Globally recognised as engines of physical, social , economic growth and development, cities have been valued to be the future of humanity and communities. Housing major proportion of population, generating large employment; making major contribution to the economy; and providing quality infrastructure besides supporting and innovating state of art technologies, cities remain relevant and important for defining the agenda for growth and development of any state and communities. However, despite having large number of positivities; cities are also known for its dualities, contradictions, positivities and negativities. If cities have been promoting prosperity, they have also been at the forefront of promoting poverty, pollution, unplanned, haphazard, sub-standard development, climate change and global warming. Looking holistically, problems related to climate change , global warming and rising carbon footprints, environment and bio-diversity, can be largely attributed to the manner in which cities are being planned , manage and governed and buildings are being designed, constructed and operated. In the process, cities, as manmade entities, are fast emerging as embodiment of unplanned , haphazard and sub-standard development.
Globally ,it has been recognised that majority of urban ills have genesis in the typologies of Development Controls , made applicable at the local level for regulating the sub-division of land, determining land uses ; planning of the cities and designing, construction and operation of the built environment. In order to promote planned development, cities have been trying to experiment, invent, revise, review and rationalise the Development Controls periodically.
Capital cities like Chandigarh have clearly demonstrated the role and relevance of Development Controls in ushering an era of state of art urban development and creating quality-built environment. Chandigarh has also showcased that if Development Controls are not reviewed and revised periodically, they can prove to counter- productive and become a perpetual liability for the city and its development.
Considering the role , relevance and importance of Development Controls in making urban development rational and sustainable, there is an urgent tp look critically, objectively and holistically, at the context, genesis, intent and contents of different Development Controls made applicable in the urban settings in general and Capital city of Chandigarh in particular.
Providing a rational, realistic, effective and efficient framework for making Development Controls, more transparent, objective, community focussed, effective , efficient, rational and productive will remain critical to promote planned development and make cities more sustainable and better place to live and work.
Redefining master plans to promote smart and sustainable cities JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Master plans/ Development Plans, used as the most potent weapon by the town planner, to promote planned and orderly development has done more damage than good to the cities. Consuming large span of time, involving lot of manpower and requiring considerable resources, master plans has made planners chase the development instead of leading the development. Rigidity of master plans, based on defining the use of every piece of land, has made the master plans irrelevant, irrational and illogical in the face fast changing urban dynamics. Master plans, prepared for a period spanning over two decades, try to freeze the city. As planners, when we do not know our own future, what competency, capacity, expertise and capability we have to define the future of the cities. In the process, majority of cities have been suffering from illegal, sub-standard, haphazard and unplanned growth. Master plans have accordingly, emerged as the major road block in promoting planned urban development and making cities sustainable . For promoting planned development and making city growth both rational and dynamic, focus of planning should be on redefining and putting in place a new order of urban planning, development options and management strategies besides suggesting new format of Master Plans to make cities smart, more humane, equitable, just, efficient, productive, sustainable and providers of assured quality of life to all existing and future urban residents including poorest of the poor.
Redefining master plans for smart and sustainable citiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Master plans have traditionally focused on rigid land use planning, but this has made cities inflexible and unable to adapt to dynamic urban growth. It has also promoted unequal and unsustainable development. There is a need to redefine master plans to make cities more smart, sustainable, and equitable. New master plans should be flexible, community-oriented, and focus on transit-oriented compact development, energy efficiency, and inclusiveness. They should involve a variety of experts and stakeholders and use new technologies to guide sustainable urban form and development over time rather than rigidly defining land uses. The goal is to minimize urban problems and make cities higher quality places for all residents.
Redefining master plans for smart and sustainable citiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to relook at the master plan in its prevalent form , content and procedure and tries to redefine the agenda for making it a positive tool for leveraging the sustainable development of urban settlements
Promoting Urban Environment Through Eco- CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to define the role and importance of environmentally sustainable cities to promote urban environment , minimises carbon footprints and reduce global warmng
Policies and Planning for Making Cities Net Zero Carbon - Copy.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Operational and development complexities of cities call for new state of art agenda to be defined for planning, development and management of cities in this era of globalisation and liberlisation of economies. Looking at the enormous population growth and large count of people marching and opting for cities, growth and development of urban areas is emerging as the major issue. Cities known for positivity and negativity can be major source of disasters- both physical, social and environmental. Cities will and are likely to pose major threat to global sustainability. For making planet earth more sustainable and livable ,planning , development and governance of the cities have to be redefined both by professionals, communities, people and parastatal agencies. Planning for sustainable cities must include and involve poor and meeting the basic human needs of living of the poorest of the poor. City planning, development, governance and mobility needs new definition.
Redefining Master Plans to Promote Smart and Sustainable CitiesIRJET Journal
This document discusses redefining master plans to promote smart and sustainable cities. It begins by noting that traditional master plans based on rigid land use planning have made cities inflexible and unsustainable, ignoring urban dynamism. The document argues for a new approach to master planning that makes cities more humane, equitable, efficient, and provides a good quality of life for all residents. It discusses how global urbanization trends show most of the world's population now lives in cities, and cities in India are growing rapidly without proper planning. The challenges of meeting housing, infrastructure, and service needs in a sustainable way are discussed. The document concludes that India must harmonize urban growth and development through effective urban planning to make cities smart and rational as
Defreezing master plans to create better master plansJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries look at,critically and objectively, the present system of preparing master plans/ development plans in India and suggests strategies and methodology to make it more rational, focused and user friendly by changing its intent, contents, scope and methodoloy
Redefining Planning Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Urban SettJitKumarGupta1
Urbanisation in developing economies is fast emerging as a process of transfer of rural poverty to urban environment, leading to concentration of misery; creating distortions and emergence of numerous imbalances and problems. Accordingly, urban settlements are suffering from improper and haphazard development, absence of basic infrastructures and services, lack of housing, high degree of visual and environmental degradation and uncontrolled traffic etc. The cumulative effect of these factors is the degradation of quality of life in urban settlements and large number of subsidies required to keep them operational. Indian urbanization is characterized by urbanization of population, urbanization of poverty, urbanization of pollution and urbanization of environment.Looking at the existing scenario, all evidences suggest that despite best of the efforts of Planners to contain the population and limit and regulate the growth of large cities, they continue to grow and expand at an alarming pace; despite best of the efforts to promote planned growth, haphazard and unplanned development has emerged as the order of the day; despite best efforts made to contain slums, their number and size are growing much faster; despite pursuing the objective of ensuring quality of life to all, majority of urban dwellers are facing deprivation and lack of access to housing, basic amenities and facilities resulting in constant degradation of living environment. Thus, wide gaps have emerged over the years between what is planned and what actually comes on the ground.The dualities and contradictions emerging in the settlement scenario accordingly call for having a closer look at the very mechanism of city planning, development and management. It also calls for evaluating the concepts and systems, which have been followed in the past, for promoting planned growth of human settlements and have resulted in high level of distortions emerging in settlement planning and development mechanism. Since the existing systems and concepts have resulted in widening the gap between planning and development and have failed to achieve the goal of planned growth, surely it calls for their substitutions by some innovative concepts and systems, which would remove emerging distortions, dualities and contradictions in the settlement planning and make them rational and orderlu.
Redefining master plans to promote smart and sustainable cities JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Master plans/ Development Plans, used as the most potent weapon by the town planner, to promote planned and orderly development has done more damage than good to the cities. Consuming large span of time, involving lot of manpower and requiring considerable resources, master plans has made planners chase the development instead of leading the development. Rigidity of master plans, based on defining the use of every piece of land, has made the master plans irrelevant, irrational and illogical in the face fast changing urban dynamics. Master plans, prepared for a period spanning over two decades, try to freeze the city. As planners, when we do not know our own future, what competency, capacity, expertise and capability we have to define the future of the cities. In the process, majority of cities have been suffering from illegal, sub-standard, haphazard and unplanned growth. Master plans have accordingly, emerged as the major road block in promoting planned urban development and making cities sustainable . For promoting planned development and making city growth both rational and dynamic, focus of planning should be on redefining and putting in place a new order of urban planning, development options and management strategies besides suggesting new format of Master Plans to make cities smart, more humane, equitable, just, efficient, productive, sustainable and providers of assured quality of life to all existing and future urban residents including poorest of the poor.
Redefining master plans for smart and sustainable citiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Master plans have traditionally focused on rigid land use planning, but this has made cities inflexible and unable to adapt to dynamic urban growth. It has also promoted unequal and unsustainable development. There is a need to redefine master plans to make cities more smart, sustainable, and equitable. New master plans should be flexible, community-oriented, and focus on transit-oriented compact development, energy efficiency, and inclusiveness. They should involve a variety of experts and stakeholders and use new technologies to guide sustainable urban form and development over time rather than rigidly defining land uses. The goal is to minimize urban problems and make cities higher quality places for all residents.
Redefining master plans for smart and sustainable citiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to relook at the master plan in its prevalent form , content and procedure and tries to redefine the agenda for making it a positive tool for leveraging the sustainable development of urban settlements
Promoting Urban Environment Through Eco- CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to define the role and importance of environmentally sustainable cities to promote urban environment , minimises carbon footprints and reduce global warmng
Policies and Planning for Making Cities Net Zero Carbon - Copy.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Operational and development complexities of cities call for new state of art agenda to be defined for planning, development and management of cities in this era of globalisation and liberlisation of economies. Looking at the enormous population growth and large count of people marching and opting for cities, growth and development of urban areas is emerging as the major issue. Cities known for positivity and negativity can be major source of disasters- both physical, social and environmental. Cities will and are likely to pose major threat to global sustainability. For making planet earth more sustainable and livable ,planning , development and governance of the cities have to be redefined both by professionals, communities, people and parastatal agencies. Planning for sustainable cities must include and involve poor and meeting the basic human needs of living of the poorest of the poor. City planning, development, governance and mobility needs new definition.
