The document discusses various optical properties of materials including reflection, refraction, absorption, scattering, transmission, thermal emission, and electro-optic effects. Reflection occurs when light strikes the interface between two media, refraction is when light changes speed and direction when passing from one medium to another, and absorption and scattering describe how light interacts with and loses energy in a material. Transmission is the amount of light that passes through a material. Thermal emission is how heated materials emit light, and electro-optic effects involve changes in optical properties from an applied electric field.
The document discusses various thermal properties of metals including heat capacity, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and their relationships. It provides definitions and formulas for each property. Heat capacity is defined as the energy required to change a material's temperature by one degree and depends on its mass. Thermal expansion occurs as atoms vibrate at higher frequencies when heated, increasing material dimensions. Thermal conductivity is the ability to transport heat from high to low temperature regions and depends on electron and phonon transport. The document also gives examples of thermal property values for different materials and the effects of temperature.
How we define material properties(HNDE Galle)BROKAVE
Group 9's presentation covered the physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of materials. Key points included:
1. Physical properties like density, elasticity, and plasticity define a material's response to forces. Density is the mass per unit volume and is important for design.
2. Mechanical properties indicate elastic or inelastic behavior under pressure, including strength, hardness, ductility, and brittleness.
3. Thermal properties influence heat transfer, such as thermal conductivity, expansion, and specific heat. Thermal expansion coefficients define size changes with temperature.
4. Electrical properties determine response to electric fields, including conductivity, resistivity, and thermoelectric effects
This document discusses heat treatment of steel using microwave energy and compares it to conventional heating. It begins with introducing microwaves and how they can be used to heat materials. Steel grade C30 is then discussed, along with heat treatment of materials generally. Microwave processing of materials is described, noting its advantages over conventional heating like rapid and uniform volumetric heating. How different materials interact with microwaves is explained. While metals do not heat well with microwaves, the document discusses how they can be heated using a susceptor. The objectives of comparing microwave versus conventional heat treatment of C30 steel are then stated. Finally, relevant literature on microwave processing of metals is reviewed.
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of MaterialsAbeni9
Properties of a material which determine its response to an electric field.
Materials are classified based on their electrical properties as conductors, semiconductors and insulators and newly super conductors.
Ideal for school presentations, and contains a lot of interesting information. This presentation is contains good animations to make it interesting. Please forgive me for the small spelling mistakes that I have made.
Conduction type, convectonsand its types, radiations and its types .Salman Jailani
Conduction transfers heat through direct contact between molecules. Heat flows from hotter to colder areas as faster molecules collide with and transfer energy to slower ones. The rate of conduction depends on temperature difference, object size/shape, material properties like thermal conductivity. Metals conduct heat better than fabrics due to higher conductivity.
Convection transfers heat via fluid movement. Heated fluid expands, becomes less dense and rises, while cooler fluid sinks below. This drives convection currents that circulate heat through a fluid. Natural convection occurs without external influence, like a heated pan cooling in air. Forced convection uses devices like fans to enhance fluid and heat flow.
Radiation emits electromagnetic waves to transfer heat
1) The document discusses the thermodynamics of the heavy fermion superconductor CeIrSi3. It provides background on superconductivity and the BCS theory of superconductivity.
2) It explains that heavy fermion superconductors have distinct properties from traditional superconductors due to hybridization of f-electrons and conduction electrons. The electron pairs in these materials experience strong coupling forces.
3) Research has shown that applying pressure to intermetallic compounds like heavy fermion superconductors can drive them towards or away from lattice instabilities, varying properties like the electron density of states and characteristic phonon frequency that determine superconductivity. The document will examine superconducting properties of CeIrSi
Ab Initio Thermometry For Long-Term Unattended Space Reactor OperationJoe Andelija
This document discusses two potential techniques for long-term, unattended temperature measurement in space nuclear reactors: radiation thermometry and Johnson noise thermometry. Radiation thermometry relies on measuring the variation in light emitted from a surface with temperature changes, while Johnson noise thermometry measures the random voltage fluctuations across a resistor due to atomic vibrations. Both techniques depend on fundamental physical phenomena and are therefore not susceptible to drift over time. However, both face significant technical challenges to implement in space reactors, such as developing radiation-tolerant electronics and distinguishing the small Johnson noise signal from other noise sources. The document provides an overview of the operating principles and considerations for applying these ab initio thermometry techniques to space nuclear power reactors.
