influence illness and health. Moreover, culture is
always heterogeneous and is never static. While
medical anthropologists stress the importance of
culture, they are also varied to avoid cultural
stereotypes and victims blaming- that is, seeing the
poor health of the population solely as the result of
their culture. Stereotypes are negative attributions,
often based upon dubious assumptions about a certain
cultural group, according to Hardon (1995:6)
therefore that may not be the case of Hepatitis B in
the Mezam Community which we are studying.
In fact, during the commemorative activities on the
22 of June 2010 (World Hepatitis Day), officials said
in spite of the high prevalence rate, close to 80% of
Cameroonians are not aware of this viral infection.
Being, more contagious than HIV, Hepatitis B can be
transmitted by healthy carriers, who themselves are
ignorant that they are infected. According to Bayong,
(30-11-2015) the then Minister of Public Health
Andre MAMA FOUDA emphasized on;
…”The vaccination of children, child-bearing
women, medical personnel, and other preventive
measures to curb the spread of viral hepatitis”.
This stands as motivation for us to carry out this
study, taking Mezam as ethnographic area of study to
come out with a cross section of the national
prevalence referred to by some researchers above.
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The commemoration took place at a time when there
were concerns that Hepatitis B would become a
public health hazard, if not checked. Activities to
commemorate the 13th
edition of World Hepatitis Day
July 28 2021 with the theme, “Hepatitis Cannot
Wait”, aimed at calling on people from across the
world to take action and raise awareness of hepatitis
because hepatitis can’t wait. Conveying the urgency
of efforts needed to eliminate hepatitis as a public
health threat by 2030. www.worldhepatitisday.org
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
With regards to their perception, they give a different
meaning to Hepatitis B. Also, therapeutic avenues
especially modern medicine seem very costly to
patients. While alternative medicines give a different
perception and treatment for it, instead of treating
Hepatitis B, they treat “yellow fever” which explains
the silent spread of the infection. Due to lack of
knowledge or ignorance about the deadly nature of
this viral infection which is considered very
dangerous as it has no boundary, or barriers.
Therefore, explains the problem of the research.
On the other hand, considering the bio-medical
approach, Hepatitis B is a viral infection which
attacks and destroys the human organ called the
“liver”. When it attacks the liver, it inflames it and
gradually and slowly damages or destroys it. This
inflammation of the liver is caused by a virus called
Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is therefore not an illness or a
disease, but a viral infection which causes the
inflammation of the liver. This infection is acquired
or transmitted mostly via sexual intercourse amongst
other means of transmission. That is, from the
infected person to the uninfected person. This viral
infection is not only dreadful but equally deadly.
Hepatitis B is therefore a serious health problem with
far reaching consequences especially on the infected
as well as the affected and the uninfected. Lack of
knowledge or ignorance about the deadly nature of
this infection can be very dangerous as the infection
has no boundaries nor barriers, no friends nor enemy.
Hepatitis B is an infection neglected worldwide
(WHO, 2002).This is because the ailment is non-
communicable, especially when it is at the acute
stage. At its chronic stage it presents more serious as
it is contagious and infectious, as well as frightening
whereby, patients and persons affected are
occasionally avoided and stigmatized.
“According to worldwide infections with HBV and
HCV cause an estimated 57% of cases of liver
cirrhosis and 78% of cases of primary liver cancer”.
(Yamini, 2012)
It is therefore imperative to keenly look at the face via
a special study or a research work since following our
pilot study there exist no baseline information about
the prevalence of the infection in the Mezam
ethnographic area. Preventing and treating the
inflammation of the liver caused by Hepatitis B Virus
is not enough. Perception of what this “little monster”
is sine qua non ushering this research. This approach
will go a long way to better the knowledge,
prevention and treatment of the spread of the virus.
For this is significant in the efforts ‘to war it’ and
why not eradicate or reduce the spread to the innocent
and ignorant population of the Mezam community
and even beyond.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The topic has a central and specific research
questions.
Central Question
How is Hepatitis B perceived and what remedial
efforts are often embraced by the various
communities of Mezam in the North West Region of
Cameroon.
Specific Question
How do the socio-cultural factors determine the
treatment of Hepatitis B in this community?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The research objectives shall also be looked at from
two dimensions. That is, central and specific
objectives.