Redefining Master Plans to Promote Smart and Sustainable CitiesIRJET Journal
This document discusses redefining master plans to promote smart and sustainable cities. It begins by noting that traditional master plans based on rigid land use planning have made cities inflexible and unsustainable, ignoring urban dynamism. The document argues for a new approach to master planning that makes cities more humane, equitable, efficient, and provides a good quality of life for all residents. It discusses how global urbanization trends show most of the world's population now lives in cities, and cities in India are growing rapidly without proper planning. The challenges of meeting housing, infrastructure, and service needs in a sustainable way are discussed. The document concludes that India must harmonize urban growth and development through effective urban planning to make cities smart and rational as
Defreezing master plans to create better master plansJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries look at,critically and objectively, the present system of preparing master plans/ development plans in India and suggests strategies and methodology to make it more rational, focused and user friendly by changing its intent, contents, scope and methodoloy
Redefining Planning Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Urban SettJitKumarGupta1
Urbanisation in developing economies is fast emerging as a process of transfer of rural poverty to urban environment, leading to concentration of misery; creating distortions and emergence of numerous imbalances and problems. Accordingly, urban settlements are suffering from improper and haphazard development, absence of basic infrastructures and services, lack of housing, high degree of visual and environmental degradation and uncontrolled traffic etc. The cumulative effect of these factors is the degradation of quality of life in urban settlements and large number of subsidies required to keep them operational. Indian urbanization is characterized by urbanization of population, urbanization of poverty, urbanization of pollution and urbanization of environment.Looking at the existing scenario, all evidences suggest that despite best of the efforts of Planners to contain the population and limit and regulate the growth of large cities, they continue to grow and expand at an alarming pace; despite best of the efforts to promote planned growth, haphazard and unplanned development has emerged as the order of the day; despite best efforts made to contain slums, their number and size are growing much faster; despite pursuing the objective of ensuring quality of life to all, majority of urban dwellers are facing deprivation and lack of access to housing, basic amenities and facilities resulting in constant degradation of living environment. Thus, wide gaps have emerged over the years between what is planned and what actually comes on the ground.The dualities and contradictions emerging in the settlement scenario accordingly call for having a closer look at the very mechanism of city planning, development and management. It also calls for evaluating the concepts and systems, which have been followed in the past, for promoting planned growth of human settlements and have resulted in high level of distortions emerging in settlement planning and development mechanism. Since the existing systems and concepts have resulted in widening the gap between planning and development and have failed to achieve the goal of planned growth, surely it calls for their substitutions by some innovative concepts and systems, which would remove emerging distortions, dualities and contradictions in the settlement planning and make them rational and orderlu.
Redefing planning starategies for promoting sustainable Urban DevelopmentJitKumarGupta1
Looking at the way cities are being planned and developed, existing planning options need review and redefinition by adopting innovative planning solutions to make planning profession more responsive to emerging new realism (Nick Devas). New urban realism must invariably involves, evolve and revolves around; Urban growth must be planned to be inclusive; Recognition that form of cities is determined largely by the decisions of individuals and organizations, rather than by governments; Recognizing limited capacity of the government to intervene effectively in the urban system; Realism about resource constraints which government faces at both national and local level; Realism that people can afford to pay for improved urban services and shelter; Realism about standard of services to be adopted, priced and shared between competing claimants; Recognition that planning process cannot be a tidy, linear sequence of survey, plan-action but need to be pursued concurrently; Recognizing that plans need to be flexible and incremental; Realism about limited capacity of institutions in terms of technical skills, management capacity, institutional efficiency and inter-agency conflict; Realism about limited ability of planning authorities to enforce regulatory system of development ;Realism about seeing’ politics’ not as an obstacle, but as a framework, within which an implementable plan / program must be developed
All cities remain unique and distinct. No two cities are similar. Each city has its strength , weakness , threats and opportunities. Each city has a different and distinct gene, fabric and social structure. Cities are manmade entities, always evolving and devolving, never defined never finite. They are anti-thesis to nature and natural environment. Rapid urbanizations remain the greatest threat to environment and ecology. From the narratives given, it can be visualized that making cities great places to live and work, remains both complex, difficult and daunting task, requiring out of box thinking, adopting multiple` approaches and innovating state of art options for planning , development and management of cities. Rapid pace and massive influx of population in the urban areas offers enormous opportunities and challenges to innovate, experiment, evolve and devolve to the planners, architects, engineers, professionals, developers, administrators, politicians, urban local bodies, parastatal agencies, private sector and other stakeholders to make cities great entities and best place for living and working; meeting all basic human needs; promoting ease of doing business; promoting sharing; creating enabling environment and spaces for all human operations. How effectively and efficiently we meet these challenges and make best use of opportunities offered in the urban domain, shall hold the key to the sustainability, growth and development of the communities and nations. All cities can be made great places to live and work, depending upon how residents, local communities and all stakeholders commit, involve, innovate and experiment to achieve the objective. Planners hold the key to make cities sustainable but they need to empower themselves , innovate and find out of box solutions and work with people/stakeholders based on the prevailing ground realities. Planning and designing cities and villages will require working on the same platform, synergizing their potential and marching in the same direction. Without involving and planning villages, cities will have little chance to become livable and productive for all.
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Writing is an attempt to briefly describe the context, role and importance of town planning in shaping the human settlements and make them more livable, sustainable and making value addition to human living and working.
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Town planning aims to promote planned development of human settlements through various tools and processes. It involves studying existing settlements, demographics, land use, infrastructure, and environment to identify issues and opportunities. Town planners then prepare proposed plans and policies to guide future growth, land use, housing, transportation, amenities, economy, heritage preservation, and phasing of development. The goal is to make settlements more livable, productive, and sustainable while ensuring public welfare through inclusive and sustainable planning.
Urban planning and urban governance invariably remain people centric having prime concern/focus on looking at/ promoting the welfare of the people, improving their social, physical, economic and environmental conditions besides improving quality of life. Both are mandated to create supportive/enabling conditions and environment to help people to perform their basic functions involving living, working , care of body & spirits and circulation, in a most effective / efficient manner. Accordingly urban planning and urban governance remain interlinked /integrated, and have close relationship. No good urban governance can exist in isolation/ without the input of good and rational planning. Looking at the entire context of good urban governance, it can be fairly concluded that effective urban planning holds the key to good urban governance. Poor urban governance has its genesis in poor urban planning. For enabling urban planning to play its desired and designated role in urban governance, it will be essential that operational mechanism of existing pattern of urban planning is critically looked into, reviewed, revised and re-defined to made it more responsive to the emerging urban dynamism/challenges. Unfortunately, in India, role of urban planners has been diluted and marginalized and has never been given appropriate recognition. Limited numbers of planning institutions have contributed to restricting the number of qualified professionals. With urban centres holding the key, future growth and development of the cities will be contingent largely upon the proficiency, efficacy and efficiency of ‘Planning Profession and Professionals’. However, , for planners/planning to play its ordained role, they have to be made more responsive , professionally competent, having capacity /expertise to understand /appreciate the complexities of urban growth and development, based on prevailing ground realities, and evolving appropriate options. .Planning tools will also require review and redefining to make them more effective and efficient.
This document provides an overview of advancements in city design. It discusses how city design has evolved over time from organically growing cities to more planned cities with modern technology and aesthetics prioritized. The document outlines the table of contents and abstract of an independent study on advancements in city design. It covers the background and history of city development, highlights elements of good urban design like transportation and facilities, and discusses how modern cities are pursuing optimized land use and architectural aesthetics to improve livability. The research aims to analyze disparities in city designs and define standards for infrastructure and aesthetics to promote urban prosperity.
Strategies for Planning Smart and Sustainable CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Smart city remains a misnomer. No city on planet earth can claim to be smart. Experts are still searching the soul of smart city in order to precisely define it .Unfortunately smart city has become a money spending/spinning exercise for few individuals/agencies. Entire concept of smart city has been made technology centric, minimizing the role and importance of human beings. In addition, role of Town Planners in smart city has been totally marginalized. How can a city be made smart without intervention of planning and planners. Smart city as a concept has been copied globally to promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities , with minimum concern for human growth and development. Addressing issue of poverty and making city livable for all should be the agenda of urban growth and development. In the face of homeless people , absence of basic amenities and facilities essential of human living, making city’s smart will be a fallacy and prove to be counterproductive. Cities do not exist in isolation and require the support of rural hinterland. Dealing cities alone by excluding villages will invariably lead to lopsided growth of cities because genesis of majority of urban ills has roots in the neglect of the rural areas. Urban areas must do handholding for the rural areas for synergizing mutual strength and to usher a new era of rational growth. Smart city concept must focus on empowering human being/ living, making them more skilled, create options for meeting the basic human needs and removing the curse of poverty and unemployment.
Paper is an attempt to look at the Indian urban settlements in terms of their planning, designing, travel, buildings etc, identify problems they have and options which can be leveraged to make them more effective, efficient, livable, productive and sustainable
As integral part of human history, cities have emerged as great places to live, work and do business. Cities symbolise the dreams, hopes and aspirations of society. Driving infrastructure and technologies, cities are fast becoming hub of economic and technical innovations. Dictating economy, generating employment, determining quality of life, promoting ideas and innovations besides providing quality infrastructures, cities remain crucial to human growth, development and happiness. Despite distinct advantages, cities also represent chaos, disorder, dualities and contradictions. Polarised cities, showing great contrasts of wealth and poverty, lack capacity, capability and will to meet basic needs of shelter, healthcare, education, water and sanitation. In the process, majority of urban residents are being marginalised with quality of life fast becoming nightmare for people opting for making cities and towns, as their preferred place of residence. Population, poverty, pollution and exclusion have emerged the hallmarks of Indian urbanisation. As consumers of enormous energy /resources and generators of large waste, ecological footprints of cities are growing very fast, promoting green- house gas emissions and global warming. With urban population projected to reach 590 million in 2030, greatest challenge before parastatal agencies, professionals and administrators remains, how to harmonise the urban growth with quality of life and make cities great , happy and smart place to live and work. If genesis of problems of climate change, global warming, rising temperature, ozone depletion and rising carbon footprints is in cities then solution for such problems are also embedded in cities. Search for solutions to make cities safe, resilient, inclusive and sustainable would fall in the domain of rationalising prevailing planning, development and management practices; re-defining new order of urban planning, ; leveraging technology; rationalising travel; promoting governance and re-defining design strategies for built environment.
Time to Think Urban UN-Habitat Brochure 2013UN-HABITAT
The document discusses UN-Habitat's work in promoting sustainable urbanization. It focuses on 7 priority areas: urban legislation, land and governance; urban planning and design; urban economy; urban basic services; housing and slum upgrading; risk reduction and rehabilitation; and urban research and capacity development. UN-Habitat aims to guide urbanization, support cities, improve quality of life for all residents including the poor, and reduce poverty through its work in these areas. It provides various programs and initiatives to achieve these goals around the world.
Advancing Inclusive and Sustainable Urban Development: Correcting Planning Fa...Jonathan Dunnemann
Tackling urban poverty and attending to its spatial manifestations is vitally important to national economic and social development. From a low of an estimated 28 percent of
the population in Latin America to a high of 76 percent in South Asia, the urban poor constitute both an enormous challenge and an opportunity. The speed with which many
regions of the world are urbanizing, the haphazard spatial development of urban areas, and the deplorable conditions under which more than 800 million slum dwellers live make the need to address urban poverty more urgent than ever. At the same time, government and business leaders are awakening to the potential to advance social and economic development by engaging the urban poor as consumers, producers, assetbuilders,
and entrepreneurs.
