eactores Discontinuos o Batch: Son recipientes con agitación en el cual se cargan los reactivos y se descargan una vez la reacción ha finalizado. Se caracterizan por no trabajar en condiciones estacionarias. Tanto la temperatura como las composiciones varían constantemente.
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
reactor design lab continuous stirred tank reactorDimaJawhar
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
10
Calculation:
11
Discussion:
Sntia louay
Discussion:
What is a continuous stirred tank reactor?
(CSTR) is a type of chemical reactor that is widely used in industrial processes to produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Is concentration constant in a CSTR?
The essential idea involved in the operation of a CSTR is that, after the passage of sufficient time, the concentrations of the
In this Course we get two sections:
Section 1
Introduction and information on the existing reactors
Visual images of reactors
Importance of Reactor Design
Section 2
- The General Mole Balance Equation
- The concept of Generation
- The Accumulation term
- The Design Equations for a Batch Reactor
- The Design Equations for a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
- The Design Equations for a Plug Flow Reactor
- The Design Equations for a Packed Bed Reactor
By the end of this block you should be able to differentiate between batch reactors vs. continuous flow reactors.
You should be familiar with the General Mole Balance Equation and how to apply it to every reactor.
You should know or at least get to know the Mole Balance Equations or Design Equations of each reactor in the Course.
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Chemical reaction engineering is that engineering activity which is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on commercial scale.
The areas of different fields of science like:
Oil Refining
Pharmaceuticals
Biotechnology
Chemical Industries
Sustainable Development
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
reactor design lab continuous stirred tank reactorDimaJawhar
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
10
Calculation:
11
Discussion:
Sntia louay
Discussion:
What is a continuous stirred tank reactor?
(CSTR) is a type of chemical reactor that is widely used in industrial processes to produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Is concentration constant in a CSTR?
The essential idea involved in the operation of a CSTR is that, after the passage of sufficient time, the concentrations of the
In this Course we get two sections:
Section 1
Introduction and information on the existing reactors
Visual images of reactors
Importance of Reactor Design
Section 2
- The General Mole Balance Equation
- The concept of Generation
- The Accumulation term
- The Design Equations for a Batch Reactor
- The Design Equations for a Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
- The Design Equations for a Plug Flow Reactor
- The Design Equations for a Packed Bed Reactor
By the end of this block you should be able to differentiate between batch reactors vs. continuous flow reactors.
You should be familiar with the General Mole Balance Equation and how to apply it to every reactor.
You should know or at least get to know the Mole Balance Equations or Design Equations of each reactor in the Course.
This slide completely describes you about the stuff include in it and also everything about chemical engineering. Fluid Mechanics. Thermodynamics. Mass Transfer Chemical Engineering. Energy Engineering, Mass Transfer 2, Heat Transfer,
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniquesambekarshweta25
An Approach to Detecting Writing Styles Based on Clustering Techniques
Authors:
-Devkinandan Jagtap
-Shweta Ambekar
-Harshit Singh
-Nakul Sharma (Assistant Professor)
Institution:
VIIT Pune, India
Abstract:
This paper proposes a system to differentiate between human-generated and AI-generated texts using stylometric analysis. The system analyzes text files and classifies writing styles by employing various clustering algorithms, such as k-means, k-means++, hierarchical, and DBSCAN. The effectiveness of these algorithms is measured using silhouette scores. The system successfully identifies distinct writing styles within documents, demonstrating its potential for plagiarism detection.
Introduction:
Stylometry, the study of linguistic and structural features in texts, is used for tasks like plagiarism detection, genre separation, and author verification. This paper leverages stylometric analysis to identify different writing styles and improve plagiarism detection methods.
Methodology:
The system includes data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, dimensional reduction, machine learning models for clustering, and performance comparison using silhouette scores. Feature extraction focuses on lexical features, vocabulary richness, and readability scores. The study uses a small dataset of texts from various authors and employs algorithms like k-means, k-means++, hierarchical clustering, and DBSCAN for clustering.
