Difference between Cost, Value, Price, Rent, Simple and Compound Interest, Profit, Cash flow Diagram,
Annuities and its Types, Demand, Demand Schedule, Law of Demand, Demand Curve, Elasticity of Demand and Supply,
Supply Schedule, Supply Curve, Elasticity of Supply Equilibrium,
Equilibrium Price, Equilibrium Amount, Factors Affecting Price Determination
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Substitution, Concept of Cost of Capital,
Time Value of Money, Sources of Project Finance.
SPPU PUNE
CIVIL ENGINEERING
SECOND YEAR CIVIL ENGINEERING
2019 PAT SYLLABUS
SOLVED NUMERICALS
Financial planning involves streamlining income, expenses, assets, and liabilities to meet current and future financial needs. It aims to ensure households have adequate resources to meet expenses now and in the future, such as during retirement. Financial planning identifies key goals and puts an action plan in place to realign finances and meet goals. It also helps manage personal financial situations better. Financial goals specify the amount of money needed for a future need and when it is required. Each goal has a goal value and time to goal.
This document provides an overview of economics lecture content covering various topics:
1. It defines interest, interest rate, simple interest, and compound interest and provides formulas for calculating simple and compound interest.
2. It discusses problems involving simple and compound interest calculations.
3. It covers cash flows, inflation, cost accounting, and the accounting equation.
4. It defines depreciation concepts and methods like straight-line and declining balance. It also discusses taxes and taxable income.
This document provides an overview of project economics concepts including:
- Introduction to project economics and the contribution of construction industry to the economy.
- Definitions of cost, price, and value as well as concepts like simple and compound interest, profit, and annuities.
- Economic concepts of demand, demand schedule, law of demand, demand curve, elasticity of demand, supply, supply schedule, supply curve, and elasticity of supply.
- Equilibrium price and amount as well as factors affecting price determination.
- Concepts of cost of capital, time value of money, and sources of project financing including debt and equity capital.
The document summarizes key concepts related to time value of money including:
1) Money today is worth more than money in the future due to factors like interest rates and inflation.
2) Compound interest means interest is earned on both the principal amount and any previous interest earned.
3) Present value calculations determine the current worth of future cash flows while future value calculates the future worth of present cash flows.
4) Annuities represent a stream of regular payments and their present and future values can be calculated using standard formulas.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in economics and finance including income, expenditure, savings, factors of production, GDP, time value of money, compounding, discounting, CAGR, taxation, and factors that influence investment decision making. It defines important terms and provides examples to illustrate concepts like compound interest calculations. The document discusses both macro-environment factors like demographics, technology, politics, and the economy and micro-environment factors specific to an individual like desires, disposable income, and financial goals that influence investment decisions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in engineering economy. It discusses:
1) Why engineering economy is important for engineers to make sound economic decisions when designing and selecting between alternatives.
2) The time value of money concept and how money has more value the sooner it is received.
3) The general steps engineers should follow in decision making processes, including understanding the problem, identifying alternatives, and selecting the best option.
4) Key terms used in engineering economy like interest, interest rates, cash flows, economic equivalence, and the difference between simple and compound interest calculations.
This document provides an overview of the course Engineering Economy taught by Dr. Shailesh Dewangan at BIT Mesra. The course covers topics related to time value of money, including simple and compound interest, cash flows, interest rates, and economic equivalence. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples to illustrate time value of money calculations. The document also discusses how inflation impacts interest rates and economic decisions. References for further reading on engineering economy and time value of money are listed at the end.
This document discusses key concepts in engineering economics and financial management. It begins by defining engineering economics as applying mathematical and scientific knowledge with judgment to develop solutions to problems while considering technical and economic viability. It then covers topics like time value of money, cash flow diagrams, simple vs compound interest, equivalence principles, and factor notation. The goal is for learners to understand these fundamental concepts and be able to represent cash flows graphically, find the worth of cash transactions over time, and solve single cash flow problems.
Financial planning involves streamlining income, expenses, assets, and liabilities to meet current and future financial needs. It aims to ensure households have adequate resources to meet expenses now and in the future, such as during retirement. Financial planning identifies key goals and puts an action plan in place to realign finances and meet goals. It also helps manage personal financial situations better. Financial goals specify the amount of money needed for a future need and when it is required. Each goal has a goal value and time to goal.
This document provides an overview of economics lecture content covering various topics:
1. It defines interest, interest rate, simple interest, and compound interest and provides formulas for calculating simple and compound interest.
2. It discusses problems involving simple and compound interest calculations.
3. It covers cash flows, inflation, cost accounting, and the accounting equation.
4. It defines depreciation concepts and methods like straight-line and declining balance. It also discusses taxes and taxable income.
This document provides an overview of project economics concepts including:
- Introduction to project economics and the contribution of construction industry to the economy.