Planning Smart cities- Concepts and Practices.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Planning remains universal for making cities growth rational and logical. In the absence of planned development, cities cannot be made to grow in an orderly manner. Planners have been making cities different and distinct using different agenda for planning and development of cities. Currently planners are making cities safe, resilient, sustainable and livable. Many nations are vouching to make cities smart. Smart city is not a new concept .It has been followed globally to improve the quality of living and promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities. It is an attempt to make cities more livable, sustainable and for creating a brand image to attract investment and make them a tourist destination. Globally , smart cities are characterized by high degree of environmental consciousness; using information technology to promote energy/ resources efficiency; creation of knowledge infrastructure; promoting sustainable economic development and high quality of life; ensuring wise management of natural resources through participatory action. According to Forbe, the structure of smart cities will have to be built on eight pillars involving: ‘smart governance, smart energy, smart buildings, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizens. Based on detailed studies and in depth analysis made of the most successful case studies globally, as how to transform cities into great places to live and make a city great, Mckinsey’s suggests three pronged strategies involving, achieving smart growth, do more with less and win support for change. Considering the entire gamut of urban settlements , a city can be made Smart only if it is planned smart, developed smart, operated smart, financed smart and governed smartly .
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. Rapid urban growth has both positive and negative impacts on town planning. Positively, it can increase economic production and provide better opportunities and services. However, it can also lead to issues like urban sprawl, traffic, and pollution as megacities struggle to provide infrastructure for large populations. Effective town planning requires statutory development plans that provide strategies and proposals to manage growth, as well as regional plans that focus on balanced development across connected urban and rural areas.
Regional aspects of development and planningKinza Irshad
The document discusses issues related to rapid urbanization and population growth in developing countries in Asia and around the world. It notes that the urban population in Asia is expected to increase dramatically by 2020, putting pressure on existing infrastructure and resources. Developing countries are making policies to address problems caused by this growth. The document also discusses regional planning as a tool to help guide development, reduce imbalances, and integrate economic, social, and environmental goals. It examines concepts of regions and regional development and argues regional planning can help implement national development goals through coordinated regional growth.
Comact City as an Option for Making Urban India more Sustainable and LivableJitKumarGupta1
Cities and towns remain critical in chartering and scripting the development trajectory of any community/nation. Structural transformation of the economy, sustaining high rates of economic growth and realization of economic potential is largely contingent on the efficacy and efficiency of urban settlements and rationalization of the process of urbanization. Well-managed, urbanization is known to fosters social and economic advancement and improved quality of life. However, cities are globally facing greater threat and challenges in terms of growing number of urban residents living in informal settlements , inadequate urban services, climate change; global warming; exclusion and rising inequality and poverty; rising insecurity; growing migration, rising global carbon emission. The current models and framework/approach to urbanization and urban planning remains highly unsustainable. Majority of Indian cities lack planning, capacity and preparedness to manage and counter effectively the challenges associated with rapid and massive urbanization. Accordingly, new agenda will be essential and critical to defined /effectively address the emerging challenges and take advantage of the opportunities offered by urbanization. The new urban agenda should promote human settlements that are planned, designed and managed to be environmentally sustainable; socially inclusive and economically productive. Compact city, as a role model of urban planning and development, offer enormous opportunities and options, to make cities more effective and efficient intense dense, efficient. Compact city is also known for its distinct quality of offering enormous opportunities to make cities more sustainable, socially interactive, walkable , cost-effective, land -efficient, productive, socially and environmentally, easy to develop/maintain. Accordingly, appropriate urban planning, development and management framework needs to be put in place and made operational on priority to make compact city model a distinct reality.
Strategies for Planning Smart Cities in IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This document discusses strategies for planning smart cities in India. It outlines that as urban populations grow, cities must be planned to promote quality of life, efficiency, and sustainability. New approaches to urban planning are needed that are people-centric, flexible, and promote inclusion, equity and opportunities for all residents. Cities must also be planned compactly and vertically to reduce resource use, pollution and travel needs. Smart buildings that are energy efficient through design and technology will be important for making cities sustainable.
Compact city as an Option for Making Indian Cities Smart and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper, written jointly with Ar Anoop Sharma from SMVDU Jammu, tries to look holistically at the prevailing pattern of India urbanization and planning and designing of Indian cities. Paper tries to underline the problems faced by cities in terms of environment, pollution, land , slums, traffic& transportation, housing,services etc and tries to suggest solutions looking at the advantages offed by the compact cities in terms of optimizing land, minimising travel/pollution, making cities development cost-effective, efficient and promoting walking instead of using fossil fuel propelled mechanical transportation. to make cities more livable and sustainable, resilient, safe and inclusive
This document outlines the procedures for developing urban resilience strategies for 5 cities in Kenya. It involves a 4-phase process: 1) preparatory activities like stakeholder sensitization and training; 2) data collection using checklists, questionnaires, and participatory planning; 3) data analysis and prioritization workshops to identify priority issues; 4) developing and finalizing the strategies by integrating stakeholder feedback. The goal is to assess cities' resilience status, prioritize issues, and provide evidence-based plans to improve resilience over short, medium and long terms.
Paper is an attempt to define the role and importance of smart cities in the context of state of art planning and design to promote happiness among the residents and stakeholders of the city .
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
Role and Relevance of Architects and architecture in SustainabilityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This brief text on Role, Relevance and importance of Architects and profession of Architecture in making this world and human settlements more livable, climate responsive and sustainable has been prepared as commitment of the professionals and profession of Architects on this World Environment Day ; June 5th , 2024 , with the hope that profession would be understood, valued ,appreciated and empowered in the right context for enabling it play its designated role in making built environment qualitative, cost-effective, energy-efficient, eco-friendly, safe and sustainable.
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Redefing planning starategies for promoting sustainable Urban DevelopmentJitKumarGupta1
Looking at the way cities are being planned and developed, existing planning options need review and redefinition by adopting innovative planning solutions to make planning profession more responsive to emerging new realism (Nick Devas). New urban realism must invariably involves, evolve and revolves around; Urban growth must be planned to be inclusive; Recognition that form of cities is determined largely by the decisions of individuals and organizations, rather than by governments; Recognizing limited capacity of the government to intervene effectively in the urban system; Realism about resource constraints which government faces at both national and local level; Realism that people can afford to pay for improved urban services and shelter; Realism about standard of services to be adopted, priced and shared between competing claimants; Recognition that planning process cannot be a tidy, linear sequence of survey, plan-action but need to be pursued concurrently; Recognizing that plans need to be flexible and incremental; Realism about limited capacity of institutions in terms of technical skills, management capacity, institutional efficiency and inter-agency conflict; Realism about limited ability of planning authorities to enforce regulatory system of development ;Realism about seeing’ politics’ not as an obstacle, but as a framework, within which an implementable plan / program must be developed
All cities remain unique and distinct. No two cities are similar. Each city has its strength , weakness , threats and opportunities. Each city has a different and distinct gene, fabric and social structure. Cities are manmade entities, always evolving and devolving, never defined never finite. They are anti-thesis to nature and natural environment. Rapid urbanizations remain the greatest threat to environment and ecology. From the narratives given, it can be visualized that making cities great places to live and work, remains both complex, difficult and daunting task, requiring out of box thinking, adopting multiple` approaches and innovating state of art options for planning , development and management of cities. Rapid pace and massive influx of population in the urban areas offers enormous opportunities and challenges to innovate, experiment, evolve and devolve to the planners, architects, engineers, professionals, developers, administrators, politicians, urban local bodies, parastatal agencies, private sector and other stakeholders to make cities great entities and best place for living and working; meeting all basic human needs; promoting ease of doing business; promoting sharing; creating enabling environment and spaces for all human operations. How effectively and efficiently we meet these challenges and make best use of opportunities offered in the urban domain, shall hold the key to the sustainability, growth and development of the communities and nations. All cities can be made great places to live and work, depending upon how residents, local communities and all stakeholders commit, involve, innovate and experiment to achieve the objective. Planners hold the key to make cities sustainable but they need to empower themselves , innovate and find out of box solutions and work with people/stakeholders based on the prevailing ground realities. Planning and designing cities and villages will require working on the same platform, synergizing their potential and marching in the same direction. Without involving and planning villages, cities will have little chance to become livable and productive for all.
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Writing is an attempt to briefly describe the context, role and importance of town planning in shaping the human settlements and make them more livable, sustainable and making value addition to human living and working.
Town planning - A Tool to Promote Holistic Development of Human settlementsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Town planning aims to promote planned development of human settlements through various tools and processes. It involves studying existing settlements, demographics, land use, infrastructure, and environment to identify issues and opportunities. Town planners then prepare proposed plans and policies to guide future growth, land use, housing, transportation, amenities, economy, heritage preservation, and phasing of development. The goal is to make settlements more livable, productive, and sustainable while ensuring public welfare through inclusive and sustainable planning.
Urban planning and urban governance invariably remain people centric having prime concern/focus on looking at/ promoting the welfare of the people, improving their social, physical, economic and environmental conditions besides improving quality of life. Both are mandated to create supportive/enabling conditions and environment to help people to perform their basic functions involving living, working , care of body & spirits and circulation, in a most effective / efficient manner. Accordingly urban planning and urban governance remain interlinked /integrated, and have close relationship. No good urban governance can exist in isolation/ without the input of good and rational planning. Looking at the entire context of good urban governance, it can be fairly concluded that effective urban planning holds the key to good urban governance. Poor urban governance has its genesis in poor urban planning. For enabling urban planning to play its desired and designated role in urban governance, it will be essential that operational mechanism of existing pattern of urban planning is critically looked into, reviewed, revised and re-defined to made it more responsive to the emerging urban dynamism/challenges. Unfortunately, in India, role of urban planners has been diluted and marginalized and has never been given appropriate recognition. Limited numbers of planning institutions have contributed to restricting the number of qualified professionals. With urban centres holding the key, future growth and development of the cities will be contingent largely upon the proficiency, efficacy and efficiency of ‘Planning Profession and Professionals’. However, , for planners/planning to play its ordained role, they have to be made more responsive , professionally competent, having capacity /expertise to understand /appreciate the complexities of urban growth and development, based on prevailing ground realities, and evolving appropriate options. .Planning tools will also require review and redefining to make them more effective and efficient.
This document provides an overview of advancements in city design. It discusses how city design has evolved over time from organically growing cities to more planned cities with modern technology and aesthetics prioritized. The document outlines the table of contents and abstract of an independent study on advancements in city design. It covers the background and history of city development, highlights elements of good urban design like transportation and facilities, and discusses how modern cities are pursuing optimized land use and architectural aesthetics to improve livability. The research aims to analyze disparities in city designs and define standards for infrastructure and aesthetics to promote urban prosperity.