Central objective
The main objective of this study is to seek the
perception and treatment of Hepatitis B in the Mezam
community
Specific objectives
The research is to demonstrate the perception and
causes of Hepatitis B in Mezam cultural area.
To illustrate the major factors determining the
therapeutic choices in Mezam.
To showcase the various therapies involved in the
treatment of Hepatitis B infection
To look at the perception on individuals’ health,
agricultural production level, diet quantity and
quality, quality of education, level of social relation
and level of economic activities carried out.
To showcase the input provided by local and
international organizations in order to stop or limit the
spread of Hepatitis B infection in the Mezam
community.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theoretical framework will help us know the
scope of works used in order to come out with our
results. The cultural interpretative theory will be used.
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Cultural Interpretative theory
The roots of cultural interpretative theory, dates as far
back as the 1970s. This approach aims at describing
and interpreting aspects which are meaningful to
natives. Interpretative such as Cliiffoid Geetz view
culture as meaningful texts which natives constantly
“read” and which the research must elaborate on.
Geetz also advises the anthropologists or
ethnographer to choose anything in a culture that is of
interest, fill in details and elaborate to inform their
readers about meanings in that culture. Meanings are
carried by public symbolic forms, including words,
for example, yellow fever and jaundice represents
hepatitis according to the Mezam communities who
lack a mother tongue appellation of the disease and
symbolize the disease using its symptoms.
Interpretative approach also involves a cross-cultural
understanding through dialogue between natives,
anthropologists and readers, who are all parties to
conservation. Cultural anthropology has been very
important. One of the pioneers of the field, (Foster G,
1978:33) distinguishes three types of cultural studies
as forming, the roots of contemporary medical
anthropology, the study of primitive medicines,
witchcraft and magic, studies of personality and
human health in diverse settings and applied studies
in international public health and planned community
change programs. The concept of culture as discussed
above still speaks of as a way of life that a particular
group of people follow. Culture also means a unique
characteristics of human beings in which the use and
transmission of symbols, language, name and
categories, rituals, rules and other learned behaviours
play a very important role in the adaptation of our
specie. Hence, cultural traits are shared, learned non-
biological attributes, and in contrast to more
biologically programmed genetic traits (MC ELroy
and Townnsend, 1989:15).
The cross-cultural analysis dates as far back as 1870s.
The cross-culturalists include; Edward Burnett Tylor,
Louis Henry Morgan, William Graham Sumner,
George P. Murdock, Alfred, Louis Kroeber, Harold E.
Driver, Clellan Ford and David Levinson. In fact,
cross-cultural survey is “a comparative statistical
study in which the “tribe”, “society” or “culture” is
taken as the unit and samples from a world-wide
universe is studied to test hypotheses about the nature
of society or culture” (Kottak 1991:221).The
comparative approach also makes anthropology
unique. That is, studies human nature, biological type,
and different cultures, comparing and contrasting in
order to build generalizations. Therefore, they study
on the biological types in an effort to build human
nature. In effect, the cross-cultural analysis will be
used as a scientific method to compare cultures in the
Mezam communities with regards to the perception,
treatment and management of Hepatitis B as well as
the therapeutic measures taken to fight against the
spread of this infection, for example, bio-medicine
and ethno-medicine.
METHODOLOGY
Study Design.
A research design is constituted of a series of guides
which orientates the researcher in the work. Before
going to the field we did literature review, this was
done by reading books which were related to this
topic of research and other related documents were
consulted. Therefore, we had to go to the field to
explore and to collect primary data. We went twice to
the field; first within the month of February 2013 and
a pre-test was carried out. Meanwhile, in 2015 data
collection kick started on the field. Our study design
was purely exploratory, descriptive, explanatory,
analytical and interpretative in nature. Explanatory
research design was used for the verification of our
hypotheses and to examine the relationships between
the various variables. Meanwhile, other types of
research designs were used for data collection,
measurement and data analysis. There was equally the
interpretation of data which was gotten from the field.
This design was in order to get the causes, knowledge
and the perception of HBV in Mezam. The study
design was constituted of multitude of phases namely;
sample, interview, techniques, field work and
language procedures. All these were used for the
gathering of data. It was equally used for data
processing and analysis. With the help of our research
methods, it was aimed at bringing out some of the
dynamisms in the treatment which has occurred over
time.
Study Area
This work was limited in space and time and it was
within the frame work of medical anthropology.
