Sensors and actuators are important components in control systems. Sensors receive and respond to signals from physical systems and produce an output signal with information about the system. Actuators are devices that convert energy like electricity, hydraulics, or pneumatics into motion or force to move or control mechanisms. Common sensors measure phenomena like temperature, pressure, motion, and light, while common actuators include motors, solenoids, and hydraulic/pneumatic cylinders. Together, sensors and actuators are essential for automation and control applications.
Sensor Transmitter & Its types 22.pptxAshwin180668
This document discusses different types of sensors and their applications. It describes sensors as devices that detect physical properties and respond by producing an output signal. The main types discussed are analog and digital sensors, as well as temperature, infrared, ultrasonic, pyroelectric, and humidity sensors. For each sensor type, the document explains how it works and provides examples of its applications.
This document provides an overview of sensors for an Internet of Everything course. It defines what a sensor is and discusses different types of sensors including temperature, proximity, accelerometer, infrared, pressure, light, ultrasonic, smoke, gas, alcohol, touch, color, humidity, position, magnetic, microphone, tilt, flow, level, PIR and touch sensors. It also classifies sensors as active vs passive and by means of detection. An architecture for a single node sensor is presented including a microcontroller, communication device and transceiver. Real-time applications of sensors in aircraft autopilot systems are described.
The document discusses different types of sensors used to detect and measure various physical phenomena. It begins by defining transducers and distinguishing between sensors and actuators. It then describes several common sensors such as temperature sensors, light sensors, pressure sensors, acoustic sensors, and proximity sensors. The document explains how each sensor works and provides examples of applications. It also discusses important characteristics for evaluating sensor performance.
This document discusses IoT sensing and provides information on sensors and actuators. It defines sensors and their characteristics such as accuracy, range, resolution, sensitivity, and drift. Sensors are classified as passive/active, analog/digital, and scalar/vector. The document also defines actuators and their types, including electric linear/rotary actuators, fluid power linear/rotary actuators, linear chain actuators, and manual linear/rotary actuators. Actuators convert control signals or different forms of energy into mechanical motion or action.
The document provides information about instrumentation requirements for industrial instrumentation students. It lists key topics students should understand, including ISA symbology, process variables and units, measurement systems, instrument performance characteristics, field instrumentation identification and specifications. It also outlines the contents to be covered, including industrial sensors and measurement techniques, transmitters, control valves, process control techniques and an overview of industry technical skills.
This presentation explains the detailed block diagram of an instrumentation system. This material will be useful for students in electronics / instrumentation engineering.
Sensors detect physical properties and environmental conditions, converting this information into electrical signals. Actuators convert control signals into mechanical motion or action. Common sensors include ultrasonic sensors, flame sensors, humidity sensors, light-dependent resistors, and smoke detectors. Actuator types are hydraulic, pneumatic, and electrical. Hydraulic actuators use fluid pressure to produce motion while pneumatic actuators use compressed air.
Sensor Transmitter & Its types 22.pptxAshwin180668
This document discusses different types of sensors and their applications. It describes sensors as devices that detect physical properties and respond by producing an output signal. The main types discussed are analog and digital sensors, as well as temperature, infrared, ultrasonic, pyroelectric, and humidity sensors. For each sensor type, the document explains how it works and provides examples of its applications.
This document provides an overview of sensors for an Internet of Everything course. It defines what a sensor is and discusses different types of sensors including temperature, proximity, accelerometer, infrared, pressure, light, ultrasonic, smoke, gas, alcohol, touch, color, humidity, position, magnetic, microphone, tilt, flow, level, PIR and touch sensors. It also classifies sensors as active vs passive and by means of detection. An architecture for a single node sensor is presented including a microcontroller, communication device and transceiver. Real-time applications of sensors in aircraft autopilot systems are described.
The document discusses different types of sensors used to detect and measure various physical phenomena. It begins by defining transducers and distinguishing between sensors and actuators. It then describes several common sensors such as temperature sensors, light sensors, pressure sensors, acoustic sensors, and proximity sensors. The document explains how each sensor works and provides examples of applications. It also discusses important characteristics for evaluating sensor performance.
