The male reproductive system ensures the continuation of the species through spermatogenesis and secretion of hormones. The testes produce sperm and testosterone. Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm are produced from stem cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes over 74 days. Hormones such as FSH, LH, testosterone, and estrogen regulate spermatogenesis. Mature sperm are stored in the epididymis and emitted during ejaculation with secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and vas deferens that nourish and transport sperm.
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
Reproductive system
Anatomy of male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female
reproductive system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization,
spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy and parturition
Male reproductive system by Pandian M, tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Male reproductive functions
The male reproductive tract
Sagittal segments of testes and epididymis
Adolescence
General Physical Changes
Stages of spermatogenesis
Structure of the human spermatozoon.
Pathway for the passage of sperms
Semen
Composition & function
Capacitation
Factors affecting spermatogenesis
Hormones necessary for spermatogenesis
Functions of testosterone
Disorders of sexual development / applied
Effective public health programs, research, and policy relating to human sexuality, pregnancy, contraception, and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections depends upon knowledge of the structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of the male and female reproductive systems.
This gives in detail about male reproductive system including Spermatogenesis.
For more Physiology subscribe
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1QhJfPiWnmk2WpKVH1fzrQ
Students be able to identify the various structures of the male reproductive systems and state their functions;
Students be able to identify the various structures of the female reproductive systems and state their functions
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
Students be able to identify the various structures of the male reproductive systems and state their functions;
Students be able to identify the various structures of the female reproductive systems and state their functions
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 004 005 Spermatogenesis Oogenesis permatogenesis ...AHMED ASHOUR
Gametogenesis is the process by which specialized cells, called gametes, are produced in sexually reproducing organisms. Gametes are reproductive cells that carry genetic material and are involved in the formation of offspring during fertilization. In humans, gametogenesis occurs in the gonads—testes in males and ovaries in females—and involves the production of sperm and eggs, respectively.
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell
division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. The existence of a multicellular,
haploid phase in the life cycle between meiosis and gametogenesis is also referred to as
alternation of generations.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
Male reproductive system by Pandian M, tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP,MHPandian M
Male reproductive functions
The male reproductive tract
Sagittal segments of testes and epididymis
Adolescence
General Physical Changes
Stages of spermatogenesis
Structure of the human spermatozoon.
Pathway for the passage of sperms
Semen
Composition & function
Capacitation
Factors affecting spermatogenesis
Hormones necessary for spermatogenesis
Functions of testosterone
Disorders of sexual development / applied
Effective public health programs, research, and policy relating to human sexuality, pregnancy, contraception, and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections depends upon knowledge of the structure (anatomy) and function (physiology) of the male and female reproductive systems.
This gives in detail about male reproductive system including Spermatogenesis.
For more Physiology subscribe
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1QhJfPiWnmk2WpKVH1fzrQ
Students be able to identify the various structures of the male reproductive systems and state their functions;
Students be able to identify the various structures of the female reproductive systems and state their functions
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
Students be able to identify the various structures of the male reproductive systems and state their functions;
Students be able to identify the various structures of the female reproductive systems and state their functions
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
Reproduction is the process that continues life on Earth
Males and females each have structures specialized for their roles in reproduction.
Hormones are the key to how the human reproductive system functions,
Sex hormones are necessary for the development of sexual characteristics, such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males.
Hormones from the pituitary gland also begin the production of eggs in females and sperm in males. Eggs and sperm transfer hereditary information from one generation to the next.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 004 005 Spermatogenesis Oogenesis permatogenesis ...AHMED ASHOUR
Gametogenesis is the process by which specialized cells, called gametes, are produced in sexually reproducing organisms. Gametes are reproductive cells that carry genetic material and are involved in the formation of offspring during fertilization. In humans, gametogenesis occurs in the gonads—testes in males and ovaries in females—and involves the production of sperm and eggs, respectively.
1. Spermatogenesis (Spermatocytogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Spermiation, Shape and function of cells inside the Testis, Semen and sperm structure, Sperm journey after synthesis to outside)
Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell
division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. The existence of a multicellular,
haploid phase in the life cycle between meiosis and gametogenesis is also referred to as
alternation of generations.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. „INTRODUCTION
Reproductive system ensures the continuation
of species.
Gonads are the primary reproductive organs
which produce the gametes.
a pair of testes produces sperms in males
a pair of ovaries produces ovum in females.
Normally, most of the animals including humans
are either definite males or definite females.