Thus, it is limited within the administrative boundary
of Mezam in the North West Region of Cameroon.
Study Population
As a target population, a total of 50 informants were
chosen from 10 quarters in three villages in Bamenda
that make up a cross section of Mezam Division.
These include; (6) medical personnel, (5) tradi-
practitioners and (5) patients (4) administrative
workers and the rest (20) were randomly selected and
this was to know the prevalence and the perception of
HBV in Mezam. A cross section of them was made
up of males, and the rest were females. This gender
repartition enabled us to gather enough data on which
individuals of both sexes suffer differently from
HBV.
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Sample Technique
Our sampling size depended on the purpose of our
research; the sampling techniques used were random
sampling, purposive, judgmental, and snowball. First
of all, the random sampling method was used to
choose various quarters ‘while purposive was used to
choose conveniently categories of informants from
the various quarters in Mezam. Secondly, a
judgmental sampling was used, to bring out the
purpose of an informant and to bring out the ways in
which they will serve us in our research work. Also
snowball sampling enabled us to identify the
informants who were well knowledgeable on the
topic of research.
Data analysis
The process of data analysis was already going on
during and immediately after field work. The
information was grouped under themes and sub-
themes that are in relation to the research objective.
The grouping was done with the help of a colour
reference technique which enabled the researcher to
sought out the information easily and put into correct
form and appropriate objective. Data analysis was
characterized with the use of quantitative and more of
qualitative data.
RESULTS
The results are based on the findings arrived at
following the end of the study, these included;
knowledge of Hepatitis B, causes, cost, social profile ,
distribution and treatment of Hepatitis B as well as
inadequate spread of information and location of
patients within Mezam.
Knowledge of Hepatitis B
Hepatitis B is one of the most common non
communicable viral infections which are transmitted
through sexual intercourse or body fluids (blood,
saliva and sweat) or through other viruses and non-
viral causes in Mezam community following our
findings during our field work. The study reveals that,
50% or more patients become aware of this infection
during blood donation when diagnosed of Hepatitis B.
According to Nkongnyuy Thomas (2020) in an
interview with the researcher
“I and two of my father’s apprentices discovered that
we were infected of Hepatitis B when my father was
sick and need blood and we went to donate blood in
the regional hospital. This was after some tests were
conducted and it was revealed to us that we were
infected with Hepatitis B. Then later we were advised
to go for control in the Baffoussam Regional Hospital
which we were not financially able as such, we turn
to local treatment around which is cheaper”
Causes of Hepatitis B
The classification of the causes of Hepatitis B was
based on the therapeutic choice. Hence biomedicine
laid emphasis on causes like; unprotected sexual
intercourse, contaminated water and foods, infected
body fluids (blood, sweat, saliva, and urine), mother
to child infection of Hepatitis B, and the infection is
treatable.
On the other hand, the local indigenes define it based
on community diagnoses, that is some refer it to
“yellow Fever”, some diviners on their part perceive
it as witch craft that needs ritual cleansing. According
to the Nso perception of Hepatitis /nkum/ or swollen
stomarch, swollen legs, while the Mbamendankwe
describe it as /athermeuh-the- chouh/ a shoot on
either any part of the body like the leg, and rotten
liver that cannot be reversed” thus, the various
perception of Hepatitis in the Mezam community.
Cost of Hepatitis B
It is imperative to note that due the high cost of its
diagnoses which according to Nkongnyuy (20020) in
an interview revealed that;
“in order to monitor and evaluate the magnitude of
the infection as we were referred to Baffoussam each
of us was asked to prepared 170000frs, unlike 104000
which the state had been struggling to sub vent to
52000frsas seen in the literature above by Bayong
(2015) as a result, this amount scared us as we were
not financially able to afford treatment by bio-
medicine, a majority, (more than 80%) of the patients
turn to traditional or alternative therapies. According
to Nkongnyuy still;
“I prefer buyig medication from Sisters of Saint
Congregation at Foncha Street which cost 7000 FRS,
my brothers and I have been taking and we believe it
is getting better although we have not had the means
to go for diagnoses again after treatment.”
While 20% of the informants and some of those who
make up the majority that use local herbs and
traditional medicine did confirmed that modern
medicine is the most effective to treat Hepatitis B.
