This document provides an overview of key concepts in ethnographic research. It discusses participant observation and immersion, which involve researchers embedding themselves in the culture they are studying. Taking detailed field notes and engaging in reflexivity are important practices. Cultural understanding requires sensitivity to norms, values and practices. Interpretation must avoid bias and consider emic and etic perspectives. Ethnography has undergone ethical changes like ensuring informed consent, addressing power imbalances, maintaining confidentiality and building long-term community relationships.
Welcome to my educational page, where you can find a wealth of information about teaching and learning. As an experienced educationist, I'm passionate about sharing my knowledge and expertise with others to help them achieve their full potential. Whether you're a teacher, student, or simply interested in education, you'll find valuable insights and resources here. From practical classroom tips to the latest research on education, my blog covers a wide range of topics to help you stay informed and inspired. Join me on this journey of learning and discovery, and let's make education accessible and engaging for everyone!
Ethnography is described as the art and science of describing a culture or group. It relies on up-close experience and participation from researchers to understand the natural setting and points of view of those being observed. Ethnographic research is qualitative and subjective in nature, focusing on descriptions over statistics. It aims to understand cultural perspectives to explain human actions. The research process is inductive and involves naturalistic observation, interviews, and document collection to develop narrative descriptions. Ethical concerns around informed consent, privacy, harm, and exploitation must also be considered. Program evaluation similarly uses social research methodologies but requires additional skills to operate within political and organizational contexts to influence decision making through empirical feedback. Common evaluation strategies include scientific-experimental,
ETHNOGRAPHY. presentation for advanced classroom action researchFauziatunNisa1
This document provides an overview of ethnography. It defines ethnography as a qualitative research method that involves observing and understanding the cultural practices of a group in their natural setting. The document outlines the meaning, purpose, characteristics, uses, methodology, skills required, and advantages and shortcomings of ethnographic research. It explains that the goal of ethnography is to obtain a deep understanding of people and their culture from their perspective through fieldwork methods like observation and interviews.
Ethnography is a qualitative research method used to understand particular social or cultural groups. Researchers immerse themselves in a group to gain insight from an insider's perspective through participation, interviews, and analyzing documents. Key aspects of ethnography include choosing a group to study, determining how long to participate before drawing conclusions, and following important research steps like gaining access, documenting behaviors, analyzing data, and verifying findings. When conducted rigorously, ethnography provides valuable insights into how groups maintain culture through communication and social interaction.
Linguistic ethnography combines ethnographic and linguistic approaches to study language use in everyday social interactions within cultural groups. It allows researchers to observe and analyze natural language use to gain insights into how language shapes identities, culture, and social dynamics. In education, it has helped improve understanding of multilingual classrooms and student experiences. In workplaces, it has provided valuable insights into communication practices, power dynamics, and the role of language in organizational culture.
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
Ethnography is a qualitative research methodology used by anthropologists and social scientists to understand human cultures and behaviors. It involves direct observation and immersion in a cultural group over an extended period of time. The researcher observes customs, behaviors, interactions, and meanings to develop a holistic understanding of the group from an insider's perspective. Key advantages include obtaining detailed, first-hand data in a natural setting. However, ethnography also has disadvantages such as the extensive time commitment required and difficulties presenting and replicating results due to the diverse data collected.
The one of the major approaches of the Qualitative Research is Ethnography, sometimes known as Cultural Anthropology or sometimes called as Naturalistic Enquiry. Its disciplinary origin is Anthropology. Ethnography deals with the discovery and description of culture of a group or group of individual. As the concept of culture is the central theme of Ethnography Research; that’s why the question raised from this point of view is that what the Cultural characteristics of a group of individuals are? Here Culture means the system of norms and standards that a society develops over the courses of many generations. Ethnography research helps to search very complicated or complex deign challenges. A tremendous and effective researcher is needed when he or she is viewing or observing or interacting with target population in their real-life situation. Ethnography Research is a one of the most important qualitative research where researcher observe or interact with the target population and researcher plays an important role to obtain useful cultural information that’s why Ethnography research is known as cultural ethnography or cultural anthropology. This kind of research is a part of social science research. We know there are several forms of Ethnography research. As for example, confessional Ethnography research, life history Ethnography research, feminist Ethnography research, realist Ethnography research, critical Ethnography research etc. Out of the several form of Ethnography research, the two most common and popular form of Ethnography research are “Realist Ethnography Research” and “Critical Ethnography Research”. The “Realist EthnographyResearch” is sometimes known as traditional Ethnography research whereas the critical Ethnography research is concerned with those group or group of individuals who are marginalized in society. The toughest activity of Ethnography research is the researcher should play as a member of the target population and spent several months even if several years with target population or group. Therefore, Ethnography researches not only a qualitative research but also it is a longitudinal research.
Welcome to my educational page, where you can find a wealth of information about teaching and learning. As an experienced educationist, I'm passionate about sharing my knowledge and expertise with others to help them achieve their full potential. Whether you're a teacher, student, or simply interested in education, you'll find valuable insights and resources here. From practical classroom tips to the latest research on education, my blog covers a wide range of topics to help you stay informed and inspired. Join me on this journey of learning and discovery, and let's make education accessible and engaging for everyone!
Ethnography is described as the art and science of describing a culture or group. It relies on up-close experience and participation from researchers to understand the natural setting and points of view of those being observed. Ethnographic research is qualitative and subjective in nature, focusing on descriptions over statistics. It aims to understand cultural perspectives to explain human actions. The research process is inductive and involves naturalistic observation, interviews, and document collection to develop narrative descriptions. Ethical concerns around informed consent, privacy, harm, and exploitation must also be considered. Program evaluation similarly uses social research methodologies but requires additional skills to operate within political and organizational contexts to influence decision making through empirical feedback. Common evaluation strategies include scientific-experimental,
ETHNOGRAPHY. presentation for advanced classroom action researchFauziatunNisa1
This document provides an overview of ethnography. It defines ethnography as a qualitative research method that involves observing and understanding the cultural practices of a group in their natural setting. The document outlines the meaning, purpose, characteristics, uses, methodology, skills required, and advantages and shortcomings of ethnographic research. It explains that the goal of ethnography is to obtain a deep understanding of people and their culture from their perspective through fieldwork methods like observation and interviews.
