Rhizobium
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Rhizobium is a genus of Gram-negative soil bacteria that fix nitrogen. Rhizobium species form an endosymbiotic nitrogen-fixing association with roots of legumes and Parasponia
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Rhizobium
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It begins by defining PGPR as beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth. It then covers the classification, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of PGPR, including direct mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production as well as indirect mechanisms like siderophore production and induced systemic resistance. The document also discusses the roles, commercialization, and importance of PGPR as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
Mycorrhiza and its types
The document discusses mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots. There are three main types of mycorrhiza: endomycorrhiza, where fungal hyphae penetrate the root tissues; ectomycorrhiza, where fungi form a mantle around the roots without penetrating tissues; and ectendomycorrhiza, which shows extensive intercellular penetration and formation of Hartig's net. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza is an important type of endomycorrhiza that helps convert insoluble phosphorus in the soil into a soluble form available to plants. Mycorrhiza play an important role in increasing plant nutrition uptake and stress tolerance
Phosphate solubilizers
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. Some key points:
- PGPR are bacteria that live in the rhizosphere and provide benefits to plants. An important function is solubilizing insoluble phosphate minerals making phosphorus available for plant uptake.
- Common insoluble phosphates include tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. Bacteria secrete organic acids like lactic acid and acetic acid to solubilize these minerals.
- Successful phosphate solubilizing bacteria include species from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium genera. Screening methods involve checking for clearing zones
Saif ppt phosphate solubilisation
Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) such as bacteria and fungi play an important role in solubilizing insoluble phosphate in soil and making it available to plants. PSM secrete organic acids and enzymes that lower soil pH and chelate cations, converting insoluble phosphate into soluble forms that plants can absorb. While phosphorus is essential for plant growth, much of the phosphorus in soil is unavailable to plants; PSM help address phosphorus deficiency by increasing the soluble phosphorus content of soil. Further research is needed to develop methods for commercializing PSM as biofertilizers to provide a more sustainable alternative to inorganic phosphate fertilizers.
azotobacter-as-biofertilizer.ppt
This document discusses Azotobacter, a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that can be used as a biofertilizer. It describes the key species of Azotobacter, their identifying characteristics, and their benefits to agriculture. Azotobacter promotes plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and producing plant hormones. It also functions as a biocontrol agent by suppressing plant pathogens. The document outlines Azotobacter's mode of action in plants and provides examples of increased crop yields and quality from its use as an inoculant. It also discusses the maintenance, selection, and mass production methods for Azotobacter cultures.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer: VAM
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Non symbiotic nitrogen fixers.
This document discusses non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation by microorganisms. It explains that nitrogen is essential for plants and must be fixed from its atmospheric form (N2) into nitrogen salts that plants can absorb. This is accomplished through nitrogen fixation, where microorganisms like bacteria and cyanobacteria are able to convert N2 into ammonia using the nitrogenase enzyme. The document focuses on non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation, which is performed by free-living microorganisms like aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and blue-green algae, as opposed to symbiotic fixation that involves nodule formation.
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Rhizobium
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It begins by defining PGPR as beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and promote plant growth. It then covers the classification, characteristics, and mechanisms of action of PGPR, including direct mechanisms like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production as well as indirect mechanisms like siderophore production and induced systemic resistance. The document also discusses the roles, commercialization, and importance of PGPR as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
Mycorrhiza and its types
The document discusses mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots. There are three main types of mycorrhiza: endomycorrhiza, where fungal hyphae penetrate the root tissues; ectomycorrhiza, where fungi form a mantle around the roots without penetrating tissues; and ectendomycorrhiza, which shows extensive intercellular penetration and formation of Hartig's net. Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza is an important type of endomycorrhiza that helps convert insoluble phosphorus in the soil into a soluble form available to plants. Mycorrhiza play an important role in increasing plant nutrition uptake and stress tolerance
Phosphate solubilizers
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. Some key points:
- PGPR are bacteria that live in the rhizosphere and provide benefits to plants. An important function is solubilizing insoluble phosphate minerals making phosphorus available for plant uptake.
- Common insoluble phosphates include tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. Bacteria secrete organic acids like lactic acid and acetic acid to solubilize these minerals.