This document discusses IoT sensing and provides information on sensors and actuators. It defines sensors and their characteristics such as accuracy, range, resolution, sensitivity, and drift. Sensors are classified as passive/active, analog/digital, and scalar/vector. The document also defines actuators and their types, including electric linear/rotary actuators, fluid power linear/rotary actuators, linear chain actuators, and manual linear/rotary actuators. Actuators convert control signals or different forms of energy into mechanical motion or action.
The document provides information about instrumentation requirements for industrial instrumentation students. It lists key topics students should understand, including ISA symbology, process variables and units, measurement systems, instrument performance characteristics, field instrumentation identification and specifications. It also outlines the contents to be covered, including industrial sensors and measurement techniques, transmitters, control valves, process control techniques and an overview of industry technical skills.
This presentation explains the detailed block diagram of an instrumentation system. This material will be useful for students in electronics / instrumentation engineering.
Sensors detect physical properties and environmental conditions, converting this information into electrical signals. Actuators convert control signals into mechanical motion or action. Common sensors include ultrasonic sensors, flame sensors, humidity sensors, light-dependent resistors, and smoke detectors. Actuator types are hydraulic, pneumatic, and electrical. Hydraulic actuators use fluid pressure to produce motion while pneumatic actuators use compressed air.
The document discusses different types of sensors, their characteristics and applications. It describes common sensors such as temperature, current and level sensors. Temperature sensors include thermistors and thermocouples. Current sensors consist of Hall sensors and magnetostriction sensors. The document also introduces smart sensors which integrate additional features like self-calibration. Finally, it outlines industrial applications of various sensors in areas like power plants, electrical machines and robotics.
This document provides an introduction to sensors, including definitions of key terms like sensors, transducers, and actuators. It describes different types of sensors such as temperature sensors, accelerometers, light sensors, and ultrasonic sensors. It explains various sensor principles including how sensors can be classified as active or passive, contact or non-contact, and absolute or relative. The document also discusses choosing sensors and interfacing sensors with electronics.
This document discusses the key components of control loops and ISA symbology used in process control. It describes common control loop components like sensors, transmitters, controllers, final control elements, and actuators. It also explains the different types of process signals and how indicators, recorders and controllers function within a control loop. Finally, it outlines the standard ISA symbols used on piping and instrumentation diagrams to represent instruments, functions, locations, connections and tag identifications.
Lect 1 Measurements and Measurement Systems.pptxVerenaAshraf
This document provides an overview of measurements and measurement systems for a first year electrical engineering course. It discusses key concepts such as the definition of measurements, importance of measurements, types of measurements including direct and indirect, and real-world applications of electrical and electronic measurements. The document also covers instruments and measurement systems, types of instruments including mechanical, electrical, electronic, classifications of instruments such as absolute vs secondary and deflection vs null types. It concludes with discussing the analog and digital modes of operation and functions of instruments including indicating, recording, and integrating instruments.
Transducers convert one form of energy into another. The document discusses various types of transducers including their components, working principles, classifications, characteristics, and applications. Mechanical transducers produce a mechanical output in response to a physical input quantity, while electrical transducers produce an electrical output. Common transducers include potentiometers, which convert displacement into resistance, and LVDTs, which convert linear displacement into a voltage using mutual induction between coils. Transducers are widely used to measure various physical quantities in industries and systems.
They always sound so high tech that we hardly notice that our day-to-day lives always involve the use of sensors. From IR sensors in TV remotes to passive infrared sensors on automatic doors or LDRs for outdoor and street lightings, sensors are everywhere.
Sensors detect changes, acknowledge those changes, and produce outputs from those changes. They detect and measure qualities such as light, temperature, sound, and other types of output from the environment.
Read more at https://www.asap-supplychain.com/blog/different-types-of-sensors/
Buy various types of speed and temperature sensors from asap-supplychain.com
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/speed-sensor/
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/temperature-sensor/
ASAP Supply Chain is trusted one stop solution to access over 32 million aircraft and electronics parts from 7300 manufacturers of different industries.
Sensors can be used to measure various physical properties by converting one physical quantity to another. Temperature, light, force, displacement, motion, and sound can all be measured. Sensor performance is described by its range, resolution, error, accuracy, precision, linearity, and sensitivity. Common sensor types include resistive thermometers, thermistors, photodiodes, strain gauges, potentiometers, and microphones. Sensor interfacing may be needed to produce output signals in the desired form such as a voltage.