Strategies for Planning Smart and Sustainable CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Smart city remains a misnomer. No city on planet earth can claim to be smart. Experts are still searching the soul of smart city in order to precisely define it .Unfortunately smart city has become a money spending/spinning exercise for few individuals/agencies. Entire concept of smart city has been made technology centric, minimizing the role and importance of human beings. In addition, role of Town Planners in smart city has been totally marginalized. How can a city be made smart without intervention of planning and planners. Smart city as a concept has been copied globally to promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities , with minimum concern for human growth and development. Addressing issue of poverty and making city livable for all should be the agenda of urban growth and development. In the face of homeless people , absence of basic amenities and facilities essential of human living, making city’s smart will be a fallacy and prove to be counterproductive. Cities do not exist in isolation and require the support of rural hinterland. Dealing cities alone by excluding villages will invariably lead to lopsided growth of cities because genesis of majority of urban ills has roots in the neglect of the rural areas. Urban areas must do handholding for the rural areas for synergizing mutual strength and to usher a new era of rational growth. Smart city concept must focus on empowering human being/ living, making them more skilled, create options for meeting the basic human needs and removing the curse of poverty and unemployment.
Paper is an attempt to look at the Indian urban settlements in terms of their planning, designing, travel, buildings etc, identify problems they have and options which can be leveraged to make them more effective, efficient, livable, productive and sustainable
As integral part of human history, cities have emerged as great places to live, work and do business. Cities symbolise the dreams, hopes and aspirations of society. Driving infrastructure and technologies, cities are fast becoming hub of economic and technical innovations. Dictating economy, generating employment, determining quality of life, promoting ideas and innovations besides providing quality infrastructures, cities remain crucial to human growth, development and happiness. Despite distinct advantages, cities also represent chaos, disorder, dualities and contradictions. Polarised cities, showing great contrasts of wealth and poverty, lack capacity, capability and will to meet basic needs of shelter, healthcare, education, water and sanitation. In the process, majority of urban residents are being marginalised with quality of life fast becoming nightmare for people opting for making cities and towns, as their preferred place of residence. Population, poverty, pollution and exclusion have emerged the hallmarks of Indian urbanisation. As consumers of enormous energy /resources and generators of large waste, ecological footprints of cities are growing very fast, promoting green- house gas emissions and global warming. With urban population projected to reach 590 million in 2030, greatest challenge before parastatal agencies, professionals and administrators remains, how to harmonise the urban growth with quality of life and make cities great , happy and smart place to live and work. If genesis of problems of climate change, global warming, rising temperature, ozone depletion and rising carbon footprints is in cities then solution for such problems are also embedded in cities. Search for solutions to make cities safe, resilient, inclusive and sustainable would fall in the domain of rationalising prevailing planning, development and management practices; re-defining new order of urban planning, ; leveraging technology; rationalising travel; promoting governance and re-defining design strategies for built environment.
Time to Think Urban UN-Habitat Brochure 2013UN-HABITAT
The document discusses UN-Habitat's work in promoting sustainable urbanization. It focuses on 7 priority areas: urban legislation, land and governance; urban planning and design; urban economy; urban basic services; housing and slum upgrading; risk reduction and rehabilitation; and urban research and capacity development. UN-Habitat aims to guide urbanization, support cities, improve quality of life for all residents including the poor, and reduce poverty through its work in these areas. It provides various programs and initiatives to achieve these goals around the world.
Advancing Inclusive and Sustainable Urban Development: Correcting Planning Fa...Jonathan Dunnemann
Tackling urban poverty and attending to its spatial manifestations is vitally important to national economic and social development. From a low of an estimated 28 percent of
the population in Latin America to a high of 76 percent in South Asia, the urban poor constitute both an enormous challenge and an opportunity. The speed with which many
regions of the world are urbanizing, the haphazard spatial development of urban areas, and the deplorable conditions under which more than 800 million slum dwellers live make the need to address urban poverty more urgent than ever. At the same time, government and business leaders are awakening to the potential to advance social and economic development by engaging the urban poor as consumers, producers, assetbuilders,
and entrepreneurs.
Planning Smart cities- Concepts and Practices.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Planning remains universal for making cities growth rational and logical. In the absence of planned development, cities cannot be made to grow in an orderly manner. Planners have been making cities different and distinct using different agenda for planning and development of cities. Currently planners are making cities safe, resilient, sustainable and livable. Many nations are vouching to make cities smart. Smart city is not a new concept .It has been followed globally to improve the quality of living and promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities. It is an attempt to make cities more livable, sustainable and for creating a brand image to attract investment and make them a tourist destination. Globally , smart cities are characterized by high degree of environmental consciousness; using information technology to promote energy/ resources efficiency; creation of knowledge infrastructure; promoting sustainable economic development and high quality of life; ensuring wise management of natural resources through participatory action. According to Forbe, the structure of smart cities will have to be built on eight pillars involving: ‘smart governance, smart energy, smart buildings, smart mobility, smart infrastructure, smart technology, smart healthcare and smart citizens. Based on detailed studies and in depth analysis made of the most successful case studies globally, as how to transform cities into great places to live and make a city great, Mckinsey’s suggests three pronged strategies involving, achieving smart growth, do more with less and win support for change. Considering the entire gamut of urban settlements , a city can be made Smart only if it is planned smart, developed smart, operated smart, financed smart and governed smartly .
Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban areas. Rapid urban growth has both positive and negative impacts on town planning. Positively, it can increase economic production and provide better opportunities and services. However, it can also lead to issues like urban sprawl, traffic, and pollution as megacities struggle to provide infrastructure for large populations. Effective town planning requires statutory development plans that provide strategies and proposals to manage growth, as well as regional plans that focus on balanced development across connected urban and rural areas.
Regional aspects of development and planningKinza Irshad
The document discusses issues related to rapid urbanization and population growth in developing countries in Asia and around the world. It notes that the urban population in Asia is expected to increase dramatically by 2020, putting pressure on existing infrastructure and resources. Developing countries are making policies to address problems caused by this growth. The document also discusses regional planning as a tool to help guide development, reduce imbalances, and integrate economic, social, and environmental goals. It examines concepts of regions and regional development and argues regional planning can help implement national development goals through coordinated regional growth.
Comact City as an Option for Making Urban India more Sustainable and LivableJitKumarGupta1
Cities and towns remain critical in chartering and scripting the development trajectory of any community/nation. Structural transformation of the economy, sustaining high rates of economic growth and realization of economic potential is largely contingent on the efficacy and efficiency of urban settlements and rationalization of the process of urbanization. Well-managed, urbanization is known to fosters social and economic advancement and improved quality of life. However, cities are globally facing greater threat and challenges in terms of growing number of urban residents living in informal settlements , inadequate urban services, climate change; global warming; exclusion and rising inequality and poverty; rising insecurity; growing migration, rising global carbon emission. The current models and framework/approach to urbanization and urban planning remains highly unsustainable. Majority of Indian cities lack planning, capacity and preparedness to manage and counter effectively the challenges associated with rapid and massive urbanization. Accordingly, new agenda will be essential and critical to defined /effectively address the emerging challenges and take advantage of the opportunities offered by urbanization. The new urban agenda should promote human settlements that are planned, designed and managed to be environmentally sustainable; socially inclusive and economically productive. Compact city, as a role model of urban planning and development, offer enormous opportunities and options, to make cities more effective and efficient intense dense, efficient. Compact city is also known for its distinct quality of offering enormous opportunities to make cities more sustainable, socially interactive, walkable , cost-effective, land -efficient, productive, socially and environmentally, easy to develop/maintain. Accordingly, appropriate urban planning, development and management framework needs to be put in place and made operational on priority to make compact city model a distinct reality.
Strategies for Planning Smart Cities in IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This document discusses strategies for planning smart cities in India. It outlines that as urban populations grow, cities must be planned to promote quality of life, efficiency, and sustainability. New approaches to urban planning are needed that are people-centric, flexible, and promote inclusion, equity and opportunities for all residents. Cities must also be planned compactly and vertically to reduce resource use, pollution and travel needs. Smart buildings that are energy efficient through design and technology will be important for making cities sustainable.
Compact city as an Option for Making Indian Cities Smart and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper, written jointly with Ar Anoop Sharma from SMVDU Jammu, tries to look holistically at the prevailing pattern of India urbanization and planning and designing of Indian cities. Paper tries to underline the problems faced by cities in terms of environment, pollution, land , slums, traffic& transportation, housing,services etc and tries to suggest solutions looking at the advantages offed by the compact cities in terms of optimizing land, minimising travel/pollution, making cities development cost-effective, efficient and promoting walking instead of using fossil fuel propelled mechanical transportation. to make cities more livable and sustainable, resilient, safe and inclusive
This document outlines the procedures for developing urban resilience strategies for 5 cities in Kenya. It involves a 4-phase process: 1) preparatory activities like stakeholder sensitization and training; 2) data collection using checklists, questionnaires, and participatory planning; 3) data analysis and prioritization workshops to identify priority issues; 4) developing and finalizing the strategies by integrating stakeholder feedback. The goal is to assess cities' resilience status, prioritize issues, and provide evidence-based plans to improve resilience over short, medium and long terms.
Paper is an attempt to define the role and importance of smart cities in the context of state of art planning and design to promote happiness among the residents and stakeholders of the city .
Semelhante a -Redefining and Rationalising Development Controls - Copy.docx (20)
Heritage Conservation.Strategies and Options for Preserving India HeritageJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the role , relevance and importance of built and natural heritage, issues faced by heritage in the Indian context and options which can be leveraged to preserve and conserve the heritage.It also lists the challenges faced by the heritage due to rapid urbanisation, land speculation and commercialisation in the urban areas. In addition, ppt lays down the roadmap for the preservation, conservation and making value addition to the available heritage by making it integral part of the planning , designing and management of the human settlements.
Role and Relevance of Architects and architecture in SustainabilityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This brief text on Role, Relevance and importance of Architects and profession of Architecture in making this world and human settlements more livable, climate responsive and sustainable has been prepared as commitment of the professionals and profession of Architects on this World Environment Day ; June 5th , 2024 , with the hope that profession would be understood, valued ,appreciated and empowered in the right context for enabling it play its designated role in making built environment qualitative, cost-effective, energy-efficient, eco-friendly, safe and sustainable.
Bridging gap between resources and responsibilities at Local level.JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text refers to need, role, relevance and importance of empowering urban local bodies by bridging gap between resources available and responsibilities bestowed, for enabling ULBs to operate and function as institutions of local governance more effectively and efficiently.