- Successful phosphate solubilizing bacteria include species from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium genera. Screening methods involve checking for clearing zones
Saif ppt phosphate solubilisation
Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) such as bacteria and fungi play an important role in solubilizing insoluble phosphate in soil and making it available to plants. PSM secrete organic acids and enzymes that lower soil pH and chelate cations, converting insoluble phosphate into soluble forms that plants can absorb. While phosphorus is essential for plant growth, much of the phosphorus in soil is unavailable to plants; PSM help address phosphorus deficiency by increasing the soluble phosphorus content of soil. Further research is needed to develop methods for commercializing PSM as biofertilizers to provide a more sustainable alternative to inorganic phosphate fertilizers.
azotobacter-as-biofertilizer.ppt
This document discusses Azotobacter, a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that can be used as a biofertilizer. It describes the key species of Azotobacter, their identifying characteristics, and their benefits to agriculture. Azotobacter promotes plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen and producing plant hormones. It also functions as a biocontrol agent by suppressing plant pathogens. The document outlines Azotobacter's mode of action in plants and provides examples of increased crop yields and quality from its use as an inoculant. It also discusses the maintenance, selection, and mass production methods for Azotobacter cultures.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer: VAM
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Non symbiotic nitrogen fixers.
This document discusses non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation by microorganisms. It explains that nitrogen is essential for plants and must be fixed from its atmospheric form (N2) into nitrogen salts that plants can absorb. This is accomplished through nitrogen fixation, where microorganisms like bacteria and cyanobacteria are able to convert N2 into ammonia using the nitrogenase enzyme. The document focuses on non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation, which is performed by free-living microorganisms like aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and blue-green algae, as opposed to symbiotic fixation that involves nodule formation.
Rhizobium ppt
This document discusses Rhizobium, a soil bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen. It begins with an introduction to Rhizobium's morphology, characteristics, and classification. It then covers the cross inoculation groups of Rhizobium, the process of nodule formation in legumes, and methods for isolating Rhizobium from nodules. Finally, it details the mechanism of nitrogen fixation, including the role of the nitrogenase enzyme and electron transfer process within the root nodule.
PGPR - Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
This document provides an overview of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It discusses that PGPR are a group of soil bacteria that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth directly or indirectly. Direct mechanisms include biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production, siderophore production, and antibiotic production. Indirect mechanisms include inducing systemic resistance in plants, production of lytic enzymes, and stress tolerance effects. The document reviews the specific mechanisms of several important PGPR functions and commercially available PGPR products.
Rhizobium ppt
Rhizobium is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms symbiotic root nodules on legume plants. The bacteria live within the nodules and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is provided to the plant in exchange for organic compounds from photosynthesis. Key to this process is the nitrogenase enzyme, which consists of an iron and molybdenum-iron protein that work together to reduce dinitrogen gas into ammonia. The nodules also contain leghemoglobin, which protects the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme. This mutually beneficial relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and legumes provides fixed nitrogen to the plants.
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Mycorrhizal association
Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships with the roots of most plant species. They help plants absorb water and mineral nutrients from soil in exchange for carbohydrates. There are two main types of mycorrhizal associations - ectomycorrhizas, which cover tree roots with a sheath and branching structures, and endomycorrhizas, whose thread-like structures penetrate root cells. Mycorrhizal fungi play an important ecological role in nutrient cycling, plant community development, and soil health.
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2. It describes how each works to fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, or decompose organic matter to improve soil fertility and enhance crop growth.
3. The advantages of biofertilizers are that they can replace chemical fertilizers, are pollution free, and help increase crop productivity while maintaining soil health.
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Cyanobacteria, also known as “blue-green algae”.
They are aquatic and photosynthetic, that is, they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food. Because they are bacteria, they are quite small and usually unicellular, though they often grow in colonies large enough to see.
They are the most abundant group of organisms on the earth. They are autotrophic and found in a diverse environment, especially in the marine and freshwater.
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This document discusses biosolubilization of insoluble phosphates in a fluidized bed bioreactor using immobilized microorganisms. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi were entrapped in calcium alginate and polyacrylamide gels and used to solubilize mineral phosphates in a fluidized bed bioreactor. This allows for reusability of the biocatalyst and control of reactions without contamination. The longevity of solubilization activity was tested through repeated batch experiments. Bioconversion using these immobilized microorganisms occurs at low temperatures and provides a sustainable way to extract and solubilize phosphates compared to conventional processes.