The document discusses various thermal properties of metals including heat capacity, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and their relationships. It provides definitions and formulas for each property. Heat capacity is defined as the energy required to change a material's temperature by one degree and depends on its mass. Thermal expansion occurs as atoms vibrate at higher frequencies when heated, increasing material dimensions. Thermal conductivity is the ability to transport heat from high to low temperature regions and depends on electron and phonon transport. The document also gives examples of thermal property values for different materials and the effects of temperature.
How we define material properties(HNDE Galle)BROKAVE
Group 9's presentation covered the physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of materials. Key points included:
1. Physical properties like density, elasticity, and plasticity define a material's response to forces. Density is the mass per unit volume and is important for design.
2. Mechanical properties indicate elastic or inelastic behavior under pressure, including strength, hardness, ductility, and brittleness.
3. Thermal properties influence heat transfer, such as thermal conductivity, expansion, and specific heat. Thermal expansion coefficients define size changes with temperature.
4. Electrical properties determine response to electric fields, including conductivity, resistivity, and thermoelectric effects
This document discusses heat treatment of steel using microwave energy and compares it to conventional heating. It begins with introducing microwaves and how they can be used to heat materials. Steel grade C30 is then discussed, along with heat treatment of materials generally. Microwave processing of materials is described, noting its advantages over conventional heating like rapid and uniform volumetric heating. How different materials interact with microwaves is explained. While metals do not heat well with microwaves, the document discusses how they can be heated using a susceptor. The objectives of comparing microwave versus conventional heat treatment of C30 steel are then stated. Finally, relevant literature on microwave processing of metals is reviewed.
Electrical and Magnetic Properties of MaterialsAbeni9
Properties of a material which determine its response to an electric field.
Materials are classified based on their electrical properties as conductors, semiconductors and insulators and newly super conductors.
Ideal for school presentations, and contains a lot of interesting information. This presentation is contains good animations to make it interesting. Please forgive me for the small spelling mistakes that I have made.
Conduction type, convectonsand its types, radiations and its types .Salman Jailani
Conduction transfers heat through direct contact between molecules. Heat flows from hotter to colder areas as faster molecules collide with and transfer energy to slower ones. The rate of conduction depends on temperature difference, object size/shape, material properties like thermal conductivity. Metals conduct heat better than fabrics due to higher conductivity.
Convection transfers heat via fluid movement. Heated fluid expands, becomes less dense and rises, while cooler fluid sinks below. This drives convection currents that circulate heat through a fluid. Natural convection occurs without external influence, like a heated pan cooling in air. Forced convection uses devices like fans to enhance fluid and heat flow.
Radiation emits electromagnetic waves to transfer heat
1) The document discusses the thermodynamics of the heavy fermion superconductor CeIrSi3. It provides background on superconductivity and the BCS theory of superconductivity.
2) It explains that heavy fermion superconductors have distinct properties from traditional superconductors due to hybridization of f-electrons and conduction electrons. The electron pairs in these materials experience strong coupling forces.
3) Research has shown that applying pressure to intermetallic compounds like heavy fermion superconductors can drive them towards or away from lattice instabilities, varying properties like the electron density of states and characteristic phonon frequency that determine superconductivity. The document will examine superconducting properties of CeIrSi
Ab Initio Thermometry For Long-Term Unattended Space Reactor OperationJoe Andelija
This document discusses two potential techniques for long-term, unattended temperature measurement in space nuclear reactors: radiation thermometry and Johnson noise thermometry. Radiation thermometry relies on measuring the variation in light emitted from a surface with temperature changes, while Johnson noise thermometry measures the random voltage fluctuations across a resistor due to atomic vibrations. Both techniques depend on fundamental physical phenomena and are therefore not susceptible to drift over time. However, both face significant technical challenges to implement in space reactors, such as developing radiation-tolerant electronics and distinguishing the small Johnson noise signal from other noise sources. The document provides an overview of the operating principles and considerations for applying these ab initio thermometry techniques to space nuclear power reactors.
The document provides information about various topics related to energy and earth science. It discusses different forms of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy, and others. It also explains different methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Additionally, it covers topics like renewable and non-renewable energy sources, properties of light and sound, electricity, circuits, the solar system, seasons, and tides.
Ohm's law relates current, voltage, and resistance. Resistivity is a material property independent of geometry, while conductivity is the inverse of resistivity and indicates how easily a material conducts electricity. Materials are classified as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on conductivity. Semiconductors have applications in electronics due to their sensitivity to impurities and ability to be "doped" to control conductivity. Their band structure results in varying conductivity depending on temperature and doping.
Dielectric materials are insulators that can store electrical energy through polarization. They are used widely in applications like capacitors, transformers, and insulation. Dielectrics are characterized by their dielectric constant, which measures their ability to store charge when polarized by an electric field. The polarization of dielectrics occurs through mechanisms like electronic, ionic, and orientational polarization that create dipole moments in the material. The properties of dielectric materials, including their dielectric constant, are dependent on factors like frequency and temperature of an applied electric field.
