SLUM REDEVELOPMENT THESIS ( REVAMPING VATHURUTHY- COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING FOR URBAN POORS

Holy Crescent College of Architecture
SIJO MONACHAN
Architect and Head of Research
Architect at : Modern Housing construc-
tion, kollam
Former student of Bishop Jerome School of
Architecture

INTRODUCTION
ARCHITECTURAL CONCERN - NEED FOR THE PROJECT
The thesis project started with the in-detail study of the vathuruthy community through the research and studies
done within the community it helps to understand about the needs and alignments of the community so by this we
can understood what all the amenities are they needed. The project also envisioned the regenerating the potential
of that place by introducing innovative architectural features.
From the 2011 census, it was understood that Kerala holds the largest number of Tamil migrant workers, which estab-
lish to almost 53% of the entire migrant work force in the state. Vathuruthy accommodates Kochi’s largest Tamil set-
tlement of migrant laborers. This large cluster of residential networks of 10acres land initially was bare land. Migrant
laborers initially started settling under temporary shelters with around 12 families. The affordability factor led them
to settle at vathuruthy and the area started to grow gradually. It was also implicit that in the beginning, the Tamil
migrant groups at vathuruthy have adapted the single-room mass housing settlements, also the public spaces like
main roads and streets turned to be spaces of for their recreational activity.
Migration is a very complex phenomena in the perspective of socio-cultural and economic life. Migrants are often
represented as a ‘matter out of place’ to be excluded from or integrated into an urban space. In Kerala, Tamil mi-
grants constitute 53% of the total migrants in the state. With rapid urbanization and recent booms in the real estate
markets in Kerala, the state’s economy has seen an increase in the infrastructure and construction sectors, which
indirectly draws a lot of migration as a part of this growing urbanization. This research intends to study the existing
spatial politics associated with migrant laborers and the level of social inclusiveness in an urban setting. Revamping
can improve the quality and standard of living. supporting amenities such as primary health care facility, facilita-
tion and development Centre migrants can uplift skill for their standard of living and provide an inclusive area and
increase liability of the area.

LOCATION

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION
Initially it was a marshy land which used for cultivation and had small waterbodies present. The name ‘Vathuruthy, is derived from ‘vaal-thuruth’ because of its shape, which is like an
extended tail. There were 10-12 families. With the construction of railway, the nearby land got filled and hence people starting building more houses and settling. During that time, of the
total land, 6 acres were privately owned by Canara bank, and the other areas were owned by Kanjoor church and privately owned by traders from North India settled at Mattanchery
(sait). In, 1957 KERALA LAND REFORMATION ACT was made due to which, the tenets got right over the land. Also at that time, the land under Palluruthy panchayat did not have specific
construction rights required to build houses. Hence due to these reasons, single room houses were built with brick, without plastering, covered with roof tiles. NAVAL BASE CONSTRUCTION
BEGAN in 1970s. the construction demanded more workers; hence during these periods of time, more tamil migrants came to Vathuruthy.Also,the tenants who were displaced from
Vathuruthy to Nettoor, Palluruthy, and Perumbadap returned back to Vathuruthy. native people saw this as an income generator and provided -sheds and temporary extensions for mi-
grants 20-30 people shared sheds
GROWTH PATTERN

SURVEY
The survey is done by dividing the site into 5 phase and prior
to doing the survey the land use and build use map examined
well the surveying existing condition, foundation, super struc-
ture an all it is proved that vathuruthy need the redevelop-
ment and through
ugh the questionaire and survey, 90 % of the
people agree for a redevelopment
A rising demand for shared places To divide a room, use
sheets, thermocol, and wooden or aluminium shelves. Con-
gested room no proper light and ventilation to the row hous-
ing dwellings
Due to employment commitments, there is relatively little
space utilisation. -Open space formed between buildings
-No connected bathrooms-mostly public restrooms

EXISITING VATHURUTHY
Anoldthatchedsingleroomhousewithverycon-
gested spaces in which living, kitchen and din-
ing all are included in the same room. The com-
mutingpathisverynarrowofwhich1.5minsingle
time a auto or 2 wheeler can move through it.
They have very poor living condition which in-
cluded weak structure having weak founda-
tion walls with in properly make sloping roof. The
have no proper amenities mostly all the houses
are leaking and branching the inner road is very
narrow a single two wheel can pass at a time.
The inner pathway is very much congested and
poorly maintained. and the drainage path-
ways was beneath the path and it’s not main-
tained is created more problem the users. there
is lot roadside dumping near the site which in-
cludes the construction waste to food waste,
and it veridically effect the people living there.
The linear type of group housing in which single
living to sheared by a group of five bedrooms in
which 5 person reside in a single room this rooms
no have proper ventilation and lighting. there do
all their daily chores in a room of 3.2 x 3.2 m di-
mension. they don’t have individual pipeline con-
nection all haves to depend on the municipal
water pipe which is provided the interval of 150 m
indiscriminate disposal of solid waste into the
canal and untreated direct discharge is a
threat to community health. serious health
issue. No designated place for waste dispos-
al directly thrown into canal the food waste
and plastic bags are thrown to the canal
and wastewater also go throw the canal.
the government has created SBM toilet for
the public use but is rarely used by the lo-
cal because it is a paid on because it feels
more expensive for them so they com-
munity created a toilet for they use but it
is improperly maintained one and the toi-
let waste is directly disposed to the canal.
Willingdon Island is also home to an airstrip that is used by Indian
Navy. Hence a significant portion of the port land falls under the
flying funnel because of which there are height restrictions for
built-up development. The flying funnel and height restrictions are
detailed in the diagrams
CANAL