According to Njodzeka Janette (2020) in an interview
with the researcher;
“I used Hepasor as treatment for Hepatitis B which
cost 8000 FRS a bottle and I had used 3bottlestill
diagnosis proved that I am free from the infection and
also recommended it to so many patients I came
across with as well as my son who is presently
suffering from it and he is equally using it. Finding
out where the medication can be found the informant
revealed in the City Chemist Pharmacy”
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Social profile, distribution and treatment of
Hepatitis B
From all age groups of patients interviewed, out of
10, 5(50 %) manage themselves using modern
medicine and still using local and foreign therapeutic
measures (an aspect of mixed feeling, 3(30%) with
traditional medicine, equally those patients who resort
entirely around their homes to treat Hepatitis B are
2(20%) of patients, so, about (80%) of the patients’
belief in traditional medicine although, with mixed
feelings.
In addition 6 (60%) were male patients interviewed,
4(40%) females and in the two sexes 1 was a child.
Patients interviewed gave the impression that they go
to church and believe in God. Those patients were 7
(70 %) catholic, 2(20%) Presbyterian, and 1 (10%),
Baptist making a total of 10 (100 %) Christians and (0
%) Muslim.
Most of these patients included: 3 farmers (30%), 1
student (10 %), 2 carpenters (20%), 1 civil engineer
(10%), 2 housewife (20%), and 1civil servant (10%).
Equally, the ages of patients were also taken into
consideration. 1(0%) from ages of 51 to 80 and
above, while 8 (80 %) were from ages 21 to 50 years
and 1 (10 %) were of 0 to 20 years. Following the
above representation of the various variables in order
to harmonized data analysis the quantitative analysis
was presented to bring out the various variables as
used which are best quantified for an apt analysis.
Most important, the study revealed that two families
were observed to have more than two infected
persons suffering from Hepatitis B. That is, in one we
observed mother and son, and in another family father
and three boys in the same house.
The classifications of the causes of Hepatitis B were
based on the therapeutic choice. Hence biomedicine
laid emphasis on unprotected sexual inters course,
contaminated water and foods, infected body fluids
(blood, sweat, saliva, and urine) mother to child
transmission of Hepatitis B.
However, tradi-practitioners also classified based on
patients complaints natural as well as divination of
the problem which is invisible to diagnose
(supernatural).
Hospital managed Hepatitis B based on treatment
prevention to patients that can manage the infection.
Whereas, traditional healers often use and give local
concoction prepared specifically for prevention and
protection from witches.
Management cost varied from one therapeutic choice
to the other. In fact, according to most informants ;
modern hospitals operate on high cost and tend to
scare patients from coming to them consequently,
many of the patients interviewed reacted negatively
on the management cost of hospital though they
reacted by confirming that their treatment is the most
effective.
Whereas traditional medication functions at low cost
or even without patient’s spending money. Thus, this
is explains by the fact that, herbs are acquired freely
from herbal gardens, as well as practitioners are fed
from their activities since they are often controlled by
the strong ethics of not receiving money from patients
for instance, as affirmed by Viban Mayus (2019)
“When I am performing a ritual in the course of
evoking divine spirits I do not collect money which is
a strict principle that I keep as precepts from my
father”.
Acknowledging the fact that medical anthropology
has grown in a distinct specialty of anthropology,
following the writings of Arthur Kleinman (1980,
1982 and 1988) on communication between patients
and health care providers have greatly influence
medical anthropology. McELroy and Townsend
(1989:16). Therefore, using this branch of
anthropology in applying to the present work is very
vital. The researcher has drawn inspiration from the
idea of the above authors by summarizing that, the
work has developed its own methodology and topical
views including biomedical studies of Hepatitis-B,
ethno medical studies of patients and local health
concepts and healing practices.
Inadequate spread of information and location of
Patients within Mezam
From our findings it was noticed that a majority of the
population was not aware of the Hepatitis and its
spread among infected to uninfected persons. Also
with the presence of the regional hospital and its
efforts to reduce the spread only those individuals
who come in to donate blood used in transfusing on
infected patients that some are infected with Hepatitis
B.