The document discusses sensors and transducers used in mechatronics systems. It defines sensors as devices that detect physical quantities and convert them into signals, while transducers convert one form of energy to another. The document outlines various types of commonly used sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, and capacitive sensors. It describes the working principles, specifications, advantages, and applications of these sensors. The specifications discussed include range, sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, response time, which are important for mechatronics designers to understand the capabilities and limitations of different sensors.
Actuators and sensors are important devices used in many systems. Actuators convert energy into motion and are used to control mechanisms. Common types of actuators include servo motors, solenoids, linear actuators, and shape memory alloys. Sensors detect physical properties and convert them to signals that can be measured and analyzed. Examples are ultrasonic sensors, temperature/humidity sensors, accelerometers, infrared sensors, and gas sensors. Both actuators and sensors play key roles in applications ranging from robotics to manufacturing.
The document discusses sensors and their uses in manufacturing. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a readable form. Sensors are then classified into different types including tactile, proximity, range, miscellaneous, and machine vision sensors. Examples are provided for each type along with their working principles and applications in robotics and manufacturing for tasks like distance sensing, contour tracking, machine vision, process monitoring, and quality control. Key desirable sensor features and concepts like accuracy vs precision are also covered at a high level.
This document discusses various types of sensors used in mechatronic design and control systems. It describes sensors for measuring position, speed, proximity, displacement, force, pressure, temperature and light. Specific sensors covered include LVDT, RVDT, eddy current, capacitive, inductive, Hall effect, strain gauge, optical encoder, photoemitter-detector, piezoelectric and tactile sensors. Applications are provided for different sensors in areas like level measurement, machine tools, assembly lines, hydraulic cylinders and automated inspection. Characteristics of sensors like sensitivity, linearity, range, accuracy and response time are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of instrumentation and process control. It defines key terms like instrumentation, process, transducer, signal, loop, controller, and interlock. It describes common process parameters measured like pressure, level, temperature, and flow. It discusses primary measuring devices and principles for each process variable. It also covers control valves and automation systems like DCS, PLC, and SCADA.
This document discusses sensors and transducers. It begins by defining sensors as devices that convert physical phenomena into electrical signals, and transducers as the interface between the physical world and electrical devices. It then describes several key performance characteristics of sensors, including transfer function, sensitivity, dynamic range, accuracy, precision, nonlinearity, resolution, stability, and hysteresis. Different types of sensors are classified based on their signal characteristics, power supply needs, and subject of measurement. Examples of common sensors like position, velocity, light, flow, and proximity sensors are provided.
dynamic characterstics of transducer.pptxanushrajb
Sensors are electronic devices that measure physical parameters like temperature, pressure, and light intensity. They output either analog or digital electrical signals. Sensors require calibration to correct for errors from environmental changes by comparing their output to a standard reference. Common calibration methods include one-point, two-point, and multi-point curve fitting. Sensors produce different types of output signals such as analog voltages/currents, digital values, pulses, and serial communications.
Sensors and transducers convert one form of energy into another. A sensor receives and responds to a signal, a transducer converts one form of energy to another, and an actuator converts an electrical signal to physical output. Transducers can be classified as active or passive depending on whether they require an external power source. Common transducers include resistance, capacitive, piezoelectric, hall effect, and photoelectric transducers. Key parameters for transducers include linearity, repeatability, resolution, and reliability.
This document discusses the key characteristics of instruments used for measurement. It describes static characteristics like range, span, linearity, sensitivity and environmental effects. It also discusses dynamic characteristics and how instruments are modeled as generalized systems with inputs and outputs. Key static performance metrics are defined like systematic characteristics, hysteresis, resolution and drift over time. The document provides qualitative and quantitative definitions of these important instrument characteristics.
This document discusses the key characteristics of instruments used for measurement. It describes static characteristics like range, span, linearity, sensitivity and environmental effects. It also discusses dynamic characteristics and how instruments are modeled as generalized systems with inputs and outputs. Key static performance metrics are defined like systematic characteristics, hysteresis, resolution and drift over time. The document provides qualitative and quantitative definitions of these important instrument characteristics.
This document discusses the key characteristics of instruments used for measurement. It describes static characteristics like range, span, linearity, sensitivity and environmental effects that influence instrument performance. It also discusses dynamic characteristics and how the instrument output varies with rapid changes in the measured quantity. Key static characteristics discussed in more detail include drift over time, hysteresis and backlash.