Construction Industry Through Artificial Intelligence -.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Considering the role, relevance and importance of construction sector in promoting economy, generating employment and creating wealth besides providing infrastructures and amenities, there is need to make the sector more effective, efficient, productive and sustainable. Driven manually, construction sector remains in the slow lane of creating quality built environment which are cost-effective, energy efficient, least consumers of resources and generators of waste. Artificial intelligence can help and empower the construction to make it more valuable, productive and qualitative besides supportive of environment and ecology. However, construction sector must be ready to co-operate and collaborate with IT industry to look for options and opportunities to make construction sector more qualitative and productive. Majority of urban ills and climate related issues can be resolved if Artificial intelligence can be embedded as integral part of the construction industry right prom planning, designing, construction, operation and management of the built environment and infrastructures. Communities and nations will save lot of valuable non-renewable resources if the construction sector is transformed from human led to technology led by the induction of Artificial intelligence. However, Construction industry has to search the areas where Artificial intelligence can be used effectively and intelligently.
Making Urban India a Role Model of Planned Urban Growth a.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Known for productivity, promoting economy, employment and innovations cities, when properly planned, rationally developed and professionally managed, have been labelled and recognized as engines of economic growth. Prosperity and urbanisation are known to have positive co-relation with rational urbanisation, leveraging growth and development of any community, city, state and region. In majority of developing countries, where urbanisation remains unregulated, forced largely by rural push and less by urban pull, cities invariably remain in crisis, crisis of population, crisis of poverty, crisis of development and management. Cities need to be cared ,incentivized, empowered and made more productive, effective, efficient and humane.
Redefining Globalization, urbanisation and LocalisationJIT KUMAR GUPTA
If cities are to made more livable, humane and productive, it is time that intent, contents and scope of globalization must be revisited and reviewed, both critically and objectively. Globalisation would need redefinition for promoting universality and inclusiveness among people and nations to have basic amenities and quality of life for all its residents , including poorest of the poor to lead a dignified life. Failure to redefine globalization, rationalise urbanisation, restore localization empowering poor and promoting universalisation and inclusivity; will invariably lead to making SDGs merely a paper exercise. In addition, making the world, cities and communities sustainable, livable, safe and inclusive, would remain merely a dream and a mirage, for future generations and communities, making planet earth as their preferred place of residence.
Knowing, Understanding and Planning Cities- Role and Relevance Physical Plan...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities are known for its complexities and operational inefficiencies. cities remain dynamic ,ever evolving, ever devolving, never static and never finite.
All cities remain different, distinct, unique and universal. No two cities are similar. Each city has its own strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Accordingly, problem faced by any city cannot be viewed, dissected, analyzed and enumerated, while sitting within the four walls of the air-conditioned rooms and by the so called intellectual sitting in the so called offices determining the future of cities and towns. Neither the cities can be made more rational by limited knowledge agencies providing consultancy to cities , states and nations.
For realistically and rationally understanding, analyzing the cities and having simple, cost-effective and quality solutions to the problems and challenges faced , Cities have to be walked through and concerns of the various communities have to be properly understood and appreciated.
Prime reason for inability and lack of capacity on the part of majority of physical planners, engaged in the art and science of planning, designing and developing the cities, to address the issues and challenges faced by cities , realistically and rationally, has genesis in the lack of understanding of the origin, growth and development of cities.
Lack of capacity in majority of town planners, has roots in the quality of education imparted and seriousness and commitment on the part of both teachers and taught involved. As it stands today, majority of institutions involved in imparting education in planning are being run on an ad-hoc manner and by proxy. Only few institutions have regular teachers and regular students. Majority of planning institutions are being run on proxy with proxy students and proxy teachers. Education system including curricula used for teaching, needs, review, revision and redefinition to make it more relevant to rational for addressing the issues and challenges faced by the cities and towns.
Land as a Resource for urban finanace- 24-1-23.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
PPt tries to brief Land, as a gift of nature, is being grossly misused, abused , manipulated Land is globally used for providing platform for all human driven activities, based on living, working, culture of body/ mind and travel.
Limited availability, coupled with large number of human beings trying to source land, has invariably created large demand for land resource for human consumption. Land, in urban context, is required for meeting the specific needs of urban dwellers for residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, travel& traffic purposes besides providing space for infrastructures , amenities, services, trade and commerce etc. Land in urban context remains under large demand and command high price due to concentration of large population in small physical area, with stakeholders making competing claims.Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused. In order to make optimum use of land resource on 24x7x365; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all ULBs are made to focus on eliminating culture and practices promoting un-authorized/ illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the cities. Land needs to be effectively leveraged to generate resources for ULBs to make cities vibrant.
COST-EFFETIVE and Energy Efficient BUILDINGS ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Built environment is known for its capacity, capability, role, relevance and importance to change the quality of life of the occupants and communities. Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle through designing, construction, operation. It calls for making buildings green and sustainable.
Making Buildings cost-effective , Energy Efficient ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle
Ppt briefs about role, relevance, importance of the rating systems applicable in India, criteria used in assessing
greeness, weightage allocated, , brief of how these rating systems are applied, parameters involved; weightage granted, levels of rating granted , incentives given by states for green rated buildings and brief of suggestions, how to make rating system more effective, efficient, objective and transparent.
The phenomenon of global warming remains more pronounced in the urban areas, for the reason cities house large concentration of people and activities in a small/compact urban space.Densely-built downtown areas tend to be warmer than suburban residential areas or rural areas.. UHI not only raises urban temperatures but also increases ozone concentrations because ozone is a greenhouse gas whose formation will accelerate with the temperature. Tokyo, an example of an urban heat island. Normal temperatures of Tokyo go up higher than those of the surrounding area. However, it needs to be understood and appreciated that climate change is not the cause of urban heat islands but it is causing more frequent and more intense heat waves which in turn amplify the urban heat island effect in cities. Major reasons for ever growing global warming and climate change can be attributed to the; Nature and natural; Human-Driven; population; Rapid Urbanisation; Irrational Urban planning; High Density; Inefficient Transportation ;Large generation/consumption of fossil fuel based Energy; Unsustainable Buildings; Polluting Industry & Manufacturing; Unsustainable Agriculture; Irrational Development; Large scale Deforestation; Lack of open spaces and individual life-choices;
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - A City of Two Plans2-4-24.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is a narrative of a
capital city- known for its innovative planning, designing, construction and management of a new capital . It briefs about the principles used in the planning and designing of city -by the first team of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki-- followed by the second team led by Le- Corbusier, P Jenerette, Jane B Drew , Maxwell Fry. It also details about the various aspects of the city planning, planning of the sector as a neighbourhood, typologies of
various developmental controls used for regulating the construction of buildings. Innovations used for regulating the growth and development of periphery; redensification of city in case city exceeds its planned population of half a million, creating a narrative of city and periphery, innovative landscaping, defining an edict for the city to educate the future citizens of the capital city to safeguard the future growth and development besides lessons learnt from planning and designing the new cities.
Planning and Designing Green buildings-.issues, options and strategiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Affordability and sustainable development are considered anti-thesis across the world. Generally there exists conflict between the approach to sustainable built environment and affordable buildings. Sustainable development is considered more expensive. According to Middleton, ‘Sustainability and affordability aren’t mutually exclusive goals. It’s not about adding extra, but thinking more carefully about the design of buildings and incorporating technologies that can offset the rising costs of energy, water and other services. Affordability and sustainability are known to fit together perfectly’.
Through excellent design, buildings can be made more sustainable and affordable. Smaller the footprint of buildings, lower will be the upfront costs and embodied energy and lower shall be the running costs of buildings. Looking at the entire context of health, rising cost of amenities/services; Sustainable/Green designs are now being increasingly adopted, to make built environment more cost-effective and affordable. Considering the enormous amount of built environment to be created, India will have no option but to tread the path of sustainability and sustainable development in the built environment. Sustainable built environment would also help in and go a long way in achieving the majority of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals for the reason, built environment is known to be the largest consumer of energy, avoid wasteful use of resources and minimise generation of waste. Global sustainability will be largely contingent upon how effectively and efficiently we can make our buildings sustainable and qualitative through innovative/green design solutions based on local climate and culture, valuing site planning, embedding orientation, cross ventilation, using renewable/waste materials and involving state of the art building technologies.
_Neighborhood Planning in Capital City of Chandigarh- An Appraisal (2) - Copy...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Neighborhood as an idea, concept, option and strategy has been extensively used locally and globally by the Urban Planners to plan and decentralize cities, create cities within cities, promote self-contained communities and to make cities more humane, safe and socially vibrant. Neighborhood has also been used recently to define the city in terms of travel time - making 10/15 minutes city
Accordingly, large typologies of NH ,in terms of planning and designing , with varying shapes, sizes and contents have emerged in the urban context. Americans have used superblock and French using Sector for defining the neighborhood. Despite distinct advantages, holding high degree of relevance in urban and local area planning , NH planning has not been able to deliver the envisioned objectives of safety and social vibrancy. Cities in the process have been socially, economically and physically fragmented, leading to clear division of cities into different communities with little economical and social connectivity. Variance of planning and designing norms followed at NH and sub-neighborhood levels have promoted more dichotomy and contradictions with varying quality of life inducted at local level. Differential population and infrastructures have divided the city into the categories of high/low end NH units. Fabric and morphology of cities, in large cases, has been distorted with urban settlement emerging as a distinct social map of communities graded economically and socially,on the basis of area/location . In the process, the way NH planning concept has been used, neighborhood planning has emerged as an instrument of social and economic segregation/division. In fact in number of cases, concept has been used, misused, abused in intent and content to divide the cities into distinct social and economic layers. Instead of unifying , concept has led to division of cities.
Genesis of modern application of NH can be found in the planning and designing of Chandigarh where entire city fabric of capital city was woven around Sector as the basic unit of planning, concptulasied as self-contained and self-sustaining unit at the local level. However, the way sectors have been planned, it has led to dividing the cities into different and distinct communities. Individual status in Chandigarh can be judged from his/her residence. Concept of Sector has done more damage than good to the fabric of the city. Chandigarh is likely to face considerable problem in making city socially and economically cohesive/vibrant,. Sectors in Chandigarh remain anti-thesis to the basic concept of NH planning of safety, involving walkability, vehicular movement, putting commercial space in the centre. Considering role, relevance, importance and usability , NH needs to be planned, designed with care and caution, in order to make cities socially and economically vibrant, inclusive. NH planning deserves a new definition and approach to make it relevant and rational.
