The serological diagnosis of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E is a comprehensive exploration of the immunological methods employed in identifying and differentiating these distinct hepatitis viruses. This presentation delves into the intricacies of serological assays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), Western blotting, and nucleic acid testing, elucidating their application in detecting specific antibodies and antigens associated with each hepatitis type. The content encompasses the nuances of serological markers, including hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgM and IgG antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies, anti-hepatitis D virus (HDV) antibodies, and markers indicative of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. Through a systematic examination of serological diagnostics, this presentation contributes to a deeper understanding of the immunological aspects crucial for accurate and timely diagnosis.

1. Serology Detection of Viral
Hepatitis Infection
PRESENTED BY: ZEESHAN

2. Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a general term that
means inflammation of the liver.
It can be caused by several
viruses and by noninfectious
agents, including ionizing
radiation, chemicals, and
autoimmune processes.

3. Hepatitis A Virus

4. Hepatitis A Virus

5. Serological Diagnosis
Positive Result
Negative Result
Invalid Result
HAV Ag/Ab

6. Interpretations and Limitations
Limitations
False Positive Conditions for HAV:
 Cross-reactivity
 Vaccination
 Non-specific binding
False Negative Conditions for HAV:
 Early Infection
 Immunocompromised Individuals
 Testing during the Window Period

7. Hepatitis B Virus

8. Hepatitis B Virus
Family
Hepadnavirus family.
Infection
Acute and chronic disease.
Transmission
Blood or other body fluids of an
infected person.

9. Serological Diagnosis of Hepatitis B
 HBsAg - general marker of infection.
 HBsAb - Recover or immunity
 anti-HBc IgM
 anti-HBcIgG
 HBeAg - indicates active replication of
virus and therefore infectiveness.
 Anti-Hbe - virus no longer replicating.
 anti-HBc Appears at the onset of symptoms in acute hepatitis
B, is a measure of both IgM and IgG, and persists for life
 IgM anti-HBc Positivity indicates recent infection
with hepatitis B virus (<6 mos)

10. Representation of HBV monoinfection
and HBV/HDV coinfection disease
stages.

11. Consequences
Hepatitis
B
virus
infection
Acute infection
(short duration: &lt;6 mon
ths)
Asymptomatic
Acute viral hepatitis
Acute liver failure
Chronic infection
(duration &gt;6 month
s)
Chronic hepatitis B
Cirrhosis:
compensated
Cirrhosis: decompen
sated

12. Limitations
False-Positive HBV Test Results
 Can occur due to cross-reactivity with
other viral infections (e.g., hepatitis A
or C) or autoimmune diseases.
 Confirmatory tests, such as HBV DNA
testing or additional serologic markers,
may be needed to rule out false
positives.

13. Limitations
False-Negative HBV Test Results
 Early or acute stage of infection
 Immunosuppression (e.g., in HIV-
infected individuals)
 False non-reactivity due to
technical errors or test limitations

14. Hepatitis C Virus

15. Hepatitis C
Virus
Flavivirus family.
Six genotypes and
multiple sub-
genotypes
Enveloped virion
The hepatitis C virus is a bloodborne virus and most infection occur through
exposure to blood from unsafe injection practices
Acute and chronic hepatitis, ranging in severity from a mild illness to a
serious, lifelong illness including liver cirrhosis and cancer.

16. Serological Diagnosis of Hepatitis C
Serological Testing
 HCV Antibody Test: Detects the presence of
antibodies against HCV in the blood.
 HCV Core Antigen Test Detects HCV core
antigen, a viral protein, in the blood.
 CLIA

17. Limitations
False-Positive Anti-HCV Test
Results
 Anti-HCV is present, but HCV RNA is
undetectable
 Cross reactivity
 Non-specific reactive antibodies
 Occurs in 1 % population
 Recovery from acute infection
 Occurs in 60-80 % of cases of new
infection

18. Limitations
False-Negative Anti-HCV
Test Results
 Window period
 Immunosuppression
 Recent infection
 Immunocompromised individuals
 Mutations in the virus
 Technical issues

20. Hepatitis D Virus

21. RNA virus that requires hepatitis B virus
(HBV) for its replication.
Hepatitis D Virus

22. HDV and HBV

23. Serological Diagnosis

24. Hepatitis E Virus

25. Hepatitis E Virus
Transmission
food borne transmission from ingestion of
products derived from infected animals;
zoonotic transmission from animals to
humans;
transfusion of infected blood products;
vertical transmission from a pregnant woman
to her fetus.

26. Serological Diagnosis and Interpretations

27. Limitations
Variability in Seroprevalence
 Seroprevalence of HEV varies geographically, with higher rates in endemic regions.
 Serological tests may yield false-positive results in regions with low HEV prevalence,
leading to overdiagnosis.
Immune Response Duration
 Antibodies against HEV can persist for an extended period, even after clearance of
the virus.
 Serological tests cannot distinguish between active and resolved infections.

28. HARD WORK BEATS
TALENT WHEN TALENT
DOESN'T WORK HARD