Ethnography is a qualitative research method used to understand particular social or cultural groups. Researchers immerse themselves in a group to gain insight from an insider's perspective through participation, interviews, and analyzing documents. Key aspects of ethnography include choosing a group to study, determining how long to participate before drawing conclusions, and following important research steps like gaining access, documenting behaviors, analyzing data, and verifying findings. When conducted rigorously, ethnography provides valuable insights into how groups maintain culture through communication and social interaction.
Linguistic ethnography combines ethnographic and linguistic approaches to study language use in everyday social interactions within cultural groups. It allows researchers to observe and analyze natural language use to gain insights into how language shapes identities, culture, and social dynamics. In education, it has helped improve understanding of multilingual classrooms and student experiences. In workplaces, it has provided valuable insights into communication practices, power dynamics, and the role of language in organizational culture.
Ethnography is a Social science research method. It is the primary data collection method. It is mainly combined with social background. A qualitative approach that studies the cultural patterns and perspectives of participants in their natural setting.
Ethnography came from Greek, it identifies its roots in sociology and anthropology.
*Ethnos = People
*Graphing = Writing
“Ethnography literally means ‘a portrait of a people’. Ethnography is a written description of a particular culture, the custom, belief and behaviour based on information collected through field work.” (Harris and Johnson 2000).
Ethnography is a qualitative research methodology used by anthropologists and social scientists to understand human cultures and behaviors. It involves direct observation and immersion in a cultural group over an extended period of time. The researcher observes customs, behaviors, interactions, and meanings to develop a holistic understanding of the group from an insider's perspective. Key advantages include obtaining detailed, first-hand data in a natural setting. However, ethnography also has disadvantages such as the extensive time commitment required and difficulties presenting and replicating results due to the diverse data collected.
The one of the major approaches of the Qualitative Research is Ethnography, sometimes known as Cultural Anthropology or sometimes called as Naturalistic Enquiry. Its disciplinary origin is Anthropology. Ethnography deals with the discovery and description of culture of a group or group of individual. As the concept of culture is the central theme of Ethnography Research; that’s why the question raised from this point of view is that what the Cultural characteristics of a group of individuals are? Here Culture means the system of norms and standards that a society develops over the courses of many generations. Ethnography research helps to search very complicated or complex deign challenges. A tremendous and effective researcher is needed when he or she is viewing or observing or interacting with target population in their real-life situation. Ethnography Research is a one of the most important qualitative research where researcher observe or interact with the target population and researcher plays an important role to obtain useful cultural information that’s why Ethnography research is known as cultural ethnography or cultural anthropology. This kind of research is a part of social science research. We know there are several forms of Ethnography research. As for example, confessional Ethnography research, life history Ethnography research, feminist Ethnography research, realist Ethnography research, critical Ethnography research etc. Out of the several form of Ethnography research, the two most common and popular form of Ethnography research are “Realist Ethnography Research” and “Critical Ethnography Research”. The “Realist EthnographyResearch” is sometimes known as traditional Ethnography research whereas the critical Ethnography research is concerned with those group or group of individuals who are marginalized in society. The toughest activity of Ethnography research is the researcher should play as a member of the target population and spent several months even if several years with target population or group. Therefore, Ethnography researches not only a qualitative research but also it is a longitudinal research.
Ethnographic research aims to holistically understand a society, group, or situation. Key tools include in-depth interviews and long-term participant observation to document individual experiences and portray the "whole picture" from an insider's perspective. Researchers immerse themselves in the culture, consider important contexts, refrain from value judgments, and provide thick descriptions to represent participants' realities as accurately as possible. Both qualitative and quantitative data are analyzed for patterns and key events to paint a thorough portrait of the social environment.
Participant observation is a qualitative research method where a researcher immerses themselves in a group to observe and participate in their daily lives over an extended period of time. This allows the researcher to gain an intimate understanding of the group's practices, behaviors, and culture. There are various levels of participation a researcher can take, from non-participatory observation to fully embracing the group's customs. While this provides rich insights, it also carries risks like bias and losing objectivity. Participant observation works best when little is known about a topic or to study phenomena in natural settings.
Participant observation is a qualitative research method where a researcher immerses themselves in a group to observe and participate in their daily lives over an extended period of time. This allows the researcher to gain an intimate understanding of the group's practices, behaviors, and culture. There are various levels of participation a researcher can take, from non-participatory observation to fully embracing the group's customs. While this provides rich insights, it also carries risks like bias and losing objectivity. Participant observation works best when little is known about a topic or setting and a detailed understanding is needed.
Participant observation is a qualitative research method where a researcher immerses themselves in a group to observe and participate in their daily lives over an extended period of time. This allows the researcher to gain an intimate understanding of the group's practices, behaviors, and culture. There are various levels of participation a researcher can take, from non-participatory observation to complete participation where they are already a member of the group. While this provides valuable insights, it also has limitations such as potential researcher bias and not capturing a fully objective view of the group.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It begins by defining qualitative research as a type of research that explores real-world problems through collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by observing what people do and say. It then discusses various qualitative research methods like ethnography, grounded theory, case studies, phenomenology, narrative analysis, and historical studies. Key characteristics of qualitative research are also outlined such as using a natural setting, the researcher as the key instrument, inductive data analysis, and focusing on meanings from participants. The document concludes by discussing the importance of qualitative research across different fields in understanding complex phenomena and informing policy.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's interpretations through exploratory, discovery-based methods like observation and interviews. It emphasizes understanding variables in their natural context and the interactions between them. There are five main approaches: ethnography immerses researchers in an entire culture; field research observes groups in natural settings; phenomenology understands subjective experiences; grounded theory develops theories from observations; and case studies provide in-depth analysis of specific cases. While qualitative research provides rich, comprehensive data, it can be difficult to ensure reliability, prevent bias, and generalize findings.