Reviewing, Revising and Redefining Master Plans and Development Plans to Ma...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Looking at its efficacy and efficiency, it can be seen and observed that Master Plans/ Development Plans have done more damage than good for the planned growth and development of the cities to which they have been made applicable. These plans have been violated with impunity both by the people, communities, cities and parastatal agencies; for the betterment/welfare of which these plans were prepared. These plans have been visualized as controller of development rather than promoters of development. Instead of planned development , these plans have been usherers of the unplanned development. These plans are known to be responsible for promoting large number of slums besides making quality of life poor for majority of the urban inhabitants. Cities under Master Plans are also known to promote exclusion rather than inclusion. Master Plans/Development Plans are known to promote prosperity for few and marginalize the large proportions of the local community by making them poor. Instead of catering to urban dynamism, Master Plans/Development Plans try to freeze the city, for next two decades, to which it is made to serve. Accordingly, these plans need to be reviewed , rationalised, revised and redefined to make them better Master Plans/Development Plans
Rationalizing the Planned Growth of Urban India- paper.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused, based on a strategy of sub-division of the land, dictated by the economic forces prevailing in the market. Irrational and ineffective public policies of urban planning and land sub-division, devoid of prevailing ground realities, have turned out to be incompatible with the demands of urban expansion, leading to large scale un-authorized and illegal sub-division of land. In the process, valuable land resources, gift of nature, has been misused, abused and mutilated in this race of uncontrolled and irrational urbanisation. In order to make optimum use of land resource; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all urban centres are made to focus on eliminating the culture and practices promoting un-authorized/illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the country.
Suggestion and Options for integrating villages. within the framework of the...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Preparing Master Plans/Development Plans for any urban settlements, basically and essentially, involves declaring a planning area for which the said long term plans are prepared. Planning area invariably includes and involves, number of rural settlements, which comprise of the planning area besides the urban settlement. It has been observed that in majority of cases, while detailed studies and analysis are carried out of the urban settlements but villages in the study and analysis remain marginalized, diluted and muted. Despite the fact, villages have critical role in the rational development of the urban settlement, but in preparing Master Plans their role and relevance is not made part of the said plan. Accordingly, this text tries to bring out the typologies of villages falling in the planning area and the suggested framework to develop these villages in making Master Plans, better Master Plan. In order to improve Master Plan qualitatively, quantitively, both in intent, contents and scope, It will be appropriate that all the villages falling in the planning area must be studied , analyzed and made integral part of the final outcome of the proposals of Master Plan. In-fact one Chapter must be exclusively dedicated to detail out the issues faced by the Villages and options which can be leveraged to promote the rational growth of villages ,as an integral part of the long term development of the urban settlement , for which the Master Plan is being prepared. This will help not only in integrating the urban- rural settlements falling in the planning area, but would also go a long way in promoting and ensuring rational growth and development of the urban settlement, for which the Master Plan is being prepared.
Making cities Climate Responsive and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
“Decarbonization” of cities ,as an issue ,as an option and as a strategy , has been gaining currency in the parlance of; making planet earth livable and sustainable. “Decarbonization has been globally valued for keeping the global temperature below 1.5C, and achieving the agenda and goals defined in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, defined by UN for achieving universal sustainability. Despite distinct role and relevance, criticality and importance of decarbonization of cities has neither been properly understood and appreciated nor made integral part of the architectural practice and art and science of designing and construction of buildings. Consuming one -third of global energy (33%) and generating 39% of greenhouse gas emissions buildings have been considered as the major player in the domain of climate change and global warming. Since Architects and Architecture are
actively involved in the making and unmaking of buildings, accordingly it becomes important that planners and architects must play a significant role in making
cities and buildings least consumers of energy and generators of the minimum greenhouse gas emissions. This objective can be achieved if decarbonizing cities/buildings is made a distinct reality . Issue of decarbonizing the cities/buildings assumes importance for the reason, that world’s building floorspace is likely to be become double by the year 2060, with the addition of large number of newcities/ buildings due to rapid urbanization, population growth and economic development ; required for catering to
to the needs of additional population opting for urban living.
Managing Planning and Development of Citie- 26-2-24.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities in India are known to be in perpetual crisis; facing numerous crises in terms of; crisis of rational growth, crisis of orderly and planned development; crisis of effective and efficient urban management; crisis of making provision of basic infrastructure and services; crisis of climate change; crisis of global warming; crisis of poverty, pollution and population and crisis of making human living and prevailing environment qualitative. These urban crises have genesis in the fact that cities in India, lack ownership, command, authority and lack of willingness to run and manage cities professionally and objectively. In majority of cases, cities in India are run by proxy. In terms of physical growth and development; large cities are marked by multiplicity of agencies claiming right/ownership of development over the urban areas, whereas smaller cities face absence of such ownership and are made to run, operate and function like orphans
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
Fonts play a crucial role in both User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX) design. They affect readability, accessibility, aesthetics, and overall user perception.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
-Redefining and Rationalising Development Controls - Copy.docx
1. Reviewing Rationalising and Redefining Development Controls for
Promoting Sustainable Urban Development.
Jit Kumar Gupta*
Abstract; Globally recognised as engines of physical, social , economic growth and development,
cities have been valued to be the future of humanity and communities. Housing major proportion
of population, generating large employment; making major contribution to the economy; and
providing quality infrastructure besides supporting and innovating state of art technologies,
cities remain relevant and important for defining the agenda for growth and development of any
state and communities. However, despite having large number of positivities; cities are also
known for its dualities, contradictions, positivities and negativities. If cities have been promoting
prosperity, they have also been at the forefront of promoting poverty, pollution, climate change
and global warming. Looking holistically, problems related to climate change , global warming
and rising carbon footprints, environment and bio-diversity, can be largely attributed to the
manner in which cities are being planned , manage and governed and buildings are being
designed, constructed and operated. In the process, cities, as manmade entities, are fast emerging
as embodiment of unplanned , haphazard and sub-standard development. Globally ,it has been
recognised that majority of urban ills have genesis in the typologies of Development Controls ,
made applicable at the local level for regulating the sub-division of land, determining land uses ;
planning of the cities and designing, construction and operation of the built environment. In order
to promote planned development, cities have been trying to experiment, invent, revise, review
and rationalise the Development Controls periodically. Capital cities like Chandigarh have
clearly demonstrated the role and relevance of Development Controls in ushering an era of state
of art urban development and creating quality-built environment. Chandigarh has also
showcased that if Development Controls are not reviewed and revised periodically, they can
prove to counter- productive and become a perpetual liability for the city and its development.
Considering the role , relevance and importance of Development Controls in making urban
development rational and sustainable, paper looks holistically at the context, genesis, intent and
contents of different Development Controls made applicable in the urban settings in general and
Capital city of Chandigarh in particular. Paper concludes by providing a framework for making
Development Controls, more transparent, objective, community focussed, effective , efficient,
rational and productive to make cities more sustainable and better place to live and work.
Keywords; Development Controls; Planned Development; Built environment; Sustainability;
2. Introduction
Under the impact and influence of industrialization, migration, globalization and rapid addition to
populations majority of nations , representing growing economies, are urbanizing rapidly.
Estimates made by UN have placed 55% global population currently living in urban areas , which
is projected to be 68% by the year 2050. Estimates also state that global urban population increase,
between the year 2014-2050, will be of the order of 2.5 billion out of which India’s share has been
placed at 404 million. Addition of large proportion of population to urban areas is likely to
enlarge not only size/volume of the existing cities but will lead to numerous new cities coming
up on urban canvas. Large increase in population will also usher an era of rapid growth and
development of cities, both planned and unplanned. As the speed and race for urabanisation picks
up, majority of the cities within and outside India, will face crisis in terms of; ever rising densities,
increased congestion, massive haphazard and unplanned development, limited availability of
developed land and rising land values besides challenges posed by environment, ecology,
infrastructure, climate change, global warming, safety against natural and manmade disasters,
flooding etc. These challenges are likely to adversely impact the efficacy, efficiency, productivity
and operational efficacy of urban areas.
Considering the fact that urban areas are known to be drivers of economy, growth and development
of any nation; generators of major proportion of employment; providers of best infrastructure and
services besides being centers of innovations and technologies; emerging urban crisis/ challenges
facing cities and towns, as defined above, have to be met, both rationally and realistically, in order
to enable urban areas, play their designated role in the physical, social, economic and
environmental emancipation. In order to empower urban settlements to meet these crisis
/challenges effectively, realistically and efficiently, urban areas need to rationally planned,
logically developed and effectively managed. Studies made by UN have said genesis of major
urban problems related to irrational growth and development ; challenges posed by traffic &
transportation; exclusion of majority of urban population from having access to the basic services;
mushrooming of slums and shanty town and fast deteriorating quality of life for major proportion
of urban population, can be largely attributed to lack/absence of quality physical planning in these
centres. Studies made have also revealed that cost of unplanned development, far exceeds the
physical and economic losses in urban settlements and suggested that genesis of prevailing major
urban ills/issues has roots in the neglect and low-priority accorded to planned development of
urban centers. Accordingly, for emancipating urban centres and making them more operationally
efficient, productive, inclusive and livable, cities and towns need to be effectively planned,
rationally developed and professionally managed.
Globally, it has been recognized that land remains at the core of urban development and its
optimum utilization remains central/critical for promoting planned urban growth ;rationalizing
development of urban centres; raising resources for urban development; making urban centres
more productive, effective, efficient, livable, sustainable and providers of optimum quality of life
besides ensuring construction of quality built environment and making provision of appropriate
3. level of basic services/infrastructure in urban settlements. According, land resource needs to be
rationally, objectively, effectively planned, designed and managed to make urban centres better
places to live and work.
Studies made globally have also revealed that optimum utilization of land and rational
development of urban areas primarily and essentially, depends upon and remains contingent upon
the quality, efficacy and efficiency of Developmental Controls made applicable in any settlement.
According Developmental Controls put in place in any urban settlements have to be
carefully/thoughtfully framed for rationalizing and achieving the objectives of promoting
planned/ sustainable development of urban areas and making built environment qualitative and
supportive of environment, ecology and natural resources.
Defining Development Controls;
Impacted by massive addition to human population; ever rising urabanisation, increased migration,
growing human-led activities and fast emerging globalisation, cities and towns in Urban India, are
undergoing large scale physical growth/expansion and economic development. Globally, it has
been recognized that, human-led growth and development always remain marked by dualities and
contradictions, having both positivity and negativities. In order to make urban
growth/development sustainable, it becomes essential that process and product involving urban
growth and development must be made rational, considering the larger public interest. The
objective of sustainability in urban development can be achieved/ushered only through putting in
place an effective and transparent system, based on checks and balances, under which all existing
negativities are removed and all available positivities are promoted and incentivized. In order to
achieve the agenda of rational growth, mechanism of Development Controls have been
considered by experts, professionals and researchers, as a valuable option for promoting planned
development and making buildings qualitative in urban areas.