3. Sexual Differentiation
Sexual differentiation includes the development of
the gonads, the internal genital tract, and the
external genitalia. "Maleness" or "femaleness"
can be characterized in three ways:
(1) genetic sex, whether the sex chromosomes are
XY or XX
(2) gonadal sex, whether the gonads are testes or
ovaries
(3) phenotypic or genital sex, whether the person
looks like a male or a female
9. The male gonads are the testes, which have two
functions: spermatogenesis and secretion of
testosterone.
Normally, the testes occupy the scrotum, which lies
outside the body cavity and is maintained at 35°
to 36°C, or 1° to 2°C below body temperature.
This lower temperature, essential for normal
spermatogenesis, is maintained by a
countercurrent arrangement of testicular arteries
and veins, which facilitates heat exchange.
10. Eighty percent of the adult testis is composed of
seminiferous tubules, which produce the
sperm.
The seminiferous tubules are convoluted loops,
120 to 300 μm in diameter, which are
arranged in lobules and surrounded by
connective tissue.
11. The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules
consists of three cell types:
1. Spermatogonia which are the stem cells
2. Spermatocytes which are cells in the process
of becoming sperm
3. Sertoli cells, which support the developing
sperm.
12. The Sertoli cells
Lining the seminiferous tubules have three
important functions that support
spermatogenesis.
(1) The Sertoli cells provide nutrients to the
differentiating sperm (which are isolated from
the bloodstream).
(2) Sertoli cells form tight junctions with each other,
creating a barrier between the testes and the
bloodstream called the blood-testes barrier.
13. The blood-testes barrier imparts a selective
permeability, admitting "allowable"
substances such as testosterone to cross but
prohibiting noxious substances that might
damage the developing sperm.
(3) Sertoli cells secrete an aqueous fluid into the
lumen of the seminiferous tubules, which
helps to transport sperm through the tubules
into the epididymis.
14. The remaining 20% of the adult testis is
connective tissue interspersed with Leydig
cells.
The function of the Leydig cells is synthesis and
secretion of testosterone, the male sex steroid
hormone.
15. Testosterone has both local (paracrine) effects
that support spermatogenesis in the testicular
Sertoli cells and endocrine effects on other
target organs (e.g., skeletal muscle and the
prostate).
16. FUNCTIONS OF TESTES
Testes performs two functions:
1. Gametogenic function: Spermatogenesis
2. Endocrine function: Secretion of hormones
18. Stages of spermatogenic cells
Different stages of spermatogenic cells seen
from periphery to the lumen of seminiferous
tubules are:
1. Spermatogonium
2. Primary spermatocyte
3. Secondary spermatocyte
4. Spermatid.
19. GAMETOGENIC FUNCTIONS OF
TESTES – SPERMATOGENESIS
Spermatogenesis is the process by which the male
gametes called spermatozoa (sperms) are
formed from the primitive spermatogenic cells
(spermatogonia) in the testis .
It takes 74 days for the formation of sperm from a
primitive germ cell. Throughout the process of
spermatogenesis, the spermatogenic cells have
cytoplasmic attachment with Sertoli cells.
Sertoli cells supply all the necessary materials for
spermatogenesis through the cytoplasmic
attachment.
21. 1. Stage of Proliferation
Each spermatogonium contains diploid
number (23 pairs) of chromosomes. One
member of each pair is from maternal origin
and the other one from paternal origin. The
23 pairs include 22 pairs of autosomal
chromosomes and one pair of sex
chromosomes.
Sex chromosomes are one X chromosome and
one Y chromosome.
22. During the proliferative stage, spermatogonia
divide by mitosis, without any change in
chromosomal number. In man, there are
usually seven generations of spermatogonia.
The last generation enters the stage of growth
as primary spermatocyte.
During this stage, the spermatogonia migrate
along with Sertoli cells towards the lumen of
seminiferous tubule.
23. 2. Stage of Growth
In this stage, the primary spermatocyte grows
into a large cell. Apart from growth, there is
no other change in spermatocyte during this
stage.
24. 3. Stage of Maturation
After reaching the full size, each primary
spermatocyte quickly undergoes meiotic or
maturation division, which occurs in two phases:
First phase
In the first phase, each primary spermatocyte
divides into two secondary spermatocytes. The
significance of the first meiotic division is that
each secondary spermatocyte receives only the
haploid or half the number of chromosomes. 23
chromosomes include 22 autosomes and a X or a
Y chromosome.