Vathuruthy,Willingdon Island Kochi, Kerala
LAND AREA : 10.acres
TOTAL POPULATION : 2400 PEOPLE
ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISION: Kochi municipal corpora-
tion (Ward no 30)(Division of island of south of Kochi
corporation)
SITE DETAILS

SITE FEATURES

Defining slums.
UN-HABITAT defines the slum household as a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following:
2.1.1) Durable housing of a permanent nature that protects against extreme climate condition.
2.1.2) Sufficient living space which means not more than three people sharing the same room,
2.1.3) Easy access to safe water in sufficient amounts at an affordable price,
2.1.4) Access to adequate sanitation in form of a private or public toilet shared by reasonable number of people,
2.1.5) Security of tenure that prevents forced evictions. Not all slums are homogenous and not all slums’ dwellers suffer from the same degree of deprivation.
The degree of deprivation depends on how many of the five condition that defines slums are prevalent within the slum household.
2.2 Formation of slums
Increased urbanization and population growth has given escalation to the emergence and expansion of slums. The main cause behind the beginning of slums
in urban area is gap between the cost of the cheapest legal accommodation and what huge sections of the population can afford. people who migrated
could not afford accommodation and result of these squatters are taking place on private and public properties. In urban areas there is also a huge scarcity of
land and due to limited land supply, the land cost goes high, simultaneously the dwelling unit cost also moves high.
As per rent bid curve theory, as the distance decrease towards CBD also rent will increases. So poor people cannot afford houses in the main city area, so they
are push into illegal market conditions, caused by the lack of adequate infrastructure and services, causing poor health and greater expenditure, thereby they
trap in the vicious cycle of the poverty.
2.3 Characteristic of slums
A slum is a complex of several factors ranging from its physical appearance to the most important problems of vices and poverty. Slums are known for various
characteristics. Following are characteristics of the slums:
1. APPEARANCE: this may be called a universal mark of the slum; its aspect of neglect and disorder with respect, yards and streets. The appearance is general-
ly one of the structural overage and decline.
2. ECONOMIC STATUS: generally, a slum is inhabited by the people of lowest income, although there may be occasional buildings of equally run-down appear-
ance inhabited by the family that is not so poor.
3. OVER CROWDING: the space is overcrowded by the buildings, or the buildings maybe overcrowded by the people or both
DATA COLLECTION

4. POPULATION: in a slum of heterogeneous occupancy, many of the inhabitants are the person not welcome in other residential areas or they cannot afford to
live in elsewhere.
5. HEALTH AND SANITATION: for understandable reasons, when compared with other areas of residence, the slum is characterized by low standard of sanitation.
The slum is often most neglected by the public services for sanitation.
6. MORALS: the slum may be an area of crime, delinquency, and vice, but this more likely to be more socially disorganized slum.
7. WAY OF LIFE: slums differ widely with respect to the social organization of their inhabitants.
8. SOCIAL ISOLATION: while every residential area within the modern city tends to be socially isolated from the others, partly by choice, partly by location, the
slum especially so.
9. MOBILITY: the slum is area of high residential mobility. For example, the slum residents who register themselves with a view to have alternate residential site or
house on account of their being poor and homeless, are more mobile than who assert their legal right over the dwelling of their habitation.
10. Slum permanency: slums do exist on a permanent basis at one place or the other, through slum eradication program slums are removed from the place.
The removed slums reemerge elsewhere and even the residential houses provided to the slum residents, start giving a look of a slum area some years in terms of
crowd, congestion, and all other vices. Even most efficiently local/city authorities have families have failed so far in the total eradication of slums.
11. Legal characteristics: the key characteristics that the delineates a squatter settlement is its lack of ownership of the land parcel on which they have built
their house. These could be vacant government or public land, or marginal land parcels like the railway’s setbacks or undesirable marshy lands. Thus, then the
land when not under the productive use of the owner, it is appropriate to squatter the houses. It is noted that in many parts of Asia, a landowner may rent out
his land for a nominal fee for family or families, with an informal or quasi-legal arrangements, which is not however valid under the laws.
3 Different approaches for the betterment of the living condition of the slums
In India, the modern trend in the systems that the government has put relatively new policy illustrations in slum policies. All the policy has one aim that is the “
SLUM FREE CITIES”. RAY talks about the inclusiveness and the efficiency of public private partnership.
UNHABITAT policy analysis displays that more often, policy aims, and process do not match because they fails to acknowledge the interlinking between the four
dimensions of the inclusive city namely economics, social, political and cultural. The three major approaches have been adopted over the time:
1. 1950-1960: in the approach the slums considered as a social evil to be removed for
the betterment of the society, resulting the strategies that involves eviction and demolition of the slums.
2. 1970: the second approach to address the problems of the slum dwellers can be termed as a basic needs approach. It emphasized the improvement of the
physical environment.
by providing housing and other shelter related amenities like water, sanitation etc. 3. 1980 1990: it emphasized on the improvement of the physical environment
by providing the housing shelter and other related shelter like the water, sanitation etc. the genesis of the programmes such as the SITE & SERVICE, URBAN BA-
SIC SERVICE, and ENVIROMENT IMPROVEMENT OF THE URBAN SLUMS, was supported by the external organization like the UNICEF and world bank. This approach
can be termed as the neo-liberal approach. The comprehensive advantage of the cities to attract investments depends not only on the economics efficiency
but also the environmental conditions of the cities. This approach emphasizes on the collaborative roll of the state.