This document provides an overview of sensors and actuators. It defines what sensors are, how they work by converting one type of energy to electrical energy. It also distinguishes sensors from transducers. The document discusses different types of sensors including passive and active sensors. It covers key sensor specifications and performance characteristics such as sensitivity, accuracy, bandwidth, resolution and noise. The document provides examples to illustrate sensor classification and performance evaluation.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
The document discusses different types of sensors, their characteristics and applications. It describes common sensors such as temperature, current and level sensors. Temperature sensors include thermistors and thermocouples. Current sensors consist of Hall sensors and magnetostriction sensors. The document also introduces smart sensors which integrate additional features like self-calibration. Finally, it outlines industrial applications of various sensors in areas like power plants, electrical machines and robotics.
This document provides an introduction to sensors, including definitions of key terms like sensors, transducers, and actuators. It describes different types of sensors such as temperature sensors, accelerometers, light sensors, and ultrasonic sensors. It explains various sensor principles including how sensors can be classified as active or passive, contact or non-contact, and absolute or relative. The document also discusses choosing sensors and interfacing sensors with electronics.
This document discusses the key components of control loops and ISA symbology used in process control. It describes common control loop components like sensors, transmitters, controllers, final control elements, and actuators. It also explains the different types of process signals and how indicators, recorders and controllers function within a control loop. Finally, it outlines the standard ISA symbols used on piping and instrumentation diagrams to represent instruments, functions, locations, connections and tag identifications.
Lect 1 Measurements and Measurement Systems.pptxVerenaAshraf
This document provides an overview of measurements and measurement systems for a first year electrical engineering course. It discusses key concepts such as the definition of measurements, importance of measurements, types of measurements including direct and indirect, and real-world applications of electrical and electronic measurements. The document also covers instruments and measurement systems, types of instruments including mechanical, electrical, electronic, classifications of instruments such as absolute vs secondary and deflection vs null types. It concludes with discussing the analog and digital modes of operation and functions of instruments including indicating, recording, and integrating instruments.
Transducers convert one form of energy into another. The document discusses various types of transducers including their components, working principles, classifications, characteristics, and applications. Mechanical transducers produce a mechanical output in response to a physical input quantity, while electrical transducers produce an electrical output. Common transducers include potentiometers, which convert displacement into resistance, and LVDTs, which convert linear displacement into a voltage using mutual induction between coils. Transducers are widely used to measure various physical quantities in industries and systems.
They always sound so high tech that we hardly notice that our day-to-day lives always involve the use of sensors. From IR sensors in TV remotes to passive infrared sensors on automatic doors or LDRs for outdoor and street lightings, sensors are everywhere.
Sensors detect changes, acknowledge those changes, and produce outputs from those changes. They detect and measure qualities such as light, temperature, sound, and other types of output from the environment.
Read more at https://www.asap-supplychain.com/blog/different-types-of-sensors/
Buy various types of speed and temperature sensors from asap-supplychain.com
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/speed-sensor/
https://www.asap-supplychain.com/nsn/part-type/temperature-sensor/
ASAP Supply Chain is trusted one stop solution to access over 32 million aircraft and electronics parts from 7300 manufacturers of different industries.
Sensors can be used to measure various physical properties by converting one physical quantity to another. Temperature, light, force, displacement, motion, and sound can all be measured. Sensor performance is described by its range, resolution, error, accuracy, precision, linearity, and sensitivity. Common sensor types include resistive thermometers, thermistors, photodiodes, strain gauges, potentiometers, and microphones. Sensor interfacing may be needed to produce output signals in the desired form such as a voltage.
The document discusses sensors and transducers used in mechatronics systems. It defines sensors as devices that detect physical quantities and convert them into signals, while transducers convert one form of energy to another. The document outlines various types of commonly used sensors like potentiometers, strain gauges, and capacitive sensors. It describes the working principles, specifications, advantages, and applications of these sensors. The specifications discussed include range, sensitivity, accuracy, resolution, response time, which are important for mechatronics designers to understand the capabilities and limitations of different sensors.