Results:
Experiments show that the system effectively identifies writing styles, with silhouette scores indicating reasonable to strong clustering when k=2. As the number of clusters increases, the silhouette scores decrease, indicating a drop in accuracy. K-means and k-means++ perform similarly, while hierarchical clustering is less optimized.
Conclusion and Future Work:
The system works well for distinguishing writing styles with two clusters but becomes less accurate as the number of clusters increases. Future research could focus on adding more parameters and optimizing the methodology to improve accuracy with higher cluster values. This system can enhance existing plagiarism detection tools, especially in academic settings.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
2. Introduction
Almost all chemical engineering process
contains three operations.
What does chemical reactor design means ?
Unit
operation
(cleaning )
Chemical
reactor
Unit
operation
(separation)
Raw
material
Product
4. Types of reactors
1.Batch- uniform composition
everywhere in reactor but
changes with time
2. Semi batch- in semi-batch one
reactant will be added when
reaction will proceed
3. Continuous reactor
a. Mixed flow- this is uniformly
mixed , same composition
everywhere, within the reactor
and at exit
b. Plug flow- flow of fluid through
reactor with order so that only
lateral mixing is possible.
5. Reactor design parameter
Reactor design basically means which type and
size of reactor and method of operation we
should employ for a given conversation
Parameters
• Volume of reactor
• Flow rate
• Concentration of feed
• Reaction kinetic
• Temperature
• pressure
9. Plug flow vs CSTR
• For any particular duty and for all
positive reaction order the volume
of mixed flow reactor will always be
grater then plug flow
• Area under curve in figure is very
small for plug flow as compared to
mixed flow so volume is small for
plug flow.
• When conversion is small, the reactor
performance is only slightly affected
by flow type. the perforation ratio
very rapidly at high conversion.
• Density variation during reaction
affects design, however it is normally
of secondary importance compared
to the difference in flow type.
10. Multiple reactor system
• Number of plug flow reactor in
series are theoretically same as
equivalent volume of a single
plug flow reactor.
• Number of mixed flow reactor of
equal size in series may be used
when we need high conversion
and can’t perform in a single
reactor.
• From the given graph, for first
order reaction, conversion for
series of equal size reactor can be
find
11. Mixed flow reactor of different size in series
• From the fig it is clear that for plug flow
reactor volume can be find by dashed area
and for mixed flow whole area.
• When we are have to use mixed flow
reactor, then we can use different size
mixed flow reactor so, that over all
volume would be small
• To optimized or to find how different size
of mixed flow reactor should used we
have to maximized lower dashed
rectangle.
• This optimization gives the slope of
diagonal of the rectangle should be equal
to slope of curve at intersection of these
two reactor.
• Levenspiel , has proved that after overall
economic consideration equal size
reactors in series are economical.
12. Autocatalytic reactor
• When a product will act like a catalyst
then it is called auto catalytic reaction.
• In mixed flow reactor at fixed product
concentration for high yield, efficiency of
reactor will be very low.
• For no recycle for low product
concentration mixed flow reactor will be
preferred and for high conversion plug
flow .
• For optimum efficiency we can use a
recycle or back mixing plug flow reactors.
• For a particular exit concentration a
particular optimum recycle ratio should be
used.
• Optimum recycle ratio introduced to the
reactor feed’s 1/(-r) value should be equal
to average 1/(-r) value for whole reactor.
Plug flow
reactor with recycle
Fig-2
Fig-2
Fig-3
Fig-4
Fig-1
13. Design for parallel reaction
• When a reactant gives two product
(desired, and undesired)simultaneously
with different rate constant then this is
called a parallel reaction.
• To keep maximum amount of desired
product we can take following steps.
• Ifa1>a2 or the desired reaction is of higher
order then keep reactant concentration
high for high product concentration.
• If a1<a2 than for desired reaction keep
reactant concentration low.