4 Government Initiatives to manage Slums
National Slum Development Programme (NSDP): Initiated in 1996, NSDP provided both loans and subsidies to states for slum rehabilitation projects on the basis
of their urban slum population.
Valmiki Ambedkar Malina Basti Awas Yozana (VAMBAY): Introduced in 2001, it focused on shelter for the urban poor, with 20% of total allocation for community
sanitation facilities under the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA) program
Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP): BSUP was an important component of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). BSUP aimed to
provide basic services to urban poor in 63 of the largest cities in India by population
Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP): Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) was launched by GoI by merging
the schemes of NSDP and VAMBAY. The objective of the scheme is to provide adequate Shelter and basic infrastructure facilities to the slum dwellers in urban
areas.
Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP): The Scheme envisages the provision of interest subsidy to economically weak section and Low in-
come groups to enable them to buy or construct houses.
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY): Launched in 2013, the scheme focussed on:
*Bringing existing slums within the formal system and enabling them to avail of the same level of basic amenities as the rest of the town;
*Redressing the failures of the formal system that lie behind the creation of slums; and
*Tackling the shortages of urban land and housing that keep shelter out of reach of the urban poor.
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- “Housing for All (Urban): Launched in 2015, the scheme seeks to provide central assistance to implementing agencies through
States and UTs for providing houses to all beneficiaries by 2022. It incorporates the following:
“In-situ” slum rehabilitation with participation of private developers using land as a resource. This approach aims to leverage the locked potential of land under
slums to provide houses to the eligible slum dwellers bringing them into the formal urban settlement.
*Promotion of Affordable Housing for weaker section through credit linked subsidy.
*Affordable Housing in Partnership with Public & Private Sectors
*Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement
Slum areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, in the year 1956: The act aimed at mechanical improvement or complete eradication of slums. It empowers
the competent authority to declare any slum area in accordance with the definition, look into possibilities of improvement or eradicate slums.

Tamil migrants in Kerala
As per the district urbanisation report of Ernakulam provided by the DEPARTMENT OF TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING GOVERNMENT OF KERALA, Kerala is wit-
nessing large influence of migrant labourers from different parts of the country in the recent years. Migrants from Tamil Nadu have outnumbered other labourers
from states as far as that of West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. Ernakulam accounts for the largest number of migrants (District Urbanisation Report,
January 2011). In a study on labour migration to Kerala, the author mentions specifically about Tamil migration to the state and their living condition. (Kumar,
October 2007) Shelter is a primary human requirement. Hence it is the priority of the government to ensure housing development Economic necessity, Dilapi-
dated houses, other hardships in their hometown etc. Most The main reasons for migration include better neighbourhoods and opportunities, as it is a key factor
for economic development as well as overall development of India. of the migrant labourers are involved in the housing construction sector hence it is equally
important to provide a healthy living space with basic facilities for increased workability. Different studies reveal that unhealthy living conditions will lead to seri-
ous Implications for the urban environment and public living. The spatial concentration of migrant dwelling in Ernakulam city is not much scattered, rather con-
centrated in certain parts of the city such as Vathuruthy, Vazhakkala, Edappally, and Thrikkakara. Unskilled migrant laborers are either working on a contract
basis or daily basis.
The socio-economic condition of migrant labourers-an empirical study in Kerala shows that the living condition of migrant labourers, based on sector of work
and income level of the migrant labourers, housing conditions etc also differ. Some of them live in temporary sheds, mostly on work sites or open space, in
common land, while others in one room tenements or single room flats. They also live in semi-permanent huts covered with plastic sheets or tin, while some of
which is rented out from local people. Common facilities are absent, 80 percent share toilets while 20 percent have individual toilet facilities. Public taps have
become a source of drinking water. 34 percent have water facilities. (Manoj P K, October 2015). In another article, social integration of migrant workers. The
author discusses. integration of migrant workers and their contribution to the economy and social life of Kerala and measures the level of integration to the
society. (James, 2016) identified the migrant groups under different categories of which ‘economic migrants are the individuals generally from impoverished
developing places to obtain sufficient income for survival. According to (James, 2016) A proposed law, Kerala migrant workers (condition of service and com-
pulsory registration) social security bill could possibly be an effective mechanism to ensure their welfare.