qualitative research design bsc nursing .pdfdreamerguru07
Qualitative research is an inductive approach used to discover or expand knowledge through the involvement of the researcher. It aims to understand phenomena through meanings and experiences rather than quantification. Common qualitative designs include phenomenology to understand life experiences, grounded theory to develop social processes, ethnography to describe cultures, and historical research using primary sources. Qualitative data comes from various sources like interviews, observations, documents and recordings.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as involving the collection, analysis, and interpretation of non-numerical data to understand human problems from multiple perspectives within a natural setting. Some key qualitative methods discussed include case studies, ethnographic research, participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Case studies explore a single phenomenon bounded by time and activity through various data collection methods. Ethnographic research studies intact cultural groups in natural settings. Participant observation allows researchers to fully understand societies by participating in or observing group activities. Qualitative interviews are less structured than surveys and allow informants to guide discussions. Focus groups generate ideas through discussions among a diverse group of participants.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic research. It defines ethnography as the in-depth study of a culture or social group through techniques like observation and interviews. There are different types of ethnographic designs, including realist ethnographies which provide an objective account, case studies which focus on a specific event or activity, and critical ethnographies which aim to advocate for marginalized groups. Key characteristics of ethnographic research include studying cultural themes, a culture-sharing group, collecting data through fieldwork, analyzing shared patterns of behavior, and interpreting findings within their proper context while being reflexive of the researcher's role.
Naturalistic observation is a research method that involves observing behaviors or phenomena in their natural environment without manipulation. Its origins date back to the late 19th century with scientists like Darwin and William James who emphasized studying behaviors in context. There are various types of naturalistic observation including structured versus unstructured, and participant versus non-participant observation. Examples of its application include Jane Goodall's seminal research on chimpanzees in Tanzania which provided insights into their tool use, social hierarchies, communication, and hunting behaviors. Key data collection techniques involve maintaining objectivity through approaches like participant observation, structured observation scales, and systematic recording of predefined behaviors.
This document defines and describes ethnographic research. It discusses that ethnography involves observing and describing a culture or group through methods such as participant observation, interviews, and collection of artifacts. It outlines some key characteristics of ethnographic research such as long-term involvement in the field, collection of large amounts of data, and having no pre-determined hypotheses. The document also discusses different types of ethnographies including realist, case studies, and critical ethnographies. Finally, it covers the steps involved in conducting ethnographic research and analyses some of the advantages and disadvantages of the method.
1. The document discusses several qualitative research designs including ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, historical research, case study, feminist research, and action research.
2. Qualitative research aims to explore phenomena through words rather than numbers to gain an understanding from the participant's perspective.
3. The key types of qualitative research designs discussed are ethnography which studies culture, phenomenology which describes the meaning of lived experiences, and grounded theory which develops theories grounded in data.
Field Research methodologies_ Dr. M Shah Alam KhanSaciWATERs
This document discusses field research methodologies for studying water security in peri-urban South Asia. It emphasizes the importance of understanding both social and biophysical processes through an integrated approach using appropriate quantitative and qualitative tools. Participatory approaches that incorporate local knowledge are highlighted, including the value of indigenous knowledge systems and gender analysis. The document also discusses multi-disciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and transdisciplinarity in research. Specific quantitative and qualitative tools covered include sampling, questionnaires, participatory rural appraisal techniques like mapping, transect walks, and event analysis.
Ethnography is a qualitative research method used in social sciences that focuses on observing social interactions and practices of cultural groups. It involves long-term, in-depth fieldwork where the researcher immerses themselves in the daily lives of the culture being studied through methods like participant observation and interviews. The goal is to understand the culture from the perspective of its members through descriptive analysis of collected data on cultural behaviors, beliefs, and language. Some challenges include needing expertise in the culture, gaining access and trust, potential for bias, and issues with generalizing findings.
The document discusses different research approaches and designs. It defines research approach as a broad term that explains how a problem can be approached, while research design is more specific and explains how a problem is solved using a particular approach. Some key qualitative research designs discussed include phenomenological design, ethnography, grounded theory, case studies, and historical research. Characteristics, research problems, sampling, data collection and analysis are described for each design. Quantitative and mixed method designs are also briefly mentioned.
Deciding Suitable Qualitative Research in Areas of Interest.pptxJoshuaApolonio1
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as studies that investigate relationships, activities, situations or materials through words and meanings rather than numbers. The researcher plays an important role by directly interacting with participants through interviews and observations to understand their perspectives. Some key types of qualitative research discussed include ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, grounded theory, and case studies. The document emphasizes that qualitative research is important for understanding social phenomena and generating explanations in fields like education, health, and social sciences.
This document discusses ethnographic research methods. It defines ethnographic research as a qualitative method where researchers observe participants in natural settings to understand behaviors. Key strengths are providing comprehensive perspectives. Ethnographers try to explain culture by gaining knowledge of history, social structures, beliefs and customs. They develop perspectives from within the culture and as external observers. Ethnographic research seldom uses hypotheses but develops them during the study. Samples are purposive rather than generalizable. Data collection uses participant observation and interviews through field notes, jottings, diaries and logs. Advantages include understanding context-dependent behaviors, while disadvantages include bias and lack of validation.
This document discusses the differences between deductive and inductive reasoning, as well as etic and emic approaches in research. Deductive reasoning starts with a general hypothesis and reaches a specific conclusion, while inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Etic approaches apply established theories to research, potentially imposing biases, while emic approaches immerse researchers in a culture to understand it from within and develop culturally relevant instruments and conclusions. Both have strengths and limitations for understanding human behavior across cultures.