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This document summarizes the types and development of mycorrhizal symbiosis. It discusses:
1. There are several types of mycorrhizal associations including ectomycorrhiza, ectendomycorrhiza, ericoid mycorrhiza, and VA mycorrhiza.
2. The development of the mycorrhizal symbiosis occurs through asymbiotic and symbiotic stages, beginning with spore germination and hyphal growth, followed by recognition signals between the plant and fungi leading to appresorium formation and penetration of root cells.
3. In the mature symbiotic phase, the fungi form specialized structures inside root cells like arbuscules
Mycorrhiza
1) Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots where the fungi colonize the root system and form a network that assists the plant with nutrient and water absorption.
2) There are different types of mycorrhizal associations classified based on where the fungi grow in relation to the root, including ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, and ectendomycorrhizae.
3) Mycorrhizal associations benefit plants by improving nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and disease resistance, and are important for the growth of most plant species.
Rhizosphere
The rhizosphere is the region of soil surrounding plant roots that is influenced by root secretions like mucilage, exudates, and lysates. It contains many microorganisms in complex relationships with the plant roots. Root secretions, collectively known as rhizodeposition, enrich the soil environment and stimulate microbial growth in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, as measured by the R:S ratio of microorganisms. Rhizodeposition includes a variety of organic compounds that influence soil nutrients and microbes.
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Mycorrhizae
This document provides information about mycorrhizae, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhizae and describes the two main types: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae are formed between fungi and the roots of about 10% of plant families, mainly woody plants. They involve a fungal sheath surrounding the root. Endomycorrhizae penetrate the root cells and include arbuscular mycorrhizae, the most common type, characterized by structures called arbuscules and vesicles. The relationship benefits both the plant, which receives increased nutrient and water absorption, and the fungus, which receives
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This document provides an overview of mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhiza and explains that 95% of plant species form these relationships. It then classifies and describes the main types of mycorrhizal associations like ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, and orchid mycorrhiza. The document outlines the importance and benefits of mycorrhizal relationships for plant growth and health. It also discusses methods for isolating, mass producing, and applying mycorrhizal fungi.
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This document discusses Rhizobium, a soil bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen. It begins with an introduction to Rhizobium's morphology, characteristics, and classification. It then covers the cross inoculation groups of Rhizobium, the process of nodule formation in legumes, and methods for isolating Rhizobium from nodules. Finally, it details the mechanism of nitrogen fixation, including the role of the nitrogenase enzyme and electron transfer process within the root nodule.
PGPR - Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
This document provides an overview of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). It discusses that PGPR are a group of soil bacteria that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth directly or indirectly. Direct mechanisms include biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production, siderophore production, and antibiotic production. Indirect mechanisms include inducing systemic resistance in plants, production of lytic enzymes, and stress tolerance effects. The document reviews the specific mechanisms of several important PGPR functions and commercially available PGPR products.
Rhizobium ppt
Rhizobium is a genus of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that forms symbiotic root nodules on legume plants. The bacteria live within the nodules and convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is provided to the plant in exchange for organic compounds from photosynthesis. Key to this process is the nitrogenase enzyme, which consists of an iron and molybdenum-iron protein that work together to reduce dinitrogen gas into ammonia. The nodules also contain leghemoglobin, which protects the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme. This mutually beneficial relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and legumes provides fixed nitrogen to the plants.
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Bioleaching of iron, copper, gold. uranium
This document summarizes the process of bioleaching, which uses microorganisms to extract metals like copper, gold, iron, and uranium from ores. It discusses how different bacteria are used to oxidize the metal sulfides in ores, making the metals soluble and able to be extracted. The main methods used are heap leaching and in-situ leaching. Bioleaching has advantages of being low-cost and able to process low-grade ores, but is also time-consuming. Specific examples of how bacteria aid in leaching copper, iron, gold, and uranium are also provided.
Mycorrhizal association
Mycorrhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships with the roots of most plant species. They help plants absorb water and mineral nutrients from soil in exchange for carbohydrates. There are two main types of mycorrhizal associations - ectomycorrhizas, which cover tree roots with a sheath and branching structures, and endomycorrhizas, whose thread-like structures penetrate root cells. Mycorrhizal fungi play an important ecological role in nutrient cycling, plant community development, and soil health.
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1. The document discusses various types of biofertilizers including Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Blue Green Algae, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria, and organic matter decomposers.