Geographically most people are located far away
from the hospital site that often demotivate them from
consulting the biomedical system as a result the
spread keeps on rising every day. In spite of the base
line data like our present research reveals that Mezam
chosen to serve as a pilot center by the government
and with all provisions in building the center at Mile
5 Nkwen it was observed that work had stopped there
since 2017 at the site as a result of the Anglophone
crisis. Thus creating a loophole and wide spread of
Hepatitis B infection and many other infections which
the hospital would have played the role of reducing
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its prevalence. Even though, other health units exist
like the Cameroon Baptist Health Board (CBC) treat
and refer patients to their main hospital at Bingo in
Boyo Division. Following the geographical location
of most patients far away from the hospital site, they
are prompted to resort to traditional therapy. As such,
this serves as solid bench mark as countries supported
by WHO and its partners, seek to make the “silent
epidemic” of viral Hepatitis B more visible and more
manageable.
Also being in existence as one of the member state of
the WHO at the level of the Annual Work Plan, there
has been carrying out celebrations to commemorate
the world hepatitis day (28 July), which WHO usually
collaborate with the Ministries of Public Health to
sponsor the celebration of this day. As such a national
week has been set aside for this disease whereby,
sensitization through press conferences is done,
screening and sport work always characterize this
week together with home base representatives of the
WHO there is still need for enough sensitization
especially from local TV and radio stations as well as
the social media. As such, the two existing medical
systems modern and traditional medicine are often
actively involved in their various capacities to wage a
war to this infection as informants revealed.
Social Impact of some Projects from Stakeholders
Like any research work, the realization of this had a
plethora of effects on the social life of the Mezam
ethnographic community like elsewhere in Cameroon
or the world at large. Having discussed in the
previous chapters the main reason is to salvage the
health problems faced by the people of Mezam and its
evirons. Thus the realization of these projects has
brought to an end if not reduced the occurrence of
diseases and infections caused by poor quality water,
waste disposal, people life styles, farming in
prohibited environments like swampy environments
especially during the dry seasons.
The initiation, execution and completion of water
projects in varied ways greatly improved the health
and sanitation of the population of the Mezam
community. According to some informants waste
disposal habits of the masses especially as far as
human faecal deposits are concerned witnessed a
great change. Such information holds that with the
introduction of pipe borne water, people are able to
connect water directly to their homes, hence reducing
the gap of Hepatitis B infection and reinfection of
Hepatitis B caused by other infections through faecal
deposits. This is unlike the colonial days or some
years back when water was made available in most
cases, just to the houses of the colonial
administrators. Thus, with the availability of pipe
borne water, there has been the introduction of the
water system toilets, public toilets are constructed and
there has been an increase in the number of people
who make use of the water system toilets.
Furthermore, information gathered from most
informants relate the fact that, people are educated
and sensitized and sanction of 25.000 FRS on the
value of water to man has slightly reduced waste
disposal in streams. This goes to confirm what
Ernestine kongla mentioned 2016 in an interview
with the researcher, and in Bila (2012, pg 54). This
was confirmed by most informants who have built
along water ways within Mezam, some who do this
act late in the night, or very early in the morning,
while some respect their environment.
Unlike the period which education and sensitization
was made as well as sanctions levied on an individual
if caught throwing wastes in the streams or forbidden
areas since this was common leading to
contamination and resulting to infections especially
Hepatitis B a point in question which many people
are ignorant of.
In the same light of health benefits from the above
stakeholders there has been the erection of health
structures and the extension of existing ones thanks to
the water projects. It should be noted that health
structures like the Bamenda referral hospital located
at mile 5 which is still under construction, the
Bambili centres, PMI (Centre Medical
d’arrondissement de Nkwen, CMA) mile 3 Nkwen,
have extended and expanded their services partly as a
result of good quality water available in the
community which is a solution to the spread of
infections among other diseases in the Mezam
community, Even though some informants considered
the source of water as forage which is not good for
consumption but to clean the environment and
washing of clothing’s. As a matter of fact, no health
institution would successfully operate without good
and quality water available in its laboratories and
other areas of health unit. People are able to carry
water with ease and without contamination.
In short, most of the management structures, together
with the health units greatly contribute to education of
the masses on how water should be used sustainably.
An example of such a management is the Bambili
Water Authority (BWA) which is assigned with the
responsibility of distributing water to the entire
community. Equally, community efforts in the supply
of portable water equally acted as a boaster to some
communities. While it is the case in areas like
Bambui and Bambili, mile 5 Nkwen and mile 6
Nkwen communities felt the need to put up such
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community spirit in the supply of such public
amenities.