The document discusses the case study method, which involves an in-depth analysis of a single social unit. It provides definitions of case study from several scholars, noting it is a complete analysis of an individual or group with respect to specific aspects. Key aspects of the case study method include studying a single unit in its entirety, using intensive and qualitative research that relies on observation over facts. Researchers have flexibility in their approach and can collect various data sources like personal records, life histories, interviews and observations. The goal is to help explain causal relationships beyond just collecting data.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic research methodology. It defines ethnography as writing about groups of people through observation and interviews to understand their culture, including behaviors, beliefs, and language. There are different types of ethnographic designs like realist, case studies, and critical ethnographies. Realist ethnographies take a third-person objective viewpoint while critical ethnographies aim to advocate for marginalized groups. Key aspects of ethnography include identifying a culture-sharing group, collecting emic and etic data, describing cultural themes, and interpreting findings through detailed descriptions and thematic analysis within its cultural context. The document outlines steps for conducting ethnography, including gaining access and approval, collecting multiple sources of data through fieldwork, and
This document discusses learner-centered approaches to training. It makes three key points:
1. Learner-centered approaches value learners' diverse backgrounds and prior knowledge, creating an inclusive learning environment where learners feel comfortable sharing their ideas.
2. Learners are encouraged to actively participate by contributing their ideas and experiences and collaborating with peers, promoting deeper learning and knowledge application.
3. Learners construct new knowledge by drawing on their existing knowledge and experiences, while trainers design practical tasks so learners can apply their learning to real-world scenarios.
This document provides an overview of regression analysis, including linear and multiple regression. It defines regression analysis as predicting an outcome variable from one or more predictor variables. Linear regression predicts the outcome from one predictor, while multiple regression uses two or more predictors. The document outlines the key assumptions of both linear and multiple regression models and provides examples of how they can be applied in various domains like medicine, biology, management, and education.
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Ethnographic research aims to holistically understand a society, group, or situation. Key tools include in-depth interviews and long-term participant observation to document individual experiences and portray the "whole picture" from an insider's perspective. Researchers immerse themselves in the culture, consider important contexts, refrain from value judgments, and provide thick descriptions to represent participants' realities as accurately as possible. Both qualitative and quantitative data are analyzed for patterns and key events to paint a thorough portrait of the social environment.
Participant observation is a qualitative research method where a researcher immerses themselves in a group to observe and participate in their daily lives over an extended period of time. This allows the researcher to gain an intimate understanding of the group's practices, behaviors, and culture. There are various levels of participation a researcher can take, from non-participatory observation to fully embracing the group's customs. While this provides rich insights, it also carries risks like bias and losing objectivity. Participant observation works best when little is known about a topic or to study phenomena in natural settings.
Participant observation is a qualitative research method where a researcher immerses themselves in a group to observe and participate in their daily lives over an extended period of time. This allows the researcher to gain an intimate understanding of the group's practices, behaviors, and culture. There are various levels of participation a researcher can take, from non-participatory observation to fully embracing the group's customs. While this provides rich insights, it also carries risks like bias and losing objectivity. Participant observation works best when little is known about a topic or setting and a detailed understanding is needed.
Participant observation is a qualitative research method where a researcher immerses themselves in a group to observe and participate in their daily lives over an extended period of time. This allows the researcher to gain an intimate understanding of the group's practices, behaviors, and culture. There are various levels of participation a researcher can take, from non-participatory observation to complete participation where they are already a member of the group. While this provides valuable insights, it also has limitations such as potential researcher bias and not capturing a fully objective view of the group.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It begins by defining qualitative research as a type of research that explores real-world problems through collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data by observing what people do and say. It then discusses various qualitative research methods like ethnography, grounded theory, case studies, phenomenology, narrative analysis, and historical studies. Key characteristics of qualitative research are also outlined such as using a natural setting, the researcher as the key instrument, inductive data analysis, and focusing on meanings from participants. The document concludes by discussing the importance of qualitative research across different fields in understanding complex phenomena and informing policy.
Qualitative research aims to understand people's interpretations through exploratory, discovery-based methods like observation and interviews. It emphasizes understanding variables in their natural context and the interactions between them. There are five main approaches: ethnography immerses researchers in an entire culture; field research observes groups in natural settings; phenomenology understands subjective experiences; grounded theory develops theories from observations; and case studies provide in-depth analysis of specific cases. While qualitative research provides rich, comprehensive data, it can be difficult to ensure reliability, prevent bias, and generalize findings.
qualitative research design bsc nursing .pdfdreamerguru07
Qualitative research is an inductive approach used to discover or expand knowledge through the involvement of the researcher. It aims to understand phenomena through meanings and experiences rather than quantification. Common qualitative designs include phenomenology to understand life experiences, grounded theory to develop social processes, ethnography to describe cultures, and historical research using primary sources. Qualitative data comes from various sources like interviews, observations, documents and recordings.
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as involving the collection, analysis, and interpretation of non-numerical data to understand human problems from multiple perspectives within a natural setting. Some key qualitative methods discussed include case studies, ethnographic research, participant observation, interviews, and focus groups. Case studies explore a single phenomenon bounded by time and activity through various data collection methods. Ethnographic research studies intact cultural groups in natural settings. Participant observation allows researchers to fully understand societies by participating in or observing group activities. Qualitative interviews are less structured than surveys and allow informants to guide discussions. Focus groups generate ideas through discussions among a diverse group of participants.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic research. It defines ethnography as the in-depth study of a culture or social group through techniques like observation and interviews. There are different types of ethnographic designs, including realist ethnographies which provide an objective account, case studies which focus on a specific event or activity, and critical ethnographies which aim to advocate for marginalized groups. Key characteristics of ethnographic research include studying cultural themes, a culture-sharing group, collecting data through fieldwork, analyzing shared patterns of behavior, and interpreting findings within their proper context while being reflexive of the researcher's role.
Naturalistic observation is a research method that involves observing behaviors or phenomena in their natural environment without manipulation. Its origins date back to the late 19th century with scientists like Darwin and William James who emphasized studying behaviors in context. There are various types of naturalistic observation including structured versus unstructured, and participant versus non-participant observation. Examples of its application include Jane Goodall's seminal research on chimpanzees in Tanzania which provided insights into their tool use, social hierarchies, communication, and hunting behaviors. Key data collection techniques involve maintaining objectivity through approaches like participant observation, structured observation scales, and systematic recording of predefined behaviors.