2. It describes how each works to fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, or decompose organic matter to improve soil fertility and enhance crop growth.
3. The advantages of biofertilizers are that they can replace chemical fertilizers, are pollution free, and help increase crop productivity while maintaining soil health.
Cyanobacteria as a Biofertilizer (BY- Ayushi).pptx
Cyanobacteria, also known as “blue-green algae”.
They are aquatic and photosynthetic, that is, they live in the water, and can manufacture their own food. Because they are bacteria, they are quite small and usually unicellular, though they often grow in colonies large enough to see.
They are the most abundant group of organisms on the earth. They are autotrophic and found in a diverse environment, especially in the marine and freshwater.
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This document discusses biosolubilization of insoluble phosphates in a fluidized bed bioreactor using immobilized microorganisms. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi were entrapped in calcium alginate and polyacrylamide gels and used to solubilize mineral phosphates in a fluidized bed bioreactor. This allows for reusability of the biocatalyst and control of reactions without contamination. The longevity of solubilization activity was tested through repeated batch experiments. Bioconversion using these immobilized microorganisms occurs at low temperatures and provides a sustainable way to extract and solubilize phosphates compared to conventional processes.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
This document summarizes the types and development of mycorrhizal symbiosis. It discusses:
1. There are several types of mycorrhizal associations including ectomycorrhiza, ectendomycorrhiza, ericoid mycorrhiza, and VA mycorrhiza.
2. The development of the mycorrhizal symbiosis occurs through asymbiotic and symbiotic stages, beginning with spore germination and hyphal growth, followed by recognition signals between the plant and fungi leading to appresorium formation and penetration of root cells.
3. In the mature symbiotic phase, the fungi form specialized structures inside root cells like arbuscules
Mycorrhiza
1) Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between fungi and plant roots where the fungi colonize the root system and form a network that assists the plant with nutrient and water absorption.
2) There are different types of mycorrhizal associations classified based on where the fungi grow in relation to the root, including ectomycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, and ectendomycorrhizae.
3) Mycorrhizal associations benefit plants by improving nutrient uptake, drought tolerance, and disease resistance, and are important for the growth of most plant species.
Rhizosphere
The rhizosphere is the region of soil surrounding plant roots that is influenced by root secretions like mucilage, exudates, and lysates. It contains many microorganisms in complex relationships with the plant roots. Root secretions, collectively known as rhizodeposition, enrich the soil environment and stimulate microbial growth in the rhizosphere compared to bulk soil, as measured by the R:S ratio of microorganisms. Rhizodeposition includes a variety of organic compounds that influence soil nutrients and microbes.
BIO FERTILIZER
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are substances containing living microorganisms that promote plant growth when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil. It describes different types of biofertilizers including nitrogen-fixing, compost, and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers. The document discusses the morphology, physiology, and recommended crops for specific nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium, Azospirillum, and Azotobacter. It also outlines the process for making biofertilizers including selecting carrier materials, sterilizing, and inoculating seeds or soil. The advantages and potential of biofertilizers are that they can increase yields while protecting the environment and soil fertility compared to chemical
Mycorrhizae
This document provides information about mycorrhizae, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhizae and describes the two main types: ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae are formed between fungi and the roots of about 10% of plant families, mainly woody plants. They involve a fungal sheath surrounding the root. Endomycorrhizae penetrate the root cells and include arbuscular mycorrhizae, the most common type, characterized by structures called arbuscules and vesicles. The relationship benefits both the plant, which receives increased nutrient and water absorption, and the fungus, which receives
Biological nitrogen fixation
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) can be defined as the conversion of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) under the combined action of biological and chemical activities
Mycorrhiza
This document provides an overview of mycorrhiza, which is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots. It defines mycorrhiza and explains that 95% of plant species form these relationships. It then classifies and describes the main types of mycorrhizal associations like ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, and orchid mycorrhiza. The document outlines the importance and benefits of mycorrhizal relationships for plant growth and health. It also discusses methods for isolating, mass producing, and applying mycorrhizal fungi.
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Bacterial physiology ppt
This document provides an overview of bacterial physiology, including:
1. Bacteria can be classified based on their nutritional requirements as autotrophs, which can synthesize their own organic compounds, or heterotrophs, which depend on external organic compounds.