This document provides an overview of thermoelectric and thermionic conversions. It begins with an introduction to thermoelectric, magnetohydrodynamic, and thermionic systems that directly convert heat into electricity without moving parts. It then describes the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects that form the basis of thermoelectric conversion. Diagrams illustrate the working principles of these effects. Requirements for suitable thermoelectric materials are outlined. Advantages of thermoelectric systems include having no moving parts and potential applications in remote areas and waste heat recovery, while disadvantages include low thermal efficiency. Examples of applications are in nuclear reactors, steam power plants, and recovering waste heat from engines.
The document discusses the basic principles of electricity, including how voltage is generated through various means such as friction, pressure, heat, light, chemical reactions, and magnetism. It also covers electrical components like conductors, insulators, batteries, circuits, and formulas such as Ohm's Law. The relationships between voltage, current, resistance, and power in electrical circuits are explained.
Gain a comprehensive understanding of the power behind electric current and its diverse effects. Explore how electric current influences chemical reactions and generates thermal effects, unraveling the mysteries of this dynamic force.
This document provides an overview of physics concepts related to electricity and nuclear physics. It discusses electrostatics, including charging insulators and generating electric sparks. It also covers uses of electrostatics like in photocopiers and defibrillators. The document discusses nuclear fission in power plants and the challenges of nuclear waste disposal. Safety topics like circuit components and radiation treatment are also summarized.
Thermal conductivity depends on temperature, material properties, and geometry. It describes how well a material conducts heat. Other intrinsic properties include electrical and thermal conductivity, resistivity, and magnetism. Soft magnetism refers to materials that can be easily magnetized and demagnetized, while hard magnetism means strong remnant magnetization. Thermionic and photoelectric emission occur when thermal or photon energy overcomes the work function of a material, ejecting electrons. Catalysis increases reaction rates without being consumed in the reaction. Wettability describes how well a liquid maintains contact with a solid surface based on intermolecular interactions. Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar surfaces to bond, while cohesion refers to the bonding
The document provides information on electrostatic discharge (ESD) including its definition, causes, effects, and models. Some key points:
- ESD is defined as the transfer of electrostatic charges between bodies at different potentials caused by direct contact or induced electrostatic fields.
- Common causes of ESD include walking on carpets, improper grounding of equipment, and low humidity conditions.
- ESD events can damage electronic components by surging voltages as high as 25,000 volts through devices. This can cause failures in integrated circuits.
- Three models of ESD are described: the human body model which involves discharge through the human body's capacitance and resistance; the machine model which
This document discusses a study on the thermoelectric effect in magnetic nanostructures. It begins with introductions to the thermoelectric effect, which involves the direct conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage and vice versa. It then defines magnetic nanostructures as structures with one or more dimensions between 0.1-100nm, such as nanotextured surfaces, nanotubes, or nanoparticles. The document goes on to explain the three main thermoelectric phenomena - the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect - and provides examples of their applications, such as thermoelectric generators and Peltier coolers.
This document discusses applications of superconductors. It begins with a brief history of superconductivity and summarizes some key theories like London theory, Ginzburg-Landau theory, and BCS theory. It then discusses properties of superconductors like zero electrical resistance, perfect diamagnetism, and critical magnetic field. Finally, it describes potential applications of superconductors such as superconducting generators that could improve efficiency, superconducting magnetic energy storage systems, and superconducting cables.
Kinetic energy is the energy of moving objects. When a ball is thrown up, gravity converts the kinetic energy into potential energy. Gravity is directed downward with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. The two types of electric charge are positive and negative. Charged objects become charged through friction, conduction, or induction which leads to electric forces and fields between them.
Kinetic energy is the energy of moving objects. When a ball is thrown up, gravity converts the kinetic energy into potential energy. Gravity is directed downward with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. The two types of electric charge are positive and negative. Charged objects become charged through friction, conduction, or induction which leads to electric forces and fields between them.
Energy conversion & physics of semiconductorsMaulik Ramani
1) Energy can take many forms and can be converted between forms but cannot be created or destroyed. The five main forms are thermal, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear, and mechanical.
2) Semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators. Intrinsic semiconductors conduct based on the generation of electron-hole pairs. Extrinsic semiconductors are doped with impurities to add carriers.
3) N-type semiconductors have donor atoms that add free electrons as majority carriers. P-type have acceptor atoms that add holes as majority carriers. A PN junction diode allows current in one direction based on carrier flow under forward or reverse bias.