Actuators and sensors are important devices used in many systems. Actuators convert energy into motion and are used to control mechanisms. Common types of actuators include servo motors, solenoids, linear actuators, and shape memory alloys. Sensors detect physical properties and convert them to signals that can be measured and analyzed. Examples are ultrasonic sensors, temperature/humidity sensors, accelerometers, infrared sensors, and gas sensors. Both actuators and sensors play key roles in applications ranging from robotics to manufacturing.
The document discusses sensors and their uses in manufacturing. It defines a sensor as a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a readable form. Sensors are then classified into different types including tactile, proximity, range, miscellaneous, and machine vision sensors. Examples are provided for each type along with their working principles and applications in robotics and manufacturing for tasks like distance sensing, contour tracking, machine vision, process monitoring, and quality control. Key desirable sensor features and concepts like accuracy vs precision are also covered at a high level.
This document discusses various types of sensors used in mechatronic design and control systems. It describes sensors for measuring position, speed, proximity, displacement, force, pressure, temperature and light. Specific sensors covered include LVDT, RVDT, eddy current, capacitive, inductive, Hall effect, strain gauge, optical encoder, photoemitter-detector, piezoelectric and tactile sensors. Applications are provided for different sensors in areas like level measurement, machine tools, assembly lines, hydraulic cylinders and automated inspection. Characteristics of sensors like sensitivity, linearity, range, accuracy and response time are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of instrumentation and process control. It defines key terms like instrumentation, process, transducer, signal, loop, controller, and interlock. It describes common process parameters measured like pressure, level, temperature, and flow. It discusses primary measuring devices and principles for each process variable. It also covers control valves and automation systems like DCS, PLC, and SCADA.
This document discusses sensors and transducers. It begins by defining sensors as devices that convert physical phenomena into electrical signals, and transducers as the interface between the physical world and electrical devices. It then describes several key performance characteristics of sensors, including transfer function, sensitivity, dynamic range, accuracy, precision, nonlinearity, resolution, stability, and hysteresis. Different types of sensors are classified based on their signal characteristics, power supply needs, and subject of measurement. Examples of common sensors like position, velocity, light, flow, and proximity sensors are provided.
dynamic characterstics of transducer.pptxanushrajb
Sensors are electronic devices that measure physical parameters like temperature, pressure, and light intensity. They output either analog or digital electrical signals. Sensors require calibration to correct for errors from environmental changes by comparing their output to a standard reference. Common calibration methods include one-point, two-point, and multi-point curve fitting. Sensors produce different types of output signals such as analog voltages/currents, digital values, pulses, and serial communications.
Sensors and transducers convert one form of energy into another. A sensor receives and responds to a signal, a transducer converts one form of energy to another, and an actuator converts an electrical signal to physical output. Transducers can be classified as active or passive depending on whether they require an external power source. Common transducers include resistance, capacitive, piezoelectric, hall effect, and photoelectric transducers. Key parameters for transducers include linearity, repeatability, resolution, and reliability.
This document discusses the key characteristics of instruments used for measurement. It describes static characteristics like range, span, linearity, sensitivity and environmental effects. It also discusses dynamic characteristics and how instruments are modeled as generalized systems with inputs and outputs. Key static performance metrics are defined like systematic characteristics, hysteresis, resolution and drift over time. The document provides qualitative and quantitative definitions of these important instrument characteristics.
This document discusses the key characteristics of instruments used for measurement. It describes static characteristics like range, span, linearity, sensitivity and environmental effects. It also discusses dynamic characteristics and how instruments are modeled as generalized systems with inputs and outputs. Key static performance metrics are defined like systematic characteristics, hysteresis, resolution and drift over time. The document provides qualitative and quantitative definitions of these important instrument characteristics.
This document discusses the key characteristics of instruments used for measurement. It describes static characteristics like range, span, linearity, sensitivity and environmental effects that influence instrument performance. It also discusses dynamic characteristics and how the instrument output varies with rapid changes in the measured quantity. Key static characteristics discussed in more detail include drift over time, hysteresis and backlash.
This document provides an overview of sensors and actuators. It defines what sensors are, how they work by converting one type of energy to electrical energy. It also distinguishes sensors from transducers. The document discusses different types of sensors including passive and active sensors. It covers key sensor specifications and performance characteristics such as sensitivity, accuracy, bandwidth, resolution and noise. The document provides examples to illustrate sensor classification and performance evaluation.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
3. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS
SENSORS
• Transducer that receives and responds to a
signal or stimulus from a physical system.