According to the quarter head of (Mafigha 2012) in
an interview;
“Such is the case of the water project in Nkwen which
now serves the people a great deal.”
As far as social ramifications are concerned, all is not
well. This is in line with the fact that no development
comes without destruction. To this effect according to
some informants sanction given to people who
dispose waste in streams is too much for them
(25000FRS). While some of them find the trash cans
located too far from their homes they prefer to throw
waste in the streams or along gutter ways usually in
the night without knowing consequences of health
that await them.
Equally as revealed by informants, most people prefer
carrying out farming in mashy or swampy areas
during the dry season. Ignorant of the presence of
fresh river snails that inhibit the mashy lands which
they prefer to cultivate according to them. As a result,
much still need to be done as far as sensitizing the
population about the disadvantage of farming in
mashy or swampy areas is concerned. Although it has
often led to confrontation as there is a lot of
resentment in relation to the request to move
elsewhere. Informants prefer farming in marshy lands
or felt they would continue farming than the
compensations that probably may never come. Since
they have to abandon houses, farm lands and other
property in which they claimed to have invested
much.
Inaccessibility of Diagnose
As a limitation of govervement in the fight against
Hepatitis -B in Cameroon and Mezam community
particularly, to this research work, the question is why
only these selected groups of ministries for diagnosis
and vaccination campaign programs, (Bayong
November 2015) for some informants during our
research admitted to have had such opportunities.
Whereas, some of our informants retorted that, they
shy away from such actions relating to Hepatitis B
diagnosis with reason that it is government target to
kill Cameroonians, hence politicizing Hepatitis- B
diagnosis. This explain the fact that, with campaigns
organized related to epidemics it is not always
completely successful especially with some groups of
pregnant women and children at the age of
vaccination as a given group are often hesitant to
carry out these campaigns and prefer staying back
home and can only visit the hospital when they
experience counter effects of not receiving organized
group vaccines.
Equally, there is the tendency that only the viral
Hepatitis- B is stressed on meanwhile, according to
informants non-viral Hepatitis- B particularly alcohol
related hepatitis should be greatly taken care of. To
the informants, Hepatitis- B is most at time
aggravated by the consumption of alcohol. Therefore
the population should be advised to consume
moderately and those infected should stop its
consumption.
Lack of Collaboration between Traditional
Medicine and Modern Medicine
As revealed by Bayong, (November, 2015) in an
interview with the researcher there is no collaboration
between ministry of public health and tradi-
practitioners. Although there is a service of traditional
medicine in the ministry, but there is no proof from
traditional medicine; as such they do not collaborate
with the ministry, as a result,
“If they want their work to be valorized, then they
could proof it”.
As the informant re-iterates,
“It is at risk working with tradi-practitioners”.
The question posed before meeting tradi-practitioners
by the researcher was, “why is it a risk working with
tradi-practitioners.”
In fact, almost all respondents complain the issue of
diagnosis by tradi-practitioners which they are not
very well specialized on, as a result, although they
complained about the cost by modern therapy, they
prefer modern medical diagnosis for it proficiency.
Hence, most of the informants admitted that, they
often start with medical examinations or diagnosis
then, switch to traditional medicine for it treatment
since traditional therapy is cheaper.
Also most informants revealed that although they
seek traditional therapy, they are most at times scared
about the various herbal medicines prescribe for them
to take. As a result, this often leads patients to
aggravated stage where the situation cannot be
reversed, thus creating; panic, depression, and cancer
as most informants admitted.
In addition, based on our observation, most tradi-
practitioners are often presenting dirty and shabby
looking at the dresses they put on and the
environment they practice. As a result, these often
pull back most patients who end up not finishing their
treatment, therefore, leading the patients to the
decelerating stage which most of them often end up
dying.
Equally important, it was observed that tradi-
practitioners and herbal centers are not well co-
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ordinated and organize under one or more setting(s)
like in modern therapy that are organized under
different health units. As we observed, tradi-
practitioners are mostly located in the quarters, some
without sign-post directing the location of their sites
most often mislead patients. In order to know where a
tradi-practitioner can be found is only through
discussion and description where one could locate
them. This scattered settlement of Tradi-practitioners,
builds an attitude of reluctance as most informants
revealed. Thus making it very risky as some quarters
now in Bamenda are “no go zones” (scary or
endangered quarters) to the inhabitants of Mezam not
living in those quarters.