HBA Microwave by Dr Sir Rabnawaz of DMME department of PIEAS universityMaqsoodAhmadKhan5
HBA Microwave by Dr Sir Rabnawaz of DMME department of PIEAS university. This presentation include the detailed operational and functional working of microwave oven.
Resistance is a measure of how an object opposes the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms and depends on several factors including the length, cross-sectional area, material, and temperature of the conductor. Resistance increases with length and resistivity of the material, and with temperature for metals. It decreases with cross-sectional area and temperature for nonmetals. Resistance has important applications in devices like variable resistors in electronics to control things like volume or light intensity.
Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Kamerlingh Onnes who observed that the electrical resistance of mercury dropped to zero at 4.2K. Since then, major developments have included the BCS theory of superconductivity in 1957 and the discovery of high-temperature superconductors with critical temperatures over 130K. Superconductors exhibit zero resistivity and the Meissner effect of repelling magnetic fields below critical temperatures and fields due to the formation of Cooper pairs. Potential applications include efficient power transmission and magnetic levitation.
Static electricity is an excess electric charge that remains on the surface of an object until it can discharge. It is produced when two materials contact and separate, often through rubbing, and at least one material is an insulator. This causes electrons to transfer, leaving one material positively charged and the other negatively charged. Common examples include hair standing up after removing a sweater or a balloon clinging to a wall after being rubbed on hair. Static electricity is distinguished from current electricity which flows in conductors and transmits energy.
First and second law thermodynamics (sy p 8)bapu thorat
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformation. There are several key concepts in thermodynamics including:
1. The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
2. Work done in reversible processes allows for the maximum work extraction as the opposing pressure differs only infinitesimally from the internal pressure. In irreversible processes, the maximum work is not extracted.
3. Enthalpy (H) is a state function that accounts for heat transfer and work done at constant pressure. The change in enthalpy equals the heat absorbed or released by a system at
The document provides information about various topics related to energy and earth science. It discusses different forms of energy including kinetic energy, potential energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy, and others. It also explains different methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Additionally, it covers topics like renewable and non-renewable energy sources, properties of light and sound, electricity, circuits, the solar system, seasons, and tides.
Ohm's law relates current, voltage, and resistance. Resistivity is a material property independent of geometry, while conductivity is the inverse of resistivity and indicates how easily a material conducts electricity. Materials are classified as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors based on conductivity. Semiconductors have applications in electronics due to their sensitivity to impurities and ability to be "doped" to control conductivity. Their band structure results in varying conductivity depending on temperature and doping.
Dielectric materials are insulators that can store electrical energy through polarization. They are used widely in applications like capacitors, transformers, and insulation. Dielectrics are characterized by their dielectric constant, which measures their ability to store charge when polarized by an electric field. The polarization of dielectrics occurs through mechanisms like electronic, ionic, and orientational polarization that create dipole moments in the material. The properties of dielectric materials, including their dielectric constant, are dependent on factors like frequency and temperature of an applied electric field.
This document provides an overview of thermoelectric and thermionic conversions. It begins with an introduction to thermoelectric, magnetohydrodynamic, and thermionic systems that directly convert heat into electricity without moving parts. It then describes the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects that form the basis of thermoelectric conversion. Diagrams illustrate the working principles of these effects. Requirements for suitable thermoelectric materials are outlined. Advantages of thermoelectric systems include having no moving parts and potential applications in remote areas and waste heat recovery, while disadvantages include low thermal efficiency. Examples of applications are in nuclear reactors, steam power plants, and recovering waste heat from engines.
The document discusses the basic principles of electricity, including how voltage is generated through various means such as friction, pressure, heat, light, chemical reactions, and magnetism. It also covers electrical components like conductors, insulators, batteries, circuits, and formulas such as Ohm's Law. The relationships between voltage, current, resistance, and power in electrical circuits are explained.
Gain a comprehensive understanding of the power behind electric current and its diverse effects. Explore how electric current influences chemical reactions and generates thermal effects, unraveling the mysteries of this dynamic force.
This document provides an overview of physics concepts related to electricity and nuclear physics. It discusses electrostatics, including charging insulators and generating electric sparks. It also covers uses of electrostatics like in photocopiers and defibrillators. The document discusses nuclear fission in power plants and the challenges of nuclear waste disposal. Safety topics like circuit components and radiation treatment are also summarized.