25. Second phase
During this phase, each secondary spermatocyte
undergoes second meiotic division, resulting
in two smaller cells called spermatids. Each
spermatid has haploid number of
chromosomes.
26. 4. Stage of Transformation
There is no further division. Spermatids are
transformed into matured spermatozoa
(sperms), by means of spermeogenesis and
released by spermination.
28. Spermeogenesis
Spermeogenesis is the process by which
spermatids become matured spermatozoa.
Changes taking place during spermeogenesis:
i. Condensation of nuclear material
ii. Formation of acrosome, mitochondrial spiral
filament and tail structures
iii. Removal of extraneous (extra volume of
nonessential) cytoplasm.
29. Spermination
Spermination is the process by which the
matured sperms are released from Sertoli cells
into the lumen of seminiferous tubules.
31. 2. Role of Hormones in
Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is influenced by many hormones, which
act either directly or indirectly gives the hormones
essential for each stage of spermatogenesis.
Hormones necessary for spermatogenesis are:
i. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
ii. Testosterone
iii. Estrogen
iv. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
v. Growth hormone (GH)
vi. Inhibin
vii. Activin.
32. i. Follicule-stimulating hormone
Responsible for the initiation of
spermatogenesis.
It binds with Sertoli cells and spermatogonia
and induces the proliferation of
spermatogonia. It also stimulates the
formation of estrogen and androgen-binding
protein from Sertoli cells
33. ii. Testosterone
Testosterone is responsible for the sequence
of remaining stages in spermatogenesis. It is
also responsible for the maintenance of
spermatogenesis.
Testosterone activity is largely influenced by
androgen-binding protein.
34. iii. Estrogen
Estrogen is formed from testosterone in Sertoli
cells. It is necessary for spermeogenesis.
iv. Luteinizing Hormone
In males, this hormone is called interstitial
cellstimulating hormone. It is essential for the
secretion of testosterone from Leydig cells.
35. v. Growth Hormone
Growth hormone is essential for the general
metabolic processes in testis. It is also
necessary for the proliferation of
spermatogonia. In pituitary dwarfs, the
spermatogenesis is severely affected.
36. vi. Inhibin
Inhibin plays an important role in the regulation
of spermatogenesis by inhibiting FSH
secretion through feedback mechanism.
37. vii. Activin
Activin is also a peptide hormone secreted in
gonads along with inhibin. The exact location
of its secretion in testis is not known. It is
suggested that activin is secreted by Sertoli
cells and Leydig cells.
Activin has opposite actions of inhibin. It
increases the secretion of FSH and accelerates
spermatogenesis.
38. STORAGE OF SPERM, EJACULATION,
AND FUNCTION OF SEX ACCESSORY
GLANDS
Sperm leave the testes through ducts that carry
them to the epididymis, the primary location
for the maturation and storage of sperm. They
remain viable in the epididymis for several
months.
39. During sexual arousal, contractions of the
smooth muscle around the ducts advance
sperm through the epididymis.
At ejaculation, sperm are expelled into the vas
deferens and then into the urethra.
The ampulla of the vas deferens provides an
additional storage area for sperm and secretes
a fluid rich in citrate and fructose, which
nourishes the ejaculated sperm.
40. The seminal vesicles secrete a fluid rich in
fructose, citrate, prostaglandins, and
fibrinogen.
As the vas deferens empties its sperm into the
ejaculatory duct, each seminal vesicle
contributes its secretions, which also will be
nutritive for the ejaculated sperm.
41. The prostaglandins present in seminal fluid may
assist in fertilization in two ways:
(1) Prostaglandins react with cervical mucus to
make it more penetrable by sperm; and
(2) prostaglandins induce peristaltic contractions
in the female reproductive tract (i.e., the
uterus and fallopian tubes) to propel the
sperm up the tract.
42. The prostate gland adds its own secretion to the
ejaculate, a milky aqueous solution rich in citrate,
calcium, and enzymes.
The prostatic secretion is slightly alkaline, which
increases sperm motility and aids in fertilization
by neutralizing acidic secretions from the vas
deferens and the vagina.
Collectively, the combined secretions of the male
sex accessory glands compose 90% of the volume
of semen, and sperm compose the remaining
10%.
44. „HORMONES SECRETED BY TESTES
Testes secrete male sex hormones, which are
collectively called the androgens.
Androgens secreted by testes are:
1. Testosterone
2. Dihydrotestosterone
3. Androstenedione.