• It produces a signal, which represents
information about the system, which is used by
some type of telemetry, information or control
system.
4. ACTUATORS
• A device that is responsible for moving or controlling a
mechanism or system.
• Controlled by a signal from a control system or manual
control.
• Operated by a source of energy, which can be
mechanical force, electrical current, hydraulic fluid
pressure, or pneumatic pressure, and converts that
energy into motion.
5. ACTIVE & PASSIVE SENSOR
ACTIVE SENSORS
Require an external power source to operate, which is called an
excitation signal.
For example, a thermistor.
PASSIVE SENSORS
Generate an electric current in response to an external stimulus
which serves as the output signal
For example a photo diode, a piezoelectric sensor and a
thermocouple.
6. Active element of a sensor is called a transducer.
Transducer:
A device which converts one form of energy to another.
When input is a physical quantity and output electrical → Sensor
When input is electrical and output a physical quantity → Actuator
7. COMMONLY MEASUREABLE PHENOMENA
• BIOLOGICAL and CHEMICAL (Fluid Concentrations (Gas
or Liquid))
• ELECTRIC (Charge, Voltage, Current, Electric Field
(amplitude, phase, polarization), Conductivity,
Permittivity)
• ELECTROMAGNETIC
• HEAT/TEMPERATURE
• MAGNETIC
• MECHANICAL MOTION (DISPLACEMENT, VELOCITY,
ACCELERATION, ETC.)
• OPTICAL (Refractive Index, Reflectivity, Absorption)
• RADIOACTIVITY
8. NEED FOR SENSOR
Sensors are widespread. They are embedded in our bodies,
automobiles, airplanes, cellular telephones, radios, chemical
plants, industrial plants and countless other applications.
Without the use of sensors, there would be no
automation
9. SENSORS WILL BE DISCUSSED
• Vision and Imaging Sensor
• Temperature Sensor
• Radiation Sensor
• Proximity Sensor
• Pressure Sensor
• Particle Sensor
• Motion Sensor
• Metal Sensor
• Level Sensor
• Flow Sensor
• Flame Sensors
10. VISION AND IMAGING SENSORS
Electronic devices that detect:
• Presence of objects or colors
within their fields of view
• Convert information into a visual
image for display.
11. TEMPERATURE SENSORS/DETECTORS
• Detect thermal parameters
• Provide signals to the inputs of control
and display devices.
A temperature sensor typically relies:
• An RTD (Thermocouple)
• A thermistor.
12. RADIATION SENSORS
• Sense the presence of alpha, beta, or gamma particles
• Provide signals to counters and display devices.
Key specifications include
• Sensor type
• Minimum and maximum
detectable energies.
Pyrometer temperature sensor measures the radiant
(energy) heat emitted or reflected by a hot object.
13. PROXIMITY SENSORS
• Detects presence of nearby objects through non-contacting means.
• Range of up to several millimeters
• Produce a usually dc output signal to a controller.
Key specifications include
• Sensor type
• Maximum sensing distance
• Minimum and maximum operating temperatures
• Dimensions of diameter and length.
14. PRESSURE SENSORS
• Detect forces per unit area in gases or liquids.
• Typically uses a diaphragm and strain gage bridge for detection.
Key specifications include
• Sensor function
• Minimum and maximum working pressures
• Full scale accuracy
15. PARTICLE SENSORS/DETECTORS
• Sense dust and other airborne particulates.
Key specifications include
• Transducer type
• Minimum detectable particle size
• Operating temperature range
• Sample volume
• Response time.
Amplification
stage Output
16. MOTION SENSORS
• Sense the movement or stoppage of
parts, people, etc.
Key specifications include
• Sensor type
• Sensor function
• Minimum and maximum speeds.
17. METAL DETECTORS
• Sense The presence of metal in a variety of
situations ranging from packages to people.
• Sensor technologies with electromagnetics
being popular.
Key specifications include
• Maximum sensing distance
• Feature choices like handheld and fixed
systems.
18. LEVEL SENSORS/DETECTORS
• Electronic or electro-mechanical devices
• Used for determining the height of gases, liquids, or solids in
tanks or bins
Typical level sensors use
• Ultrasonic
• Capacitance
• Vibratory
• mechanical
means to determine product height.