Thermal conductivity depends on temperature, material properties, and geometry. It describes how well a material conducts heat. Other intrinsic properties include electrical and thermal conductivity, resistivity, and magnetism. Soft magnetism refers to materials that can be easily magnetized and demagnetized, while hard magnetism means strong remnant magnetization. Thermionic and photoelectric emission occur when thermal or photon energy overcomes the work function of a material, ejecting electrons. Catalysis increases reaction rates without being consumed in the reaction. Wettability describes how well a liquid maintains contact with a solid surface based on intermolecular interactions. Adhesion is the tendency of dissimilar surfaces to bond, while cohesion refers to the bonding
The document provides information on electrostatic discharge (ESD) including its definition, causes, effects, and models. Some key points:
- ESD is defined as the transfer of electrostatic charges between bodies at different potentials caused by direct contact or induced electrostatic fields.
- Common causes of ESD include walking on carpets, improper grounding of equipment, and low humidity conditions.
- ESD events can damage electronic components by surging voltages as high as 25,000 volts through devices. This can cause failures in integrated circuits.
- Three models of ESD are described: the human body model which involves discharge through the human body's capacitance and resistance; the machine model which
This document discusses a study on the thermoelectric effect in magnetic nanostructures. It begins with introductions to the thermoelectric effect, which involves the direct conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage and vice versa. It then defines magnetic nanostructures as structures with one or more dimensions between 0.1-100nm, such as nanotextured surfaces, nanotubes, or nanoparticles. The document goes on to explain the three main thermoelectric phenomena - the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Thomson effect - and provides examples of their applications, such as thermoelectric generators and Peltier coolers.
This document discusses applications of superconductors. It begins with a brief history of superconductivity and summarizes some key theories like London theory, Ginzburg-Landau theory, and BCS theory. It then discusses properties of superconductors like zero electrical resistance, perfect diamagnetism, and critical magnetic field. Finally, it describes potential applications of superconductors such as superconducting generators that could improve efficiency, superconducting magnetic energy storage systems, and superconducting cables.
Kinetic energy is the energy of moving objects. When a ball is thrown up, gravity converts the kinetic energy into potential energy. Gravity is directed downward with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. The two types of electric charge are positive and negative. Charged objects become charged through friction, conduction, or induction which leads to electric forces and fields between them.
Kinetic energy is the energy of moving objects. When a ball is thrown up, gravity converts the kinetic energy into potential energy. Gravity is directed downward with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. The two types of electric charge are positive and negative. Charged objects become charged through friction, conduction, or induction which leads to electric forces and fields between them.
Energy conversion & physics of semiconductorsMaulik Ramani
1) Energy can take many forms and can be converted between forms but cannot be created or destroyed. The five main forms are thermal, chemical, electromagnetic, nuclear, and mechanical.
2) Semiconductors have properties between conductors and insulators. Intrinsic semiconductors conduct based on the generation of electron-hole pairs. Extrinsic semiconductors are doped with impurities to add carriers.
3) N-type semiconductors have donor atoms that add free electrons as majority carriers. P-type have acceptor atoms that add holes as majority carriers. A PN junction diode allows current in one direction based on carrier flow under forward or reverse bias.
HBA Microwave by Dr Sir Rabnawaz of DMME department of PIEAS universityMaqsoodAhmadKhan5
HBA Microwave by Dr Sir Rabnawaz of DMME department of PIEAS university. This presentation include the detailed operational and functional working of microwave oven.
Resistance is a measure of how an object opposes the flow of electric current. It is measured in ohms and depends on several factors including the length, cross-sectional area, material, and temperature of the conductor. Resistance increases with length and resistivity of the material, and with temperature for metals. It decreases with cross-sectional area and temperature for nonmetals. Resistance has important applications in devices like variable resistors in electronics to control things like volume or light intensity.
Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Kamerlingh Onnes who observed that the electrical resistance of mercury dropped to zero at 4.2K. Since then, major developments have included the BCS theory of superconductivity in 1957 and the discovery of high-temperature superconductors with critical temperatures over 130K. Superconductors exhibit zero resistivity and the Meissner effect of repelling magnetic fields below critical temperatures and fields due to the formation of Cooper pairs. Potential applications include efficient power transmission and magnetic levitation.
Static electricity is an excess electric charge that remains on the surface of an object until it can discharge. It is produced when two materials contact and separate, often through rubbing, and at least one material is an insulator. This causes electrons to transfer, leaving one material positively charged and the other negatively charged. Common examples include hair standing up after removing a sweater or a balloon clinging to a wall after being rubbed on hair. Static electricity is distinguished from current electricity which flows in conductors and transmits energy.