This document defines and describes ethnographic research. It discusses that ethnography involves observing and describing a culture or group through methods such as participant observation, interviews, and collection of artifacts. It outlines some key characteristics of ethnographic research such as long-term involvement in the field, collection of large amounts of data, and having no pre-determined hypotheses. The document also discusses different types of ethnographies including realist, case studies, and critical ethnographies. Finally, it covers the steps involved in conducting ethnographic research and analyses some of the advantages and disadvantages of the method.
1. The document discusses several qualitative research designs including ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, historical research, case study, feminist research, and action research.
2. Qualitative research aims to explore phenomena through words rather than numbers to gain an understanding from the participant's perspective.
3. The key types of qualitative research designs discussed are ethnography which studies culture, phenomenology which describes the meaning of lived experiences, and grounded theory which develops theories grounded in data.
Field Research methodologies_ Dr. M Shah Alam KhanSaciWATERs
This document discusses field research methodologies for studying water security in peri-urban South Asia. It emphasizes the importance of understanding both social and biophysical processes through an integrated approach using appropriate quantitative and qualitative tools. Participatory approaches that incorporate local knowledge are highlighted, including the value of indigenous knowledge systems and gender analysis. The document also discusses multi-disciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and transdisciplinarity in research. Specific quantitative and qualitative tools covered include sampling, questionnaires, participatory rural appraisal techniques like mapping, transect walks, and event analysis.
Ethnography is a qualitative research method used in social sciences that focuses on observing social interactions and practices of cultural groups. It involves long-term, in-depth fieldwork where the researcher immerses themselves in the daily lives of the culture being studied through methods like participant observation and interviews. The goal is to understand the culture from the perspective of its members through descriptive analysis of collected data on cultural behaviors, beliefs, and language. Some challenges include needing expertise in the culture, gaining access and trust, potential for bias, and issues with generalizing findings.
The document discusses different research approaches and designs. It defines research approach as a broad term that explains how a problem can be approached, while research design is more specific and explains how a problem is solved using a particular approach. Some key qualitative research designs discussed include phenomenological design, ethnography, grounded theory, case studies, and historical research. Characteristics, research problems, sampling, data collection and analysis are described for each design. Quantitative and mixed method designs are also briefly mentioned.
Deciding Suitable Qualitative Research in Areas of Interest.pptxJoshuaApolonio1
This document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as studies that investigate relationships, activities, situations or materials through words and meanings rather than numbers. The researcher plays an important role by directly interacting with participants through interviews and observations to understand their perspectives. Some key types of qualitative research discussed include ethnography, phenomenology, narrative research, grounded theory, and case studies. The document emphasizes that qualitative research is important for understanding social phenomena and generating explanations in fields like education, health, and social sciences.
This document discusses ethnographic research methods. It defines ethnographic research as a qualitative method where researchers observe participants in natural settings to understand behaviors. Key strengths are providing comprehensive perspectives. Ethnographers try to explain culture by gaining knowledge of history, social structures, beliefs and customs. They develop perspectives from within the culture and as external observers. Ethnographic research seldom uses hypotheses but develops them during the study. Samples are purposive rather than generalizable. Data collection uses participant observation and interviews through field notes, jottings, diaries and logs. Advantages include understanding context-dependent behaviors, while disadvantages include bias and lack of validation.
This document discusses the differences between deductive and inductive reasoning, as well as etic and emic approaches in research. Deductive reasoning starts with a general hypothesis and reaches a specific conclusion, while inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. Etic approaches apply established theories to research, potentially imposing biases, while emic approaches immerse researchers in a culture to understand it from within and develop culturally relevant instruments and conclusions. Both have strengths and limitations for understanding human behavior across cultures.
The document discusses the case study method, which involves an in-depth analysis of a single social unit. It provides definitions of case study from several scholars, noting it is a complete analysis of an individual or group with respect to specific aspects. Key aspects of the case study method include studying a single unit in its entirety, using intensive and qualitative research that relies on observation over facts. Researchers have flexibility in their approach and can collect various data sources like personal records, life histories, interviews and observations. The goal is to help explain causal relationships beyond just collecting data.
This document provides an overview of ethnographic research methodology. It defines ethnography as writing about groups of people through observation and interviews to understand their culture, including behaviors, beliefs, and language. There are different types of ethnographic designs like realist, case studies, and critical ethnographies. Realist ethnographies take a third-person objective viewpoint while critical ethnographies aim to advocate for marginalized groups. Key aspects of ethnography include identifying a culture-sharing group, collecting emic and etic data, describing cultural themes, and interpreting findings through detailed descriptions and thematic analysis within its cultural context. The document outlines steps for conducting ethnography, including gaining access and approval, collecting multiple sources of data through fieldwork, and
Semelhante a reporter-6-chanler-baldero-technology-research-1.pptx (20)
This document discusses learner-centered approaches to training. It makes three key points:
1. Learner-centered approaches value learners' diverse backgrounds and prior knowledge, creating an inclusive learning environment where learners feel comfortable sharing their ideas.
2. Learners are encouraged to actively participate by contributing their ideas and experiences and collaborating with peers, promoting deeper learning and knowledge application.
3. Learners construct new knowledge by drawing on their existing knowledge and experiences, while trainers design practical tasks so learners can apply their learning to real-world scenarios.
This document provides an overview of regression analysis, including linear and multiple regression. It defines regression analysis as predicting an outcome variable from one or more predictor variables. Linear regression predicts the outcome from one predictor, while multiple regression uses two or more predictors. The document outlines the key assumptions of both linear and multiple regression models and provides examples of how they can be applied in various domains like medicine, biology, management, and education.