2. Bacterial growth involves an increase in cell size and number through binary fission, with a typical generation time of 20 minutes. Growth is affected by temperature, oxygen levels, pH, moisture, and other environmental factors.
3. When bacteria are inoculated into a liquid medium, their growth follows distinct lag, exponential, stationary, and decline phases as seen on a growth curve showing changes in bacterial numbers over time.
Nitrobacteriaceae & Pseudomonas
This document discusses various groups of nitrifying bacteria and Pseudomonas bacteria. It describes five genera of nitrifying bacteria - Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, Nitrococcus, Nitrosipra, and Nitrosomonas. These bacteria are involved in the oxidation of ammonia to nitrites and nitrates. The document also discusses two pathogenic species of Pseudomonas - P. aeruginosa and P. pseudomallei. P. aeruginosa can cause various infections while P. pseudomallei causes melioidosis. The characteristics, growth conditions, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of these bacteria are also summarized.
fungi.pptx
This document discusses the morphology, classification, reproduction, and cultivation of fungi. It begins by defining fungi and their key characteristics such as eukaryotic cells with chitin cell walls. It then describes the morphological features of fungi including hyphae, mycelium, and differences between molds, yeasts, and dimorphic fungi. The document outlines methods of fungal classification and discusses life cycles involving asexual reproduction through spores and sexual reproduction. It concludes by covering common media used for fungal cultivation, such as Sabouraud agar.
Microbial Growth
This document provides an overview of microbial growth and the growth cycle of bacteria. It discusses binary fission as the process by which bacteria divide, as well as doubling time and exponential growth. The four phases of bacterial growth are described as lag phase, exponential/log phase, stationary phase, and death phase. The key requirements for bacterial growth are also outlined, including temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, oxygen, and organic growth factors. Various microorganisms are classified based on their temperature, pH, salt, and oxygen requirements. The roles of these different factors and requirements in microbial growth are explained.
BACTERIAL DISEASE OF PLANTS
This document provides an overview of bacterial plant pathogens. It begins with an introduction to bacteria and their role in nature, both beneficial and pathogenic. It then discusses the classification of phytopathogenic bacteria according to their shape, cellular structure, staining properties, and taxonomy. The document outlines common symptoms of bacterial diseases including leaf spots, blights, wilts, cankers, and galls. It provides examples of genera of bacteria that cause specific symptoms and diseases.
General charecteristics of bacteria
This document provides information on the characteristics of bacteria. It begins by describing bacteria as unicellular microorganisms that can be found in almost every ecosystem on Earth. It then discusses the history of bacteria discovery and outlines the evolution of bacteria. The rest of the document covers bacterial classification, morphology, reproduction, growth, pathogenicity, and virulence factors. It provides details on bacterial cell structures, various classification methods, and the mechanisms bacteria use to cause disease and evade the immune system.
Microbial growth
This document discusses various topics relating to bacterial growth, including:
- Bacterial growth occurs through binary fission or budding, where a parent cell splits into two daughter cells. Generation time is the time required for a cell to divide.
- Bacterial growth can be measured directly through plate counts, which involve serial dilutions and counting colony-forming units, or indirectly through metabolic activity.
- Bacterial growth phases include a lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
- Bacteria have various physical and chemical requirements for growth, such as appropriate temperatures, pH levels, oxygen levels, carbon sources, and nutrients.
- Culture media such as solid and liquid
Introduction and Classification of Fungi
This document provides an overview of fungal classification and a comparison of fungi and bacteria. It begins with learning outcomes and an introduction to fungi. It then compares key features of fungi and bacteria such as cell type, pH and temperature optimums, oxygen requirements, and cell wall components. The document classifies fungi into four classes based on cell morphology: molds, yeasts, yeast-like fungi, and dimorphic fungi. It further classifies fungi into four classes based on sexual spore formation: Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Fungi Imperfecti. Examples are provided for each class.
Nitrogen fixation -
Plant-microbe interactions can be mutualistic, with both organisms benefiting. Legumes form symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into plant-usable ammonia in nodules on the roots. Rhizobia colonize roots and signal the plant to form nodules. Inside the nodule, the bacteria differentiate into bacteroids and fix nitrogen in an oxygen-limited environment protected from oxygen toxicity. Many plants also interact mutualistically with endophytic fungi living internally without symptoms, and the fungi may produce compounds defending the plant against herbivores and pathogens.