First and second law thermodynamics (sy p 8)bapu thorat
Thermodynamics is the study of energy and its transformation. There are several key concepts in thermodynamics including:
1. The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.
2. Work done in reversible processes allows for the maximum work extraction as the opposing pressure differs only infinitesimally from the internal pressure. In irreversible processes, the maximum work is not extracted.
3. Enthalpy (H) is a state function that accounts for heat transfer and work done at constant pressure. The change in enthalpy equals the heat absorbed or released by a system at
Semelhante a properties-and-characteristics-of-materials-1 (1).pdf (20)
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. electrical
There are three primary electrical parameters: the volt,
the ampere and the ohm. Voltage is the pressure from an
electrical circuit's power source that pushes charged
electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling
them to do work such as illuminating a light. In brief,
voltage = pressure, and it is measured in volts (V). An
ampere is a unit of measure of the rate of electron flow or
current in an electrical conductor. One ampere of current
represents one coulomb of electrical charge (6.24 x 1018
charge carriers) moving past a specific point in one
second. The SI derived unit used to measure the electrical
resistance of a material or an electrical device. One ohm
is equal to the resistance of a conductor through which a
current of one ampere flows when a potential difference
of one volt is applied to it
3. electrical
Electrical properties are their ability to conduct
electrical current. Various electrical properties are
resistivity, Electrical conductivity, temperature
coefficient of resistance, dielectric strength and
thermoelectricity. The resistivity of a material is a
measure of how strongly a material opposes the
flow of electrical current. The unit of resistivity in SI
units is the ohm-meter (Ω⋅ Electrical conductivity is
nothing but the measure of the capability of the
material to pass the flow of electric current.
Electrical conductivity differs from one material to
another depending on the ability to let the electricity
flow through them.
4. electrical
Temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) is the
calculation of a relative change of resistance per
degree of temperature change. The dielectric
strength of a material is a measure of the electrical
strength of an insulator. It is defined as the
maximum voltage required to produce a dielectric
breakdown through the material and is expressed in
terms of Volts per unit thickness. Thermoelectricity is
the direct and thermodynamically reversible
conversion of heat to electricity and vice versa.
5. magnetic
Magnetic lines of force form a complete loop and
are continuous. The opposite poles of magnets
attract each other whereas like poles repel one
another. The magnetic lines of force are denser at
the poles of a magnet. Parallel magnetic lines of
force that travel in opposite directions cancel each
other.
Magnetic properties
1. Diamagnetic They are weakly repelled by the
magnetic fields
2. Paramagnetic They are weakly attracted by the
magnetic fields.
6. thermal
The responses of solids against the thermal effects
are termed as thermal properties of materials.
Proper selection of materials for favourable low and
high temperature applications requires knowledge
of their thermal properties.
7. Many engineering solids when exposed to heat experiences an increase
in temperature i.e. it absorbs heat energy. This property of a material i.e.
material’s ability to absorb heat energy is called its heat capacity, C. It is
defined as the energy required to change a material’s temperature by
one degree.
Heat energy absorption of a (solid, liquid or gaseous) material exists in
mode of thermal energy vibration of constituent atoms or molecules
apart from the other mechanical heat absorption such as electronic
contribution. With increase of energy, atoms vibrate at higher
frequencies.
HEAT CAPACITY
8. After heat absorption, atoms started vibrating and having larger atomic
radius, leads to increase in materials dimensions. The phenomenon is
called thermal expansion.
THERMAL EXPANSION
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
The ability of a material to transport heat energy from high temperature
region to low temperature region is defined as thermal conductivity.
9. After heat absorption, atoms started vibrating and having larger atomic
radius, leads to increase in materials dimensions. The phenomenon is
called thermal expansion.
The distribution of residual stresses is not always symmetrical within the
material. Uneven cooling is a cause of such unbalanced stresses, it
happens because when one surface of a material is cooled more rapidly
than the other, the rapidly cooled surface generates compression
whereas tension is developed on other surface. Such asymmetry
produces ‘warpage’ and the material develops convexity towards
rapidly cooled surface.
THERMAL STRESS
10. b. Joints of two railroad rails,
e. Refractory bricks in
metallic furnaces and ovens,
c. Jacketed thick cylinders
that are shrink fitted,
f.Outer skins of
rockets and missiles
d. Bimetallic strips in
thermostatic controls,
a. Welded construction of structures
and the pressure vessels,
12. The residual stresses produced within plastic materials may be
relieved partially by warpage, but this is not so in case of non-plastic
materials. In them, the dimensional changes cannot relieve the
stresses, and the stresses in excess of elastic limit produce thermal
cracking. This is called spalling. This is a very common phenomenon
in glassware.