DISCUSSION
Following the relationship that exist between the
results and hypothesis, theory and similar studies
From the above socio-cultural perceptions Hepatitis B
according to most patients knowledge in the study,
they refer to Hepatitis Based on communitydiagnosis
(yellow fever, it is caused by in-hygienic conditions
of dirty water and contaminated food as well as dirty
environment) medical personnel refer to Hepatitis B
as a viral infection that attacks the liver caused
through viral transmission from an infected person to
an uninfected person and tradi-practitioners give it a
different perception, referring it to witch craft The
impact of the infection on the social life of the patient
is represented differently whereby, some patients
were observed being in isolation while some not well
taken care of by their care givers and relatives as well
as poor public relations of thick description of eyes as
“yellow eyes, /nkum/ in Lamnso refers to a swollen
stomach, swollen legs, /athermeuh-the- chouh/ in
Mbamendankwe refers to a shoot on either any part of
the body like the leg, and rotten liver that cannot be
reversed” thus, the various perceptions of Hepatitis in
the Mezam community. However, this is contrary to
the bio-medical perception that lay emphasis on
unprotected sexual inters course, contaminated water
and foods, infected body fluids (blood, sweat, saliva,
and urine) mother to child transmission of Hepatitis
B.
Based on the cultural interpretative theory Hepatitis B
can be classified under two groups; Bio-medicine and
ethno-medicine (Natural and Unnatural) illness based
on their perceptions of the causes of the infection.
Causality beliefs can well be used to differentiate the
different medical systems, that is, traditional medical
systems from bio-medical system or traditional (non-
western) medical system; the personalistic and the
naturalistic etiologies of illness. This is because in the
traditional model of health the perception of health is
extricable bound up with religion, morality and the
supernatural, so that natural versus unnatural are
closely allied with good versus evil or Godly versus
ungodly. Naturalistic Causality explains illness in
terms of natural forces or conditions such as cold,
heat, dampness, etc. Natural events take place in the
world as God made it and as He intended it to be.
Natural illness could come about as failure to take
care of self (body) or by sinful behavior (failure to
take care of soul) in which case illness is seen as
divine punishment.
Personalistic Causality allows little room for chance.
It accounts for the etiology of the so-called unnatural
illness which cannot be explained using the ordinary
laws of nature. It explains the cause of a disease or
infection to be due to an active and purposive
intervention of an agent who may be a human (a
witch or wizard); a nonhuman (ancestral spirit) or a
supernatural being such as a deity; (Foster 1976).
This is usually termed the work of a devil. This is
based on the belief that a being with extraordinary
power can influence the natural course of events and
cause illness in people.
Also, emotional disturbance such as fear, envy and
shame or grief as well as sigma are attributed to evil
spiritual forces. The sick person is usually seen as a
victim. Such illnesses are believed that they cannot be
cured by orthodox bio-medicine but traditional
medicine or through divine intervention. Such belief
is common where life is seen as a challenge and the
world as hostile, where God or ancestral spirit my
strike you down for sinning or an envious neighbor
may bewitch you through dark magic,(Tata 2021).
Such health beliefs leave all members in the
community suspicious of each other, friendship is
fragile and relationships are brittle and even family
members are not to be trusted. The traditional model
of health is largely based on the personalistic etiology
of disease or illness.
Culturally, being described as an open secret, tradi-
practitioners have been heard of how they refer
patient to hospital for treatment. But they are two
uncompromising therapeutic choices, in this respect,
traditional African culture and Christian Western
culture, whereas, traditional medicine is suffering
from invaders by false doctors. In effect, the cross-
cultural analysis will be used as a scientific method to
compare cultures in the Mezam communities with
regards to the perception, treatment and management
of Hepatitis B as well as the therapeutic measures
taken to fight against the spread of this infection, for
example, bio-medicine and ethno-medicine.
Economically, the impact of Hepatitis B is also felt on
this domain directly or indirectly, it has been
observed and confirmed by informants that there had
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been a drop in their health condition in level of
production, low quality and quantity in diet as well as
productivity in the general economic life of the
Mezam community. Meanwhile measures of good
education and counseling should be given to patients
in hospitals, schools, churches and tradi-practitioning
centers as well as empowerment centers like women
empowerment center. Also including outreach
programs should be made in neighboring
communities as informants proposed. Developed the
cultural ecology paradigm (pattern) and introduced
the idea of the culture core (the features of a society
that are most closely related to subsistence activities
and economic arrangements. The culture core also
includes political, religious, and social patterns that
are connected to (or in relationship with) such
arrangements. (Linfield et al, 2008:53).