The document provides instructions for applying Super Paclo solution to trees based on their age, recommending 4 liters for trees aged 7-10 years, 5 liters for trees aged 11-15 years, and 6 liters for trees aged 16 years and above.
1. Competency-based training facilities have several key components, including practical work areas, learning resource centers, and institutional assessment areas.
2. Proper maintenance of training facilities is important to extend their useful lifetimes, ensure operational readiness, and promote safety. Effective maintenance programs involve planning, implementation, assessment, and sustaining improvements.
3. Safety, waste management, and hazard identification are important considerations for training facilities. Facilities should have measures in place to address hazardous materials, equipment, and first aid/medical needs.
The document outlines a strategy to increase enrollment in the Technical Vocational Livelihood - Agriculture Fishery Arts (TVL-AFA) strand for Grade 10 students. It aims to create an engaging promotional campaign called "Grow Tech Campaign" to address enrollment barriers and foster strong motivation for students to enroll in TVL-AFA. The campaign will be implemented during Career Guidance Week and target Grade 10 students in public high schools in Pagadian City that offer the TVL-AFA strand. A survey will be conducted to investigate factors affecting low enrollment and evaluate the effectiveness of the campaign.
This document is a daily lesson log for a Practical Research 1 class at Tanglag National High School. It summarizes the topics, learning competencies, and activities covered each day from November 6 to December 2. The topics included the nature of inquiry and research, qualitative research, and a summative test. Learning activities emphasized group work, analysis, abstraction, and application of concepts. Student understanding was assessed through recitation, output presentations, and a 30-item quiz.
The document is a daily lesson log for a grade 11 Practical Research 1 class. Over the course of a week, the students will learn about research, research papers, and their importance. They will review examples of research papers and projects. Students will use the internet to research different types of research, the importance of research, and existing research on their chosen topics. They will complete activities like brainstorming potential research titles and writing an essay on the importance of research. The computer laboratory will be used for several of the lesson sessions.
The document discusses calamansi cultivation. It describes the calamansi tree, noting it produces fruit year-round which are rich in nutrients. A mature tree can yield up to 50 kg of fruit annually. Calamansi grows best in warm, tropical climates with abundant rainfall and fertile, well-draining soil. It is commonly propagated through seed or asexual methods like grafting and cuttings. Proper planting, fertilization, pruning, pest and disease control are needed to maximize fruit production.
This document contains enrollment data for public elementary, junior high, and senior high schools in Region 9 from school years 2018-2021. It shows that senior high school enrollment increased significantly from 60,522 in 2018 to 88,717 in 2021, a rise of 25.33%. Distance learning modality data for school year 2020-2021 indicates that printed modules were the most prevalent at 87.52% of students, while blended learning and digital modules each accounted for around 11% of students. A survey found that learners, parents, and teachers predominantly preferred printed modular distance learning over other modalities like online, digital, or blended options. [END SUMMARY]
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The document provides guidance for LAC leaders on building a practicum portfolio for the Learning Delivery Modalities (LDM) course. It outlines the components of the portfolio, including required and self-selected artifacts aligned to professional standards. Examples of artifacts are lesson plans, feedback provided to colleagues, and documentation of coaching sessions. Guidelines are provided on portfolio formatting, submission, and evaluation. The purpose is to help LAC leaders integrate their learning from the LDM modules into their work and document their progress in applying the course concepts.
The document appears to be a slide presentation on education topics including leadership and governance, curriculum and learning, and accountability and continuous improvement. It contains slides with titles, bullet points of text, and repeated descriptions of colors. The slides discuss providing vision and direction to education, developing curriculum anchored in community contexts, and establishing transparent and responsive accountability.
This document provides updates and reminders for the Learning Delivery Modalities (LDM) program. It includes the following information:
1. Additional resources like guides and videos on building portfolios are now available online. Form managers are asked to submit completion forms. Evaluators should not directly access folders to submit forms.
2. An implementation assessment survey is available to collect endline data, with submission rates provided for different regions. Instructions are provided on how to access and download the assessment tool.
3. Frequently asked questions about the program are addressed, such as how certificates can be used for promotions and whether pre-implementation outputs can be included in portfolios.
4. Important links are
1) The document outlines steps to strengthen school-based management (SBM) governance including equipping personnel on SBM guidelines, crafting good practices, and creating a collaborative video.
2) It describes organizing an SBM committee and data retrieval system, identifying gaps, and establishing an SBM corner.
3) A sample SBM action plan is provided with objectives like increasing validation results and maintaining data, along with guidance on properly documenting activities and using templates.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Contents of this report:
.......................1 Introduction to ethnographic research
……………….2 Immersion and participant observatiion
………………..3 Field notes and reflixivity
………………..4 Cultural understanding and interpretation
……………….5 Ethical changes in Ethnography
4. Ethnographic research is a qualitative research method
that involves the systematic study and observation of
people, their cultures, and social practices in their
natural settings. It is a holistic approach to
understanding human behavior and society, and it is
often associated with anthropology, though it is also
used in various other disciplines such as sociology,
psychology, and even marketing
5. Here is an introduction to the key elements of ethnographic research:
1. Participant Observation: Ethnographic researchers immerse themselves in the community or group
they are studying. They become participants in the daily lives and activities of the people they are
researching. This often requires spending an extended period of time in the field, sometimes living
with the community.
2. Natural Setting: Ethnographers conduct their research in the natural environment of the subjects they
are studying. This could be a village, a workplace, a religious community, or any other context where
people interact and live their lives.
3. Holistic Perspective: Ethnographic research takes a holistic approach, aiming to understand the
entire culture or social group rather than focusing on isolated variables. Researchers pay attention to
various aspects of life, including social norms, customs, language, rituals, and daily routines.
4. Participant Perspective: Ethnographers strive to see the world from the perspective of the people
they are studying. This often involves learning the local language and trying to understand the cultural
context in which behaviors and practices occur.
6. 5. Data Collection Methods: Ethnographic research typically involves a combination of data collection
methods, including participant observation, interviews, surveys, and document analysis. Researchers may
use these methods to gather both qualitative and quantitative data.