SPARLLING OT THERMAL
CRACKLING
13. Behaviour of a material under repeated heating and cooling is known
as thermal fatigue. Due to thermal fatigue, thermal stresses of
fluctuating nature are produced in the material which may eventually
cause its thermal fatigue failure. The ability of a material to withstand
such failure is called thermal fatigue resistance.
THERMAL FATIGUE
14. A situation in the material, when there is a severe and sudden
temperature change, is known as thermal shock. The capability of a
material to withstand this effects of such drastic change is called
thermal shock resistance.
THERMAL SHOCK
16. chemical
A chemical property is a characteristic or behavior of a substance
that may be observed when it undergoes a chemical change or
reaction. Chemical properties are seen either during or following a
reaction since the arrangement of atoms within a sample must be
disrupted for the property to be investigated. This is different from a
physical property, which is a characteristic that may be observed
and measured without changing the chemical identity of a
specimen.
17. example of chemical
properties
1 toxicity
2 reactivity
3
types of chemical bonds
form
4 oxidation states
5 flammability
6 heat of combustion
18. a chemical change must occur for a chemical property to be
observed and measured. For example, iron oxidizes and becomes
rust. Rusting is not a property that can be described based on
analysis of the pure element.
REMEMBER
19. Chemical properties are of great interest to materials science. These
characteristics help scientists classify samples, identify unknown
materials, and purify substances. Knowing the properties helps
chemists make predictions about the type of reactions to expect.
Because chemical properties are not readily apparent, they are
included in labels for chemical containers. Hazard labels based on
chemical properties should be affixed to containers, while full
documentation should be maintained for easy reference.
USES OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
20. optical
Optical property deals with the response of a material
against exposure to electromagnetic radiations, especially
to visible light. When light falls on a material, several
processes such as reflection, refraction, absorption,
scattering etc.
21. When light photons are transmitted through
a material, they causes polarization of the
electrons in the material and by interacting
with the polarized materials, photons lose
some of their energy. As a result of this, the
speed of light is reduced and the beam of
light changes direction.
REFRACTION
REFRLECTION
When a beam of photons strikes a
material, some of the light is scattered
at the interface between that we
media even if both are transparent.
Reflectivity, R, is a measure of fraction
of incident light which is reflected at
the interface
22. ABSORBTION
When a light beam is striked on a material surface,
portion of the incident beam that is not reflected by
the material is either absorbed or transmitted through
the material. The fraction of beam that is absorbed is
related to the thickness of the materials and the
manner in which the photons interact with the
material’s structure
23. Here photon interacts with the electron orbiting around an atom and
is deflected without any change in photon energy. This is more vital
for high atomic number atoms and low photon energies. Ex. Blue
colour in the sunlight gets scattered more than other colors in the
visible spectrum and thus making sky look blue.
RAYLEIGH SCATTERING
TYNDALL EFFECT
Here scattering occur form particles much larger
than the wavelength of light Ex. cloud look white
COMTOPN SCATTERING
In this incident photon knocks out an electron from
the atom losing some of its energy during the
process.
24. The fraction of beam that is not reflected or absorbed is transmitted
through the material. Thus the fraction of light that is transmitted
through a transparent material depends on the losses incurred by
absorption and reflection. Thus, R + A + T = 1
where R = reflectivity,
TRANSMISSION
25. When a material is heated electrons are excited to higher energy
levels generally in the outer energy levels where the electrons are less
strongly bound to the nucleus. These excited electrons, upon returning
back to the ground state, release photons in process termed as
thermal emission.
By measuring the intensity of a narrow band of the emitted
wavelengths with a pyrometer, material’s temperature can be
estimated.
THERMAL EMISSION
26. When a material is heated electrons are excited to
higher energy levels generally in the outer energy
levels where the electrons are less strongly bound
to the nucleus. These excited electrons, upon
returning back to the ground state, release
photons in process termed as thermal emission.
By measuring the intensity of a narrow band of the
emitted wavelengths with a pyrometer, material’s
temperature can be estimated.
ELECTRO-OPTIC
EFFECT
BRIGHTNESS
Power emitted by a source per unit area per unit
solid angle.
27. Phenomenon in which the ejection
of electrons from a metal surface
takes place, when the metal surface
is illuminated by light or any other
radiation of suitable frequency (or
wavelength). Several devices such
as phototube, solar cell, fire alarm
etc. work on this effect (principle).
PHOTO ELECTREC
EFFECT
PHOTO
EMESSIVITY
Phenomenon of emission of
electrons from a metal cathode,
when exposed to light or any other
radiations.