Socio-politically, following the results of inadequate
spread of information and inaccessibility of patients
to treatment centers, local and national broad casting
programs are made on Hepatitis B as well as
international center for health. For the national
program, information, education and communication
(IEC) as labeled in the program 3.3(2002) for
promoting health in Cameroon are government efforts
towards health. Equally, the program national de
promotion de la medicine traditionalle et de plantes
medicinales (08-10 mars 2007) contributes to the
international promotion of traditional medicine
coupled with the WHO that defines and promote
quality health care, in terms of professional
performance, use of resources, risk management and
patient satisfaction(Linfield et al, 2008:53).
Therefore, if this control measures and health
capacities like the building of the pilot center in Mile
5 Nkwen could be achieved the spread of Hepatitis B
will not be alarming per say. According to the World
Health Assembly Resolution (2010) urged members
to generate reliable information as a foundation for
building, generate and control measures that match
the local epidemiological profile and health system
capacities. This report is a contribution to that
objective which sets out the result of the survey
conducted in mid-2012 by WHO and World Hepatitis
Alliance according Yufeh (August 2012),
CONCLUSION
Given the fact that most diseases are paid enough
attention be it at the national or international level, the
WHO has been playing a very important role in the
fight against the high prevalence of hepatitis B.
Cameroon having home base representatives throw
more light to the fact that the disease is considered
endemic and needs to be controlled. On vision 2020,
with more impetus to the fight against formerly
neglected tropical diseases, the former Minister of
Public Health Andre Mama Fouda signed a frame
work agreement with non-governmental and
developmental organization, NEDs. The signing
ceremony was held on 9th
February 2010 at the Public
Health Ministry with Sight Savers International,
International Eye Foundation, Yaounde initiative
foundation, carter center and perspective. According
to Mama Fouda, what we have done is more than a
signature. It is a commitment which illustrates the
government’s determination to work more than ever
to improve health status of Cameroonians The UN
convention coming into force is an historic moment in
time for human rights as by ratifying the treaty,
countries are under a legal obligation to create a
feeling of an inclusive society for all members, it can
be somewhat sincere hope that this will really start to
end discrimination and the exclusion of disable
people everywhere. Yufeh (August 2012)
Although traditional medicine is contributing high in
terms of treatment of Hepatitis B, government had
recognized the importance of alternative medicine
and gave an administrative status to tradi-
practitioners. This has given them the right to register
and celebrate the international day of traditional
medicine. During the year 31 / 08/2009 it was
celebrated with theme traditional medicine and
patient’s safety.
Also, emphases were drowned on the fact that if tradi-
practitioners can be more collaborative within their
association as a result, this will break the prejudices
they suffer in society and thus give credibility to their
efforts. Equally they should deceased from mal
practices, while government promised the creation of
traditional medicine centers in the near future.
Education makes a difference in everyone’s life, but it
makes a much greater difference in the lives of those
who live in ignorance about Hepatitis B infection.
Conclusively, according to the research findings
Hepatitis B can be treated definitively and treatment
is available in almost all Regional Hospitals in
Cameroon as a clarion call people are advised to get
tested for Hepatitis B, be vaccinated against it if
found negative, and get treated if positive. (Njume,
2021)
In a nut shell, the work has developed its own
methodology and topical views including biomedical
studies of Hepatitis B, ethno medical studies of
patients and local health concepts and healing
practices.
PERSPECTIVES
For success to be fully attained in the eradication of
Hepatitis B, as can be noticed more research was
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD49379 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 2 | Jan-Feb 2022 Page 1074
done mostly in the Nkwen meanwhile, most of those
areas that were not well felt like Mankon, and the rest
of the Mezam environs. As a result, other avenues
could be exploited such as making a comparative
study of the spread of the infection with other
infections like HIV and AIDs, COVID19 in the same
area or some regions of the country, A study of
Hepatitis B awareness and comparative study among
14 to 50 years old people, An epidemiological study
of Hepatitis B and its “cost”.
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