As the name suggests, Development Controls means and involves, defining principles ,processes,
rules, regulations and tools, which can be effectively and efficiently leveraged to regulate,
rationalize, promote and manage the planned development in any area/settlement and eliminate
all options of unplanned /haphazard growth and development besides ensuring the construction
of quality and sustainable buildings. Accordingly, Development Controls involve and include,
numerous components like; Regulating physical development; preparing zoning plans,
determining land uses; granting permission for development; permitting change of land use;
permitting sub-division of land; demolition of old buildings & construction of new buildings;
defining procedures; appeal, enforcement for permitting/refusing development and construction of
buildings etc.
Looking at the numerous components, implications, processes and objectives involved,
Development Controls have been defined differently/distinctly by different scholars, researchers
and authors. Few of these definitions have been reproduced below;
Development Control is the process; that regulates the development and use of land. This
includes the construction of new buildings; extension of existing ones and the change of
use of buildings or land to another use.
Development controls are defined as the; mechanism through which entire process of
urban development is regulated for achieving the objective of promoting overall benefit of
the society and creating a distinct image of the city. It includes guiding the development;
4. use of land; curbing misuse of land; promoting rational and orderly development of built
environment.
Development Control Regulations(DCR) refer to set of rules and regulations that guide
urban development in cities and towns. It refers to the rules and policies that govern land
use planning; development permissions and building controls.
Development Control means the process enacted by the responsible planning authority,
assessing and deciding on the compliance of the development, requests for constructions
and works or constructions, with the approved planning, development and development
control documents, the construction code and the applicable laws requirements
Development Control means the process of managing or regulating the carrying out of any
works on land or making of any material change in the use of any land or structures and
ensuring that operations on land conform to spatial development plans as well as policy
guidelines, regulations and standards issued by the planning authority from time to time in
order to achieve a purposeful utilization of land in the interest of the general welfare of the
public.
Looking critically and objectively at the definitions given above , it can be understood and
appreciated that; Development Control remain central and integral part of the urban planning
and development process and provide valuable tool for implementing the development plans at
the local level. These Controls also ensure that existing/future development patterns of urban
centres will conform to the approved Development Plan; providing a distinct character to the city;
promoting optimum use of urban land resource; eliminate overcrowding of buildings on the land
and people in the buildings; bring order to the built environment and make it qualitative and
sustainable. Since Development Controls include and involve, power to grant permission; regulate
the development and manage the construction of buildings, accordingly, these Controls must have
appropriate legal backing and having a designated authority, having power and authority to
grant/refuse permission; control the development and punish the violators, besides having power
to frame/review/redefine the controls, rules and regulation governing the urban development and
construction of buildings, as and when required.
Typologies of Development Control
Looking at the entire gamut of urban development, large variety of Development Controls have
been made applicable in various urban settlements to regulate and rationalize its growth and
development. However, prominent Development Controls, which have been used for preparing
and implementing the Master Plans /Development Plans /Local Area Plans and promoting the
planned and orderly growth of the built environment at the city level, can be enumerated in terms
of;
Land Sub-Division Controls; Land Sub-division Controls remains the most valuable and
important control for regulating the sub-division of land, promoting planned development
and bringing order to development of the city. These controls remain the major determinant
of quality of life, quality of built environment and rationalizing traffic and transportation
in the urban areas. Accordingly, such controls need to be defined with care and caution.
These controls include and involve; defining proportions/norms and standards of land
under different uses- housing, commercial, open spaces, roads, public amenities etc.; and
remain responsible for promoting sustainable development; making urban development
energy efficient ; planning raw land that promotes public health and safety; defining
5. standards for public utilities and services; making provision for proper water, sewerage,
and drainage; set standards and create a network of streets for rational traffic /transportation
etc..
Land Use Control; These controls define; the uses which can be permitted under different
categories provided in the development plans; uses which are prohibited and uses which
can be permitted , based on fulfillment of certain pre-conditions. These controls also define
compatible land uses under which different uses can be mixed besides non-compatible
land uses where contradictory uses cannot be permitted/allowed to be juxtaposed for
reasons of health, safety, pollution, noise , environment etc. These controls have major
implications because it regulates the pattern of development, quality of life and quality of
environment in any local area.
Zoning Controls; Having genesis and origin in America, Zoning Controls are known as
most potent weapon, which have been leveraged for promoting planned development in
urban areas. In this control, urban area of city is divided into different/distinct districts to
regulate the pattern of development; uses which can be permitted in different zones, way
people can use land ; way individuals/developers can erect, construct, reconstruct, alter,
or use buildings and structures in each district along with their height, number of stories,
and size of buildings and other structures; percentage of the area of the building lot that
may be occupied at different levels; location and use of buildings, structures; character of
the district and its suitability for particular uses; extent to which people can develop land
for a permitted use; defining setback for different sites etc.
Density Controls; Density control regulates the intensity of development, pattern of growth
and remains major determinant of population and number of houses permitted in any area.
Population density is defined as number of persons per unit area whereas Housing density
is defined as number of housing or dwelling units/per unit area and accordingly regulate
the number of houses/population which can be housed in any area/ building. Density
control helps in avoiding over-crowding in any area besides rationalising distribution of
population in the city/area and working out amenities to be provided in terms of ; open
spaces, roads, schools, community centers, shopping , healthcare etc. Density control is
used for differentiating area into High/ Medium /Low density; defining planning area in
terms of plot size with large size plots provided in low density area and small size plots in
high density zones. Density Controls facilitate; proper layout; making provision of public
amenities and services and its spatial distribution; ensuring adequate light and ventilation
in built environment for creating healthy environment and stabilizing the land values in
any area/city.
Floor Area Ratio, Floor Area Ratio, remains the most potent development controls in the
hand of development authorities, to regulate and define the intensity and pattern of
development in any area. FAR/FSI are known as major determinant of use of land. Higher
FAR/FSI leads to higher built up area whereas lower FAR/FSI leads to creating smaller
built up area, without making any change in the area of plot. It is also used for
determining the price of a given piece of land. FAR/FSI is generally sold by the authorities
for raising resources by permitting additional built space on a given plot of land. FAR/FSI,
is also related with land uses. All commercial zones have higher FAR/FSI as compared to
residential , industrial and institutional development. City centres are known to have higher
FAR/FAR due to lesser land , need for higher built up area commanding higher land
values. This control has the capacity to define the typology of development /buildings in a
6. given area. Higher FAR/FSI invariably leads to high rise structures whereas lower value
makes an area/building low rise. In case of cities/areas having limited supply of land but
large development pressure, such areas need to have higher values of FAR/FSI, to create
large volume of built space and make it denser. Island nations like Singapore have
leveraged the mechanism of,’ ‘limited land, unlimited space’, to create large volume of
built space on the available land. New York city is known to permit higher values of
FAR/FSI to create large built up area and high rise buildings. However, FAR/FSI has to
be defined with care and caution, due to its numerous implications in terms of population
that can be housed in an area. Higher FAR has to be supported with higher order of basic
and essential infrastructures/services; wider roads, large area under parking, availability of
large open spces etc.
Height Control; Height control has implications in determining the typology of buildings
for ensuring that air, light and ventilation is not adversly impacted in any area/zone. Height
control is used for regulating/fixing the height, volume and cubicle contents of the
buildings. Restriction on height of building depends on consideration of urban design ,
nature of buildings, type of use zone prevailing climatic conditions, available width of
road and considerations of air, light and ventilation, Buildings with uniform height helps
in improving the street picture/ urban design, regulating land values in a given area. Height,
setbacks in buildings and FAR/FSI remain positively related. However, buildings with
more height must be provided with large setbacks to ensure adequate air, light and
ventilation . More the height of building , lesser should be the ground coverage, to provide
more open space at ground and having larger space for parking. Prime objectives of height
control is to ensure; adequate day-lighting in/around the building; managing traffic and to
provide space for disaster management.
Ground Coverage Controls; Ground coverage is primarily and essentially used for
regulating the opens paces to be provided at the ground level within a given plot, for
meeting the requirement of parking and ensuring air, light , ventilation within/outside
buildings. Highrise buildings are known to have lesser ground coverage, accordingly
ground coverage and FAR remain negatively co-related. Ground coverage also remains
negatively related with setbacks provided within the building. Larger setbacks invariably
lead to lower ground coverage. Ground coverage also remain closely linked to parking to
be provided within a given plot. Ground coverage also remains contingent upon the use
of plot area at the ground level. Higher ground coverage always remains important for all
category of buildings, for the reason it helps in making optimum use of space available at
the ground level which commands highest premium. It also helps in determining area
under basement when extent of basement is limited to ground coverage. However, ground
coverage needs to be specified considering the need of providing other amenities at the
lower level including space for parking/public sitting; area under landscaping etc.
Set Backs Controls; Setbacks are defined as margins or open spaces left in any plot of
land where no construction is permitted. Despite the fact the land contained in setbacks
belongs to the owner no construction is permitted in the area. Setbacks have been valued,
as part of development controls ,for the reasons that; setbacks promote urban design of
area/ street picture by bringing uniformity ; ensure adequate air, light and ventilation
within/among buildings; create additional space for parking; provide green spaces/open
spaces/landscape area; protect residents from street noise/ traffic; promote privacy for the
residents; reduce danger of fire from spreading ; provide space for laying services and
7. widening the public roads, without damaging the buildings. Number of setbacks can be at
variance within a building. Maximum number of setbacks in a plot can be four. Building
with 4 setbacks are known to be detached buildings; whereas building with 3 setbacks
is known as Semi- Detached buildings and buildings with 2 setbacks area known as
terraced building. Number of. setbacks remain positively related to size of plots. Larger the
plot, more are the setbacks and larger remain the depth of such setbacks. Setbacks also
remain contingent upon the size of plot; covered area to be permitted at ground level; for
meeting the requirement of fire safety; height of the building to be permitted; floor area
ratio to be defined. etc.
Chandigarh Experiment with Development Controls;
Chandigarh capital city has been valued as a laboratory, for its innovations in the domain of the
art and science of planning and designing cities and quality built environment. Credit for
Chandigarh, emerging as one of the finest examples of urban planning ,has its genesis in innovative
and qualitative Development Controls put in place in the city. Despite having no Master Plan with
legal backing, Chandigarh has been able to promote and achieve highest order of planned
development and usher an era of quality built environment, by simply leveraging the mechanism
of the Development Controls. Entire land of the Chandigarh Capital city has been subjected to
different Development Controls. These Controls have been made applicable , both within and
outside the city to control , regulate and manage the growth and development, within/outside the
city. Development Controls outside the city were made operational through, ‘The Punjab New
Capital (Periphery) Control Act,1952’. Act aimed at;
Protecting capital city Chandigarh against haphazard, unplanned and sub-standard
development in the peri-urban area.
Providing land, free from all encumbrances for future expansion of the city (stage-II).