28. These materials may be transparent, translucent,
or opaque. Therefore, they exhibit different optical
properties such as reflection, refraction, absorption
and transmission. The phenomenon of refraction is
more dominant in them.
ii. The non-metals which are transparent are generally
coloured due to light absorption and remission in the
visible region by them. Absorption of light occurs due
to: Electronic polarization.
optical properties of non-
metals
29. i. In metals, the valence band is partially filled and so there are large number of
quasi continuous vacant energy levels available within the valence band. When
light is incident on metals the valence electrons absorb all frequencies of visible
light and get excited to vacant states inside the valence band (intra-band
transitions). This result in the opacity of metals.
ii. The total absorption of light by the metal surface is within a very thin outer layer
of less than 0.1 jam. The excited electrons return back to lower energy states
thereby causing emission of radiation from the surface of the metal in the form of
visible light of the same wavelength. This emitted light which appears as the
reflected light is the cause of the lustrous appearance of metals.
optical properties of metals
30. Luminescence is the property by which a material
emits the light.
luminescence
different types of luminescence
1.photo- luminescence
It is the phenomenon of emission of light from a semiconductor on
account of recombination of excited electron-hole pair (EHP).
Here one photon is emitted from each photon absorbed.
Recombination in semiconductors takes place at varying rates; fast and slo
a.flourescence
It is a fast process property of material in which
the emission of photon stops in about 10–8s after
the excitation is removed.
Example: (i) Glass surface coated with tungstates
or silicates such as in fluorescent lamps.
(ii) Television screen coated with sulphides,
oxides, tungstates etc
b.phosphorescence
continues for a longer durSlow process property
of material in which the emission of photon ation,
lasting for seconds and minutes after removal of
excitation.
31. 2.electro luminescence
I.This effect can be created by introducing the electric current into a semiconductor. The
electrical current can be used in different ways to generate the photon emission from
semiconductors. One such way is ‘injection’.The name of the process is injection electro-
luminescence which is use in making light-emitting diodes (LEDs).n them the minority carriers
are injected by electric current, into the regions of a crystal where they can recombine with
majority carriers. It results in emission of recombination radiation.The effect of electro-
luminescence can be found in devices incorporating the phosphor powder (such as of ZnS) in a
plastic binder.This phosphor gives-off the light when an alternating current (a.c.) filed is
applied on it. Such device is known as ‘electro-luminescence cell’, which is used as lighting
panel.Destriau effect- The emission of photons in certain phosphors occurs when they are
subjected to alternating electric field, was observed for the first time by Destriau. Hence this
phenomenon is known as ‘Destriau effect’.
32. i. Insulators have completely filled valence band and so like as
in semiconductors, no intra-band transitions can occur.
ii. The energy gap in insulators are greater than 5 eV and so no
inter-band transition can occur in the visible range of
radiation.
iii. Absorption occurs only for the ultraviolent radiation.
Insulators are transparent from infra-red up to the ultra-violet
radiation.
Examples:
a. Perfect diamond crystal
b. Fused quartz
c. Window glass
optical properties of
insulators
33. iv. Above materials are opaque because the incident
radiation gets scattered in all direction by the small
particles present in these materials.
v. Due to this, there cannot be perfect transmission.
Part of the radiation is diffusely transmitted and part is
diffusely reflected. This makes the materials appear
opaque.
vi. If the particle size is of the order of the wavelength of
visible radiation, there will be maximum scattering.
vii. For some applications, such particles are
deliberately introduced in dielectrics to make them
opaque.
non-transparent insulators
examples of non transparent
insulators
a. Enamels,
b. Porcelains,
c. Opal glass etc.
34. i. Ionic crystals are insulators. The energy gap in these crystal are in the range of
5-8 eV. The electrons cannot absorb photons in the visible radiation and get
excited to the conduction band. So the complete range of visible radiation is
transmitted by ionic crystals and they are transparent.
ii. The absorption properties of ionic crystals change drastically if point defects
such as lattice vacancy or Schottky defects are present in them. Because of this
defect materials are found to be colored.
iii. Another method by which the optical absorption in ionic crystals can be
changed is by adding impurities.
iv. Lower yield strength,
v. Polymorphic transformations
vi. Decrease in hardness etc.
OPTICAL ABSOPTION IN IONIC CRYSTAL
35. Mechanical
The mechanical properties of a material are those which affect the mechanical
strength and ability of a material to be molded in suitable shape. Some of the
typical mechanical properties of a material include:
• Strength
• Toughness
• Hardness
• Hardenability
• Brittleness
• Malleability
• Ductility
• Creep and Slip
• Resilience
• Fatigue
Mechanical
examples of non transparent
insulators
a. Enamels,
b. Porcelains,
c. Opal glass etc.