• For a1=a2 change in reactant
concentration will not affect the product
then, because rate constant k1 and k2 are
different at different temperature so, we
can keep our temperature such that
desired product will be high or use of
catalyst would be a option which are
selective in nature.
14. Reactor design for multiple reaction
• In multiple reaction reactor design contacting pattern is most important factor to get a
particular product.
• In irreversible reaction in series like
the mixing of fluid of different composition is the key to formation of intermediate. The
maximum possible amount of intermediate is obtained if fluid of different composition and
different stage of conversation are not allowed to mixed.
• In series of reaction if intermediate reactant is our desired product than semi batch reactor will
be used.
15. Irreversible series-parallel reaction
• Multiple reaction that consist of steps in
series and steps in parallel reaction.
• In these reaction proper contacting
pattern is very important.
• The general representation of these
reaction are
• Here the reaction is parallel with respect
to reactant B and in series with A.
Halogenations of alkane is a
example of this kind of
reaction where reaction is
parallel with respect to
halogen
16. Case study Product distribution with respect to
contacting pattern
• We will discuss simpler example of
CASE-1 Add A slowly to B
• By contacting A slowly in a beaker
containing B and stirring to consume all
A added , the mixer with very high
concentration in S can be find.
CASE-2 Add B slowly to A
• Now by contacting B slowly to a beaker
containing A, the concentration of R will
be build up inside then after reaching a
maxima R will convert in to S and the
process will be gradual.
CASE-3 Add A and B rapidly
• In this case it will give the behavior of
series reaction , R will increase first and
after reaching a maxima it will diminish
and concentration of S will increase.
17. Residence Time Distribution
• RTD is important factor from the point of view
of real equipment .
• Element of fluid will take different route
through the reactor and may take different
length of time to pass through the reactor.
• Ideal reactor design are made by considering
volume of reactor or time spend by all the
reactant will be same inside reactor.
• Completion of reaction will depend on time of
exposure inside the reactor.
• The distribution of time inside the reactor is
called exit age distribution E, have unite time-1.
• According to RTD fraction of exit stream of age
between t and t+dt is E dt.
18. Residence time distribution determination
• RTD can be determined by two
experimental method.(Pulse input
experiment, and step input experiment )
• In pulse experimental method in a steady
state system we will put a pulse input of
tracer and will plot the graph of this
tracer concentration with time at output.
• This graph will show time variation or age
distribution of tracer concentration with
time.
• Another method of determination of RTD
is by putting a step input (Preferably unite
step input) of tracer.
• Then we can plot the graph between the
concentration versus time graph of tracer.
• The slope versus time graph of this system
will give us residence time distribution .
• Step input method is more accurate than
pulse input method although impulse
input would give the perfect distribution.
19. Holding time and residence time
• Holding time is defined as time needed to
treat one reactor volume.
• Residence time or mean residence time
space time is defined as mean residence
time of flowing material in the reactor.
• From fig when inside popcorn popper,
when popping occurs at back end of
popper then holding time and residence
time will be same.
• When popping occurs in midway or every
where inside the popper then the two
time will be different.
• For unchanging density system holding
time and residence time will be equal.
20. Heterogeneous system
heterogeneous systems are those which consist of two or more than two phase
Apart from temperature pressure and concentration, heat and mass transfer are important
Catalytic systems
Non-catalytic system
21. Catalytic system
plug flow Reactor
Differential reactor
Integral reactor
mixed flow type
(Fluidized bed reactor)
Performance equation
22. Catalytic reactor selection parameter and design
• Reaction type
• Reactor type
• Economics
• Rate of deactivation
• Other process
requirement
23. Reaction type
• Chemical kinetics of reaction can be known by knowing the type of
reaction
• For reactor selection reaction type will tell us about heat of reaction
either reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
• Selectivity is defined as reaction rate ratio for two parallel reaction.
• Catalyst are used to increase reaction rate and selectivity for a
specific reaction.
• We can determine what type of catalyst will be used.