6. Longitudinal Study: Ethnographic research is often longitudinal, meaning it takes place over an
extended period of time. This allows researchers to capture changes, trends, and developments within the
community or culture.
7. Data Analysis: Qualitative data collected through ethnographic research is analyzed thematically.
Researchers identify recurring patterns, themes, and cultural norms to gain deeper insights into the social
group's behaviors and beliefs.
8. Reflexivity: Ethnographers often engage in reflexivity, acknowledging their own biases and subjectivity.
They reflect on their role in shaping the research process and its outcomes.
9. Ethical Considerations: Ethnographic research requires careful ethical considerations, especially
when working with vulnerable populations or studying sensitive topics. Informed consent, confidentiality,
and cultural sensitivity are essential.
10. Results and Reporting: The findings of ethnographic research are typically presented in rich,
descriptive narratives. Researchers aim to provide a deep understanding of the culture or group they
studied, often using quotes and anecdotes to illustrate their findings.
7. Ethnographic research can be a powerful
tool for gaining deep insights into the
complexities of human behavior, culture, and
society. It allows researchers to explore the
nuances of social phenomena and provides
a valuable perspective for addressing real-
world problems and informing policy
decisions.
9. Immersion and participant observation are fundamental concepts in ethnographic research. They
describe the researcher's deep involvement in the culture or social group being studied, allowing
for an in-depth understanding of their behaviors, practices, and perspectives.
Immersion:
Definition: Immersion in ethnographic research refers to the process of fully engaging and embedding
oneself in the culture or community under study. It involves living and interacting with the people
being researched, often for an extended period.
Purpose: Immersion is essential because it enables researchers to gain a profound understanding of
the social context, cultural norms, and daily lives of the people they are studying. It helps
researchers overcome the status of an outsider and become an insider, which is crucial for building
trust and rapport with the participants.
Benefits: Immersion allows researchers to experience firsthand the events, rituals, and practices that
are part of the culture or community. It helps in capturing the nuances, subtleties, and complexities
of social life that might be missed through other research methods.
Challenges: Immersion can be challenging due to its time-intensive nature and the potential for
researcher bias. Researchers may also face personal and emotional challenges as they become
deeply involved in the lives of their subjects.
10. 2. Participant Observation:
Definition: Participant observation is a specific research method within ethnography where the
researcher actively participates in the activities, rituals, and daily routines of the community or group
being studied. This participation often includes taking on roles or responsibilities within the community
.
Purpose: Participant observation allows researchers to collect data by directly engaging in the actions
and interactions of the group. By being a part of the community, researchers gain access to valuable
insights, unspoken norms, and tacit knowledge that might not be accessible through interviews or
surveys alone.
Roles: Researchers can take on various roles while conducting participant observation. These roles
can range from passive observation, where the researcher observes without actively participating, to
active participation, where the researcher fully engages in community activities.
Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations are crucial in participant observation. Researchers
must navigate issues related to informed consent, privacy, and the potential for their presence to
influence the behaviors of the group they are studying.
Data Collection: During participant observation, researchers typically take field notes, record
observations, and sometimes use audio or visual recordings. These records serve as the basis for
analysis and interpretation.
11. In summary, immersion and participant observation are
core components of ethnographic research. They allow
researchers to become deeply embedded in the culture
or community, facilitating a more authentic and
comprehensive understanding of the subject of study.
These methods are particularly valuable when
researching complex social phenomena and cultural
practices. However, they require careful planning,
ethical considerations, and a commitment to extended
fieldwork.
13. Field notes and reflexivity are
important concepts in qualitative
research, particularly in fields such
as anthropology, sociology,
ethnography, and other social
sciences. They are used to collect
and analyze data in a systematic
and reflective manner.
14. 1. Field Notes: Field notes are written or recorded observations and descriptions
made by researchers while they are actively engaged in the fieldwork or data
collection process. These notes serve several purposes:
Data Collection: Field notes capture raw data, including observations,
conversations, behaviors, and context, which can later be used for analysis.
Contextual Information: Researchers record the details of the research setting,
such as the physical environment, cultural norms, and social dynamics.
Personal Reflection: Field notes often include the researcher's personal
impressions, emotions, and reactions to what they observe. This personal reflection
can provide insight into the researcher's subjectivity and biases.
Temporal Record: Field notes are typically made in real-time or shortly after an
event or observation, providing a temporal record of events and experiences.
Researcher's Role: Field notes may also include notes on the researcher's role and
interactions in the field, helping to maintain transparency and reflexivity.
15. 2. Reflexivity: Reflexivity is the practice of self-awareness and self-critique by the
researcher during the research process. It involves acknowledging and examining one's
own perspectives, biases, assumptions, and how they might influence the research. Here
are some key aspects of reflexivity:
subjectivity: researchers recognize that their own experiences, beliefs, and
backgrounds can shape their interpretations and observations. reflexivity encourages
researchers to be aware of these biases.
positionality: reflexivity involves considering how the researcher's position in terms of
race, gender, class, culture, and other factors may influence the research process and
outcomes.
ethical considerations: researchers reflect on ethical dilemmas and power dynamics
that may arise in the research context, particularly when studying marginalized or
vulnerable populations.
methodological choices: researchers should critically assess the methods they use
and consider how these choices may affect the data collection and analysis process.
data interpretation: reflexivity extends to the analysis phase, where researchers reflect
on how their own perspectives may shape their interpretation of the data.
16. In essence, reflexivity helps researchers maintain
transparency and rigor in their work by acknowledging and
addressing their own biases and subjectivities. It also
allows for a more nuanced and holistic understanding of the
research context.
In summary, field notes and reflexivity are essential
components of qualitative research, allowing researchers to
collect rich data and critically examine their own role and
biases in the research process. These practices contribute
to the validity and reliability of qualitative research findings.