Key specifications include:
• Sensor type,
• Sensor function
• Maximum sensing distance
19. LEVEL SENSOR
Level Sensors can be broken into two classifications;
• Point level measurement indicates when a product is present at a
certain point.
• Continuous level measurement indicates the continuous level of a
product as it rises and falls.
20. FLOW SENSORS
• Sense the movement of gases, liquids, or
solids
A flow sensor can be all electronic
• Using ultrasonic detection from outside a
pipeline
• Or partially mechanical—a paddlewheel
that sits and spins directly in the flow
stream itself.
Key specifications include
• Sensor/detector type
• Maximum flow rate
• Maximum working pressure
• Minimum and maximum operating
temperatures.
21. FLAME SENSORS
• Opto-electronic devices used to
sense the presence and quality of
fire.
A flame detector typically relies on
ultraviolet or infrared detection.
22. IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES
• Types of Sensors/Detectors/Transducers
Sensor types are common among many of the various
subcategories. For example, Hall effect sensors are found in
proximity sensors, level sensors, motion sensors, and so on.
Infrared sensors are used for level sensing, flame detection, etc.
Sensing a fuel level in a tank, say, can be achieved through a
number of sensor types.
• Planned Application
Picking an planned application can help narrow choices for specific
instances.
• Output Types
Many control sensors use 4-20 mA current loops, where 4 mA
represents the low side of the analog signal and 20 mA
represents the high side.
• Response Time
Many sensors have response times measured in milliseconds, while
sensors for gases, leaks, etc. may have their response times
measured in seconds or even minutes.
• Features
Sensors designed to function in extreme environments,
hazardous locations, etc. can be selected here.
23. ACTUATORS
• Component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling
a mechanism or system
• For example by opening a valve. In simple terms, it is a "mover".
• It requires a control signal and a source of energy.
• Its main energy source may be
• Electric current
• Hydraulic fluid pressure
• Pneumatic pressure.
When it receives a control signal, an actuator responds by converting the
source energy into mechanical motion.
24. TYPES OF ACTUATORS
1. Electrical actuators
• Electric motors (linear or rotational)
• DC servomotors
• AC motors
• Stepper motors
• Solenoids
• Relay
2. Hydraulic actuators
Use hydraulic fluid as the driving force
3. Pneumatic actuators
Use compressed air as the driving force
25. DC MOTORS
DC motors are widely used:
• Convenience of using direct current. E.g. motors in automobiles.
• Linear Torque-Speed relationship.
One special type of DC motors is Servomotors.
• A feedback back loop is used to control speed.
26. AC MOTORS
Most used in industry.
Advantages:
• Higher power supply
• Ease of maintenance
Two types:
• Induction motor
• Synchronous motor
Synchronous motor
Induction motor
27. STEPPER MOTORS
Provides rotation in the form of discrete
angular displacement (step angles).
Each step angle is actuated by a discrete
electrical pulse.
Are used in open loop control
systems.
28. HYDRAULIC AND PNEUMATIC ACTUATORS
Powered by pressurized fluid.
• Oil for hydraulic systems
• Compressed air for pneumatic systems
29. SOLENOIDS
A movable plunger inside a stationary wire
coil.
Used to open and close valves in fluid flow
systems, e.g., chemical processing
equipment.
PASSIVE SENSORS
Require an external power source to operate, which is called an excitation signal.
For example, a thermistor does not generate any electrical signal, but by passing an electric current through it, its resistance can be measured by detecting variations in the current or voltage across the thermistor
Intended Application
Picking an intended application can help narrow choices for specific instances. Proximity sensors for pneumatic cylinders, for example, are designed to attach directly to a cylinder’s tie rods, and thus have specific mounting arrangements, as shown at right.
Induction motor: Stator winding is similar to that of a synchronous motor. It is wound for a specific number of poles. A squirrel cage rotor or a wound rotor can be used. In squirrel cage rotor, the rotor bars are permanently short-circuited with end rings. In wound rotor, windings are also permanently short-circuited, hence no slip rings are required.
Synchronous motor: Stator has axial slots which consist stator winding wound for a specific number of poles. Generally a salient pole rotor is used on which rotor winding is mounted. Rotor winding is fed with a DC supply with the help of slip rings. A rotor with permanent magnets can also be used.