• Reaction temperature range will be determined.
24. Reactor type
• Reactor may be a plug flow or mixed flow or
batch flow reactor or other.
• Contacting pattern of reaction will be known.
• In case of expensive catalyst and high heat
transfer rate required, mixed flow(fludized
bed) reactor are used.
• For high mass transfer plug flow (packed bed)
reactor will be used.
25. • For reactor design overall economics should
be considered.
• Like instead of different size of mixed flow
reactor in series, equal size mixed flow reactor
are economically good.
• If catalyst is not very expensive then we may
opt to non-regeneration but for expensive
regeneration must be considered.
Economics
26. Packed bed
• Solid fluid contact will be most efficient
• High amount of catalyst will be used
• Heat transfer will be difficult
• Pressure drop will be high
• Effective for mass transfer control system
• With increase in temperature side reaction
will be a problem and less selectivity
• Sintering of catalyst may happen
27. Fluidized bed
• Industrially most widely used
• Heat transfer are very good
• Pressure drop is low
• Catalyst can easily replaced for regeneration
• Amount of catalyst necessary is less
• Surface area per unite mass of catalyst will be
large
28. Fluidized bed catalytic reactor design
Types of fluidized bed catalytic reactor
• Bubbling fluidized bed(BFB)- industrial
solid catalyzed reactor generally works as
bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Calculation
of conversion for bubbling flow varies
between plug flow to mixed flow.
• Turbulent fluidized bed reactor(TFB)- at
high gas velocity BFB transform in to TFB
in this case no distinct bubble of gas will
flow and solid movement will be violent.
• Fast fluidized bed- transition from TFB
with very high speed of gas this FFB will
formed.
• Pneumatic conveying bed- highest gas
velocity for fluidization are choking
velocity and after that it will converted
into pneumatic bed and this reactor
pneumatic conveying fluidized bed
reactor.
• In all three model TFB, BFB, PCB solid
entrain out of bed regularly.
29. Bubbling fluidized bed
Model for bubbling fluidization
• Dispersion and tank series model
• Hydrodynamic flow model
• K-L model for BFB
• RTD Model
• Contact time distribution model
Bubbling fluidized bed seems like
boiling of liquid and gas bubbles
are moving up with faster velocity
then dispersed gas.
30. Contact time distribution model
• In BFB faster gas stayed mainly in bubbles and slow moving gas in
emulsion, according to this model effective rate constant depend on
length of stay of element of gas in bed.
K= K0tm
here m is a parameter
for first order constant density system concentration at exit will be
31. Non-catalytic system
• Heterogeneous fluid-fluid or solid-gas system
with two or more phase
• heat transfer and mass transfer are important
factor for this model
• Heat may be a product of this model
• Contacting scheme is very important
• Equilibrium solubility (if liquid-liquid system)
• Overall rate scheme
• Many method like shrinking core method of
analysis may be used
32. Reactor selection & design for burning of coal
Reaction type
Burning of coal is a exothermic reaction
C + O2 = CO2 + heat
Reactor selection
For burning of coal contact of air and coal is very important
Resistance to mass transfer will be
1. film above the coal
2. Ash layer with burning of coal
3. Resistance due to chemical reaction
So, very high mass transfer resistance
conti………
33. Ignition temperature
For burning of coal minimum
ignition required so, heat
should be recycled
Plug flow reactor with recycle
will be most suitable reactor
for this system
Mass Transfer resistance and
rate equation
Total resistance = film resistance
+ ash resistance + reaction
resistance
Plug flow reactor
34. • Know as we know the rate of reaction by
knowing all resistance
• We know the flow type and reactor type is
plug flow
• We know feed rate from heat balance of
burning of coal
• From performance equation we will get the
volume of reactor
35. References
Chemical reaction engineering
(octave levinspeil)
Element of chemical reaction engineering
(H. scott fogler)
Chemical reaction design
(Peter harriott)
http://highwire.stanford.edu
http://ocw.mit.com