Lecture 1 Basic Mycology.pptx
This document provides an overview of basic mycology:
- Fungi are chemoheterotrophs that can be aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. They exist as molds, yeasts, or fleshy fungi and reproduce both sexually and asexually through spores.
- Medically important fungi include zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and basidiomycetes. They cause diseases that can be systemic, cutaneous, or opportunistic. Diagnosis involves microscopy and culturing.
- Over 400 fungal species can infect humans but around 50 cause most infections. Treatment involves antifungal drugs that target differences in fungal and human cell membranes.
Semelhante a Rhizobium (20)
Lecture- 22 - Classification of Basidiomycota.pptx
Lecture- 22 - Classification of Basidiomycota.pptx
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-III Part-1 Study of morphology, cla...
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-III Part-1 Study of morphology, cla...
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Processors
A processor (CPU) is the logic circuitry that responds to and processes the basic instructions that drive a computer.
Aeroallergen
This document discusses various aeroallergens that can trigger allergic reactions, including pollen, dust mites, molds, pet dander, smoke, and volatile organic compounds. It describes how different allergens are released into the air and notes common symptoms they can cause like sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes. The document also provides examples of specific tree pollens and molds that are common causes of allergies. It concludes with some methods for removing allergen sources or reducing their impact like cleaning regularly, using air filters and essential oils.
Starter Culture
This document discusses starter cultures used in the production of fermented dairy and non-dairy products. It defines starter cultures as microorganisms deliberately added to milk to initiate and carry out desired fermentation. The key microorganisms used include various species of lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Streptococcus. The document discusses the classification, functions, and production of different starter cultures as well as their role in popular fermented foods like dahi, yogurt, and cheese.
Biological treatment of Waste water
Biological treatments rely on bacteria, nematodes, or other small organisms to break down organic wastes using normal cellular processes. Wastewater typically contains a buffet of organic matter, such as garbage, wastes, and partially digested foods. It also may contain pathogenic organisms, heavy metals, and toxins.
Malaria vaccine
A malaria vaccine is a vaccine that is used to prevent malaria. The only approved vaccine as of 2015 is RTS,S, known by the trade name Mosquirix. It requires four injections and has a relatively low efficacy.
Biotechnology for Solid waste Management
Biotechnology in solid waste management is the process of application of science and technology to the living and non-living materials for the treatment and disposal of solid waste and wastewater in controlled conditions without disturbing the ecosystem.
Ozone layer Depletion and its implications
Ozone depletion, gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities. The thinning is most pronounced in the polar regions, especially over Antarctica.
Eutrophication
Eutrophication is a process where bodies of water become over-enriched with minerals and nutrients which induces excessive growth of algae. This disrupts water quality and the balance of aquatic life. Humans exacerbate eutrophication through activities like sewage discharge, agricultural runoff, and atmospheric deposition which introduce fertilizers and other nutrients into bodies of water. Eutrophication follows stages including growth of plants due to nutrient addition, then algal blooms, followed by lack of oxygen as decomposers use up oxygen and plants die off.
Biotic interactions
Biotic factors also regulate the size of populations more intensely. Finally, the influence of biotic interactions can occur at two different levels. Interspecific effects are direct interactions between species, and the intraspecific effects represent interactions of individuals within a single species.
Atmosphere
Earth's atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that hover above our planet's surface. The atmosphere provides us with oxygen to breathe, shelters us from solar UV radiation, and warms Earth's surface via the greenhouse effect.
Vitamin
This document provides information on vitamins and minerals, including their functions, sources, and effects of deficiencies. It discusses that vitamins are micronutrients needed in small amounts that are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. Major minerals like calcium and phosphorus and trace minerals like iron and iodine are also outlined. The roles of specific vitamins A, D, E, K, B1-3, B9, C and minerals iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, zinc, and iodine are summarized. Fortification of foods is described as an effective public health strategy to prevent deficiencies.
Metagenomics
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. Metagenomics is a molecular tool used to analyse DNA acquired from environmental samples, in order to study the community of microorganisms present, without the necessity of obtaining pure cultures.
Superbugs
Superbugs are strains of bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi that are resistant to most of the antibiotics and other medications commonly used to treat the infections they cause. A few examples of superbugs include resistant bacteria that can cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections and skin infections.