Eliminating growth of slums on the fringe of the city
Meeting daily needs of the city- food, milk, vegetables etc.
Preserving rural character of the area falling within periphery
Harmonising the growth and development of the city and periphery.
Periphery controlled area initially notified was restricted to 8Kms belt around the city but later
on, in the year 1962, was extended to 16kms, considering the likely impact of development of
large defense and industrial projects. However, Periphery Control worked, very effectively and
efficiently till the year 1966. However, periphery lost its role, importance and relevance due to re-
organisations of the State of Punjab in 1966, into states of Punjab and Haryana with hill areas
going to Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh becoming union territory; leading to periphery getting
divided into states of Punjab (75%), state of Haryana (22% )with only 3% area left with
Chandigarh.
Within the city Development Controls put in place, to control, regulate and promote the use of
land and regulate/manage the construction of buildings were defined in the Zoning Plans evolved
for different sectors of the city and the Building Bye-laws, put in place for the city to regulate the
planning, designing and construction of buildings. Intensity of Development Control varied with
location of the buildings. Buildings positioned along major axis (Margs) , all commercial
buildings and residential buildings located on commercial streets were subjected to stringent
Controls. All commercial areas were controlled through detailed designs provided by Capital
project office , where permission way given to make internal changes without making any change
8. in the façade/outside elevations including materials and opening provided in the architectural
control sheets. Stringent design controls were made applicable in the City Centre (Sector 17) and
Sub-City Centres (Sector 34 & Sector43). Buildings located along major axis were placed under,
‘Area of Special Architectural Interest’, where absolute Architectural Controls and Zoning
Controls were made applicable in terms of Skyline, façade, ground/total coverage, defining edges
of buildings, height, use of material, openings and Architecture.
Based on the study made and analysis carried out Development Controls made applicable in the
Chandigarh capital city include;
Zoning controls; Zoning Controls remains the most potent development control weapon
in the armory of the Chandigarh Administration, which has been wielded and used
innovatively and extensively to regulate, control and manage the planned development
and built environment in the city. Zoning Controls and Architectural Controls, have jointly
contributed to make city and its buildings unique, qualitative and universal.
“Chandigarh Building Rules (Urban) – 2017 have defined Zoning Plan in terms of;
Zoning Plan” shall mean the numbered plan signed by the Chief Administrator and
kept in his office defining the layout of any numbered sector/ pocket of the Master
plan of Chandigarh showing the streets, boundaries of building plots, open spaces,
position of protected trees or other features, and showing in colour or by other means
the specified land-use, building lines, permissible heights of buildings, site coverage
and such other restrictions on the development of land or buildings as may be
prescribed, provided such plans can also be prepared for individual buildings and
stand-alone sites.
Looking at the definition, it can be observed that zoning plan remains inclusive of all the
development controls essential for regulating and rationalizing the orderly growth and
development of any city. Zoning plan not only regulates and rationalizes the planning of
all the sectors/ neighborhood into plots of land, streets, open spaces but also define land
use, site coverage, setbacks, permissible height , ground coverage etc. of all the plots carved
out in the sectors.
Full Architectural Control; Full Architectural Controls have been made applicable to all
commercial buildings and residential houses located along shopping street V4, considering
the need to eliminate the misuse and abuse of such buildings besides considering the role
and importance of Shopping Street in defining the character of the Sector. Complete
Architectural Controls for the residential houses along V4 included controls relate to; .
defining building lines; height ; building materials, and design of the building envelop
detailed in the standard design prepared for such buildings. In case of commercial buildings
including shop-cum-flats, booths etc. Complete Architectural Controls included, providing
complete detailed design of commercial buildings.
Defining System of Construction & Architectural Treatment; This Control has been made
applicable to all buildings/commercial buildings falling in City Centre(Sector-17), Sub-
City Centers(Sectors 34& 43) and commercial buildings positioned along V2 Avenues.
9. However, in case of commercial buildings constructed in the City Centre, the Development
Controls also include; defining the grid ; total height; shuttering pattern on concrete;
system of glazing to be provided behind columns; treatment of façade; making provision
of a public corridor. Development Control covered the treatment of building exterior/
building envelop with interior space left to the discretion of the owner for planning.
Design Control; The Design control has been made applicable to the specialized buildings
not covered by the aforesaid controls. Design of the building covered under the Control is
to be prepared by a qualified architect in consultation with and within the framework
prepared by the Chief Architect. to maintain architectural standard in the area. In case of
Petrol Pumps and Cinemas , standard design was provided by the Department of
Architecture, which has been followed at all the sites carved out within Chandigarh
Architectural controls; This Control is made applicable to residential buildings located
along the important areas like Uttar Marg and residential plots backing along the leisure
valley, which runs from North- South covering different residential sectors of the city, in
order to ensure that no haphazard and unplanned development should come up along the
leisure valley.
Frame control; If commercial buildings were covered under the Development Controls,
all residential buildings other than falling along the shopping street, leisure valley and
major roads, were also were regulated by the development Controls. While construction on
larger plots was regulated by Zoning Plans, construction on Marla category of residential
plots was regulated by Frame Control, considering the nature of such plots being terraced
having shared common walls with adjoining plot owners. Considering large number of
residential plots falling in the Marla category, having area up to 250 sq. yards and below,
Frame Control emerged as the most important control in the city, defining its street
picture/urban design/ fabric and architecture in the residential neighborhoods. Evolution
of Frame Control has genesis in the extremely poor/substandard kind of architecture
created in the initial stages of the city development due to plots having different ownership
with only zoning regulating the construction of buildings. Looking at the emerging
haphazard pattern of construction of buildings, having no common framework , it was
thought prudent to bring such plots within the ambit of Frame Control, Considering the
planning and location of the plots, Frame Control comprises of; fixing the extent and height
of the party walls; providing a top connecting course making the frame; defining extent
of projections in front and rear elevation; defining size of doors and windows and the
material to be used on the façade. Under the Frame Control, harmony was provided by the
frame and variety by the individual treatment of building.
Gates and Boundary walls; Position, opening , entry to buildings, numbering of the
residential/institutional etc., was also regulated under the development controls defined
for the capital city of Chandigarh. All gates and building walls were to conform to standard
designs for adding unity to the street picture.
Advertisement Control; Advertisement Control was also made operational in the city to
take care of visual pollution caused by haphazard and unplanned advertisement in the city.
Regulating display of advertisements on the building and in the city, was to be achieved
through specifying size, space, location and kind of display to be used in advertisement.
Tree preservation order; Chandigarh remains different, distinct and unique so far as flora
and fauna is considered. Chandigarh ranks high among new cities to have enormous wealth
10. of trees for the reason Chandigarh was the first city to put in place, A ‘Tree Preservation
Order’ in the year 1952, under which all existing trees were declared as protected trees.
Order mandated not only existing trees to be treated as preserved but also prohibited the
removal of existing trees without obtaining permission of the specified authority. Sanction
for removal of trees is granted in case of extreme hardship. Large number of existing trees
have been adjusted in green/ open spaces provided during the planning of various
residential sectors.
Conclusion ;
Looking at the entire context, role and relevance ,it can be safely concluded that Development
Controls remain critical for promoting the planned & sustainable development of any urban centre
and regulating the planning, designing and construction of sustainable and quality buildings. Since
cities are never static, never finite , always evolving and devolving , accordingly, Development
controls framed for any city must be made dynamic, having inbuilt flexibility, to take care and
cater to dynamism of urban development. In order to make cities sustainable and built
environment qualitative, Development controls must not be made restrictive and act as controller
of urban development. They must be made promoters of planned and sustainable urban
development, creators of appropriate infrastructures and promoters of quality built environment.
Development Controls area known to be act as double edged weapon, having both positivities and
negativities, and accordingly need to be wielded with care and caution. Looking at the far reaching
implications of the Development Controls, as prime determinant of the growth , development,
character, sustainability and personality of a city, these controls need to be framed, defined and
made applicable with great care and abundant caution. Development Controls area known to have
promoted both planned and unplanned development besides promoting corrupt practices, in its
application and compliance, which need to be invariably avoided.
Since controls remain specific to a given settlement accordingly, DCR must be framed based on
assessing carrying capacity; involving communities; study and analysis of prevailing ground
realities and local culture; for becoming rational and realistic. Controls for remaining relevant must
not be copied . Considering far reaching impact and implications, Development Controls should
always be framed by experts drawn from related professions, having knowledge, understanding,
experience and skill in planning, designing, development, construction and management of urban
settlement and built environment. Framing of Controls must be based on promoting larger public
good and avoiding favouring of any particular group. It must be led by objectivity rather than by
subjectivity. For effective implementation , DCR must be made simple and easy to understand,
follow and implement. DCR should be framed, for promoting the holistic and integrated physical,
social, environmental, sustainable and economic development of the communities/city as a whole;
ensuring effective implementation of the Master Plans/Development Plans . DCR needs to be
implemented, in letter and spirit, by a dedicated agency, created at local level, having adequate
manpower, skill and resources. Violations of DCRs must be viewed seriously and eliminated on
priority. Controls , which are violated with impunity, by majority of urban residents, must be
reviewed , revised and redefined on priority for eliminating irritants in the controls.
Since Development Controls have far reaching implications on use of land, according Controls
must be framed with prime objective of promoting optimum use/conserving land resource;
promoting multiple use of land on 24x7x365 basis; making cities/neighbourhood walkable and
energy efficient/sustainable; minimising speculation of land and rationalizing the land prices ;
make land market more effective and efficient. Care and caution need to be exercised to review
the Development Control periodically, to make them stay relevant and rational. Rigid Controls
11. invariably promote disrespect, leading to large scale violations and illegal additions and
alterations, as has been witnessed in the Capital City of Chandigarh. However, looking at the
entire gamut, framing rational Development Controls and implementing them effectively and
efficiently, remains the greatest challenge facing all authorities and parastatal agencies operating
in the domain of urban planning, development and management.
Bibliography;
Alterman Rachelle; Planning Laws, Development Controls and Social Equity: Lessons for
Developing Countries; November 2013
Chandigarh Building Rules (Urban);2017
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The World Bank- Legal Review. Layers of planning and development control regulations
The Capital of Punjab (Development and Regulation) Act, 1952
The Punjab New Capital (Periph1ery) Control Act, 1952
Thomas Deborah; The Importance of Development Plans/Land Use Policy for
Development Control; Workshop for Building Inspectors, January 15-26, 2001
World economic Forum; Countries contributing the most to the urban population by 2050;
World Urabanisation Prospect , 2014.
Author:
* Jit Kumar Gupta
Former Advisor( Town Planning)
Punjab Urban Planning and Development Authority
Email. jit.kumar1944@gmail.com