CHARACTERISTIC OF SLUM
A slum is a complex of several factors ranging from its physical appearance to the most important problems of vices and poverty. Slums are known for the vari-
ous characteristics:
The mission has basic services to the urban poor (bsup)aimed at improving the living conditions of the urban poor by providing shelter, basic services, and other
related civic amenities. beneficiaries of bsup housing had to make a payment around 10-12% of the cost of each flat: Central government paid 50% of the proj-
ect cost for redeveloping the slum site, and the state and local governments shared the remaining costs.
The Seven Point Agenda Under Bsup Looks At Providing The Following Things To The Urban Poor: 1.Security Of Tenure 2.Improved Housing 3.Water Supply 4.Sani-
tation 5.Education 6.Health 7.Social Security
PMAY -URBAN
In-situ Slum Redevelopment (ISSR): Central Assistance of Rs. 1 lakh per house is admissible for all houses built for eligible slum dwellers under the component of
ISSR using land as Resource with participation of private developers. After redevelopment, de-notification of slums by State/UT Government is recommended
under the guidelines. Flexibility is given to States/Cities to deploy this Central Assistance for other slums being redeveloped. States/Cities provide additional FSI/
FAR or TDR to make projects financially viable. For slums on private owned land, States/Cities provide additional FSI/FAR or TDR to landowner as per its policy. No
Central Assistance is admissible in such case.

KMBR
OCCUPANCY OF BUILDING GROUP A1-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
Residential Building shall include any building in which sleeping accom-
modation is provided for normal residential purposes, with or without
cooking and/or dining facilities. They shall include one or multifamily
dwellings, apartment buildings or residential flats. Small profession- al
offices small house-hold business, or spaces for advocates, doctors,
engineers, architects, chartered accountants, beauticians, tailors,
photographers, videographers, telephone booth operators, computer
professionals, typists, electrical or electronic equipment service profes-
sionals, not exceeding 50 sq. metres built-up area and used as part of
principal residential occupancy are also included in this group. Crèch-
es, day-care centres, children’s nurseries, reading rooms, libraries and
educational buildings not exceeding 200 sq. metres of built-up area are
also included in this group.
NBC 2019
SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LOW INCOME HOUSING IN URBAN AREAS
These guidelines cover the planning and general building requirements
of low-income housing in urban areas, for houses having a maximum
plinth area of 40 m2 including future expansion. The type of devel-
opment for low-income housing shall be plotted developments as
row housing/flatted development as row housing or group housing on
cluster pattern. The requirements on design and construction of build-
ings for low-income housing in approved layouts are applicable to all
private and public. agencies.
In case of group housing or flatted development at least 75 percent
units should have a plinth area (excluding external circulation such as
stairs, lifts, lobbies, etc) up to or not exceeding 40 m2 including future
expansion.
GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
▷ Plinth - The minimum height of plinth shall be regulated on the basis
of environmental and topographical condition and higher plinth height
may be required in areas prone to flooding
▷ Size of Room Habitable Room - One room dwelling units with 12.5
m2 carpet area of habitable space is permitted only in case of on-site
rehabilitation of slum dwellers. In a house of two rooms, first room shall
not be less than 9.0 m2 with minimum width of 2.5 m and second room
shall not be less than 6.5 m2 with a minimum width of 2.1 m provided
the total area of both the rooms is not less than 15.5 m2
▷ Kitchen- The size of a cooking alcove serving as cooking space shall
not be less than 2.4 m2 with a minimum width of 1.2 m. The size of indi-
vidual kitchen provided in a two-roomed house shall not be less than
3.3 m2 with a minimum width of 1.5 m.
URDPFI Vol 1 – 9

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SLUM REDEVELOPMENT THESIS ( REVAMPING VATHURUTHY- COMMUNITY INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING FOR URBAN POORS

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