18. Cultural understanding and
interpretation are critical
aspects of research,
especially in fields such as
anthropology, sociology,
cultural studies, and
ethnography, where the focus
is often on human behavior,
beliefs, and practices within
specific cultural contexts.
19. 1. Cultural Understanding:
Cultural Sensitivity: Researchers must be culturally sensitive and aware of
the nuances of the culture they are studying. This includes understanding
cultural norms, values, beliefs, rituals, and practices.
Cultural Competence: Achieving cultural competence involves gaining
knowledge about the culture, developing language proficiency (if applicable),
and demonstrating respect for the culture and its members.
Immersion: Immersing oneself in the culture, often through fieldwork, is a
common method for gaining a deep cultural understanding. This may involve
living with or closely interacting with the community being studied.
20. 2. Interpretation in Research:
• Cultural Interpretation: Cultural interpretation in research refers to the process of
making sense of data, observations, and findings within the cultural context. It involves
understanding how cultural factors influence the phenomenon under investigation.
• Avoiding Ethnocentrism: Researchers must strive to avoid ethnocentrism, which is
the tendency to judge other cultures based on one's own cultural norms and values.
Ethnocentrism can lead to biased interpretations and misunderstandings.
• Emic and Etic Perspectives: Researchers often use both emic (insider's perspective)
and etic (outsider's perspective) approaches. Emic perspectives involve understanding
the culture from within, while etic perspectives involve analyzing it from an external
standpoint.
21. 3. Cross-Cultural Research:
• Comparative Analysis: In cross-cultural research, cultural
understanding is crucial for making meaningful comparisons
between different cultures. Researchers need to carefully
consider the similarities and differences between cultures to
draw valid conclusions.
• Translation and Adaptation: When working with data from
different cultures and languages, translation and adaptation
of research instruments, surveys, or interview protocols
require careful attention to maintain cultural validity.
22. 4. Reflexivity and Bias:
• Reflexivity: Researchers must continually reflect on their own
cultural background, biases, and perspectives. Reflexivity helps
ensure that personal biases do not unduly influence the research
process or interpretation of findings.
• Implicit Bias: Researchers should be aware of implicit biases,
which are unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that can impact their
judgments and interpretations. Training and self-awareness can
help mitigate these biases.
23. 5. Ethical Considerations:
Respect for Cultural Values: Ethical research requires respect for the cultural
values and practices of the communities being studied. Researchers must obtain
informed consent and ensure that their research does not harm or exploit
participants.
Benefit and Collaboration: Researchers should aim to contribute positively to the
cultures they study and consider collaborative approaches that involve local
communities in the research process.
In summary, cultural understanding and interpretation in research involve a deep
appreciation of the cultural context, sensitivity to cultural differences, and the ability
to interpret findings within that context. It also requires researchers to be self-aware,
ethical, and respectful in their interactions with the communities they study.
Ultimately, this approach leads to more accurate, meaningful, and culturally valid
research outcomes.
25. Ethnography, the qualitative research method
used to study and understand cultures and
communities, has undergone several ethical
changes and considerations over the years.
These changes reflect evolving ethical standards
and the recognition of the need to respect the
rights and well-being of the people and
communities being studied.
26. Here are some of the key ethical changes in ethnography:
1. Informed Consent: In the past, ethnographers sometimes conducted research without
obtaining informed consent from the individuals or communities they were studying. Today,
informed consent is a fundamental ethical requirement. Researchers must clearly explain the
purpose of the study, potential risks, and how data will be collected, used, and protected.
Participants must have the option to withdraw their consent at any time.
2. Power Imbalances: Ethnographers now recognize and address power imbalances that can
exist between researchers and the communities they study. Researchers must be aware of
their own positionality, privilege, and biases and take steps to mitigate any harm that could
result from these imbalances. This may involve sharing research findings with the
community, engaging in reciprocal relationships, and being sensitive to issues of race, class,
gender, and more.
3. Confidentiality and Anonymity: Ethnographers must take great care to protect the
confidentiality and anonymity of research participants. This is particularly important in studies
involving sensitive topics or marginalized communities. Researchers should avoid using real
names or identifying details without explicit consent, and they must ensure that data is securely
stored and not easily traceable back to individuals.
27. 4. Long-Term Relationships: Building long-term relationships with research
participants is increasingly seen as an ethical imperative. Ethnographers are
encouraged to engage in reciprocal relationships, acknowledge the contributions
of the community, and consider how their research can benefit the community in
return.
5. Community Engagement: Ethnographers now often involve the community in
the research process itself. This can include participatory research methods,
collaborative data analysis, and community-based research design. Engaging the
community in decision-making helps ensure that research is relevant and
respectful of their needs and priorities.
6. Reflexivity: Researchers are expected to engage in reflexivity, which involves
reflecting on their own biases, values, and positionality throughout the research
process. This self-awareness helps researchers recognize and mitigate potential
ethical issues and biases that may arise during data collection and analysis.
28. 7. Ethical Review: Many academic institutions and research organizations now require
researchers to undergo ethical review processes before conducting ethnographic research.
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) or Ethics Review Committees assess research proposals
to ensure they meet ethical standards.
8. Data Sharing and Openness: Ethnographers are increasingly encouraged to share their
research data and findings with the broader academic community and the public. However,
this must be done in a way that respects the rights and privacy of research participants.
9. Cultural Sensitivity: Ethnographers are expected to be culturally sensitive and
respectful of the traditions, values, and beliefs of the communities they study. This includes
seeking guidance from community members and being open to feedback and criticism.
10. Ethical Challenges in Online Ethnography: With the growth of online communities
and digital spaces, ethnographers face new ethical challenges related to online consent,
privacy, and data security. These issues require ongoing consideration and adaptation of
ethical guidelines.
29. In summary, ethnography has evolved
to become more ethically conscious,
with a focus on informed consent,
power dynamics, confidentiality,
community engagement, reflexivity,
and cultural sensitivity. These changes
reflect a commitment to ethical
research practices that respect the
rights and well-being of research
participants and the communities
under study.