SINGLE CELL PROTEINS
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CONTENTS-
Introduction
• History
• SCP production in India
• Raw materials
• SCP production
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Applications
• Conclusion
• References
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Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
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2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024. 8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
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Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
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Rhizobium
- 2. Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Alphaproteobacteria Order: Rhizobiales Family: Rhizobiaceae Genus: Rhizobium
- 3. Rods 0.5–1.0 × 1.2–3.0 𝛍m. Non- spore forming. Gram negative. Motile by 1–6 peritrichous flagella. Fimbriae have been described on some strains. Aerobic, possessing a respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Optimal temperature for growth, 25–30∘C; some species can grow at temperatures >40∘C. Optimal pH for growth, 6–7; range pH 4–10. Generation times of Rhizobium strains are 1.5–5.0 h. Colonies are usually white or beige, circular, convex, semi-translucent or opaque, raised and mucilaginous, usually 2–4 mm in diameter within 3–5 days.
- 4. Rhizobiacea family have 5 important genera 1.Rhizobium-slow-growing Rhizobia, produce acid. 2. Bradyrhizobium- Fast-growing Rhizobia, produce alkali. 3. Azorhizobium- it inducing both stem and root nodules. 4. Sinorhizobium. 5.Photorhizobium.
- 6. There are also two types of nodule that can be formed: determinate and indeterminate This outcome is controlled by the plant host Fast-growing Rhizobium spp. whose nodulation functions (nif, fix) are encoded on their symbiotic megaplasmids (pSym) Slow-growing Bradyrhizobium spp. whose N-fixation and nodulation functions are encoded on their chromosome.
- 7. Formed on tropical legumes by Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium Meristematic activity not persistent - present only during early stage of nodule formation; after that, cells simply expand rather than divide, to form globose nodules. Nodules arise just below epidermis; largely internal vascular system Uninfected cells dispersed throughout nodule; equipped to assimilate NH4 + as ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid)
- 8. Formed on temperate legumes (pea, clover, alfalfa); typically by Rhizobium spp. Cylindrical nodules with a persistent meristem; nodule growth creates zones of different developmental stages. Nodule arises near endodermis, and nodule vasculature clearly connected with root vascular system Uninfected cells of indeterminate nodules assimilate NH4 + as amides (asparagine, glutamine)
- 9. Critical steps in Root Nodule Formation Step 1: Recognition and attachment of bacterium to root hairs. Step 2: Excretion of nod factors by the bacterium Step 3: Bacterial invasion of the root hair Step 4: Travel to the main root via the infection thread Step 5: Formation of bacteroid state within plant cells Step 6: Continued plant and bacterial division, forming the mature root nodule
- 11. 1. The root excretes substances 2. These substances attract rhizobia and stimulate them to produce cell-division factors 3. Cells in the root cortex divide to form the primary nodule meristem.
- 12. 1. Bacteria attach to the root hair. 2. Cells in the pericycle near the xylem poles are stimulated to divide. 3. The infection thread forms and extends inward as the primary nodule meristem and the pericylce continue to divide. 4. The two masses of dividing cells fuse into a single clump while the infection thread continues to grow. 5. The nodule elongates and differentiates, including the vascular connection to the root stele. Bacteroids are released into the cells in the centre.
- 13. Plant cytoplasm Photosynthesis Symbiosome membrane Bacteroid membrane Sugars Organic acids Bacteroid Succinate Malate Fumarate Pyruvate e e Nitrogenase Citric acid cycle Proton motive force Electron transport chain Lb Leghemoglobin Glutamine Asparagine The Legume–Root Nodule Symbiosis The legume–bacteria symbiosis is characterized by several metabolic reactions and nutrient exchange.
- 15. Host plant Bacterial symbiont Alfalfa Rhizobium meliloti Clover Rhizobium trifolii Soybean Bradyrhizobium japonicum Beans Rhizobium phaseoli Pea Rhizobium leguminosarum Sesbania Azorhizobium caulinodans Complete listing can be found at at: http://cmgm.stanford.edu/~mbarnett/rhiz.htm Both plant and bacterial factors determine specificity
- 17. SOURCE- Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. Møller, and Angus Murphy Plant Physiology and Development Sixth Edition. Renu Verma, ... Senthilkumar Murugesan, in Beneficial Microbes in Agro-Ecology, 2020 F.B. Dazzo, S. Ganter, in Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition), 2009