- Definitions of cost, price, and value as well as concepts like simple and compound interest, profit, and annuities.
- Economic concepts of demand, demand schedule, law of demand, demand curve, elasticity of demand, supply, supply schedule, supply curve, and elasticity of supply.
- Equilibrium price and amount as well as factors affecting price determination.
- Concepts of cost of capital, time value of money, and sources of project financing including debt and equity capital.
The document summarizes key concepts related to time value of money including:
1) Money today is worth more than money in the future due to factors like interest rates and inflation.
2) Compound interest means interest is earned on both the principal amount and any previous interest earned.
3) Present value calculations determine the current worth of future cash flows while future value calculates the future worth of present cash flows.
4) Annuities represent a stream of regular payments and their present and future values can be calculated using standard formulas.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in economics and finance including income, expenditure, savings, factors of production, GDP, time value of money, compounding, discounting, CAGR, taxation, and factors that influence investment decision making. It defines important terms and provides examples to illustrate concepts like compound interest calculations. The document discusses both macro-environment factors like demographics, technology, politics, and the economy and micro-environment factors specific to an individual like desires, disposable income, and financial goals that influence investment decisions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in engineering economy. It discusses:
1) Why engineering economy is important for engineers to make sound economic decisions when designing and selecting between alternatives.
2) The time value of money concept and how money has more value the sooner it is received.
3) The general steps engineers should follow in decision making processes, including understanding the problem, identifying alternatives, and selecting the best option.
4) Key terms used in engineering economy like interest, interest rates, cash flows, economic equivalence, and the difference between simple and compound interest calculations.
This document provides an overview of the course Engineering Economy taught by Dr. Shailesh Dewangan at BIT Mesra. The course covers topics related to time value of money, including simple and compound interest, cash flows, interest rates, and economic equivalence. It defines key terms and concepts and provides examples to illustrate time value of money calculations. The document also discusses how inflation impacts interest rates and economic decisions. References for further reading on engineering economy and time value of money are listed at the end.
This document discusses key concepts in engineering economics and financial management. It begins by defining engineering economics as applying mathematical and scientific knowledge with judgment to develop solutions to problems while considering technical and economic viability. It then covers topics like time value of money, cash flow diagrams, simple vs compound interest, equivalence principles, and factor notation. The goal is for learners to understand these fundamental concepts and be able to represent cash flows graphically, find the worth of cash transactions over time, and solve single cash flow problems.
This document provides an overview of basic cost concepts and engineering economy terms. It defines key cost terms like first cost, operation and maintenance costs, fixed costs, and variable costs. It also explains time value of money concepts like present value, future value, and compound interest. Methods for engineering economy analysis are discussed, including break-even analysis, payback period, net present worth, and internal rate of return. Cash flow diagrams are introduced as a way to visualize and simplify cash flows over time for decision making.
Investment Analysis for private and Public sector projectsjimsd
The document discusses various concepts related to investment analysis for private and public sector projects. It covers timing of investments, discounting future cash flows, net present value (NPV) analysis, and internal rate of return (IRR). The key questions investment analysis aims to answer are whether to incur costs now for future benefits or use funds for immediate consumption. Private firms seek to maximize shareholder returns while public sectors aim to maximize community welfare.
The document discusses the concepts of engineering economics and time value of money. It provides an overview of why engineering economics is important for engineers when making design decisions. The document also covers key concepts in time value of money, including present value, future value, and formulas for calculating things like lump sums, cash flows, and annuities under different conditions.
Engineering economy is the analysis and evaluation of factors that will affect the economic success of engineering projects to recommend the best use of capital. It examines alternatives from a consistent viewpoint using monetary units, considering all relevant criteria like costs, benefits, risks and uncertainties. The principles of engineering economy guide developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using consistent units of measure, and revisiting decisions. Money-time relationships like interest, present worth, and future worth are key concepts in engineering economy analysis.
The document discusses the importance of engineering economy in decision making for individuals, businesses, and government agencies. Engineering economy provides quantitative analysis techniques to evaluate and compare the costs and benefits of project alternatives over time. It helps structure the estimates needed to evaluate alternatives and select the most economically favorable option based on metrics like present worth, rate of return, and benefit-cost ratio.
This document discusses key concepts related to engineering economics, including capital, interest, cash flow diagrams, present worth, future value, nominal interest rates, effective interest rates, and simple vs compound interest. It provides examples and formulas for calculating future value, present worth, nominal interest rates, and effective interest rates. The key points are:
- Interest rates are used to determine the time value of money and allow economic comparisons of cash flows over different time periods.
- Compound interest accounts for interest earned on both the principal amount and previously accumulated interest.
- More frequent compounding results in a higher effective interest rate than the nominal annual rate.
- Present worth and future value formulas allow determining the equivalent value
This document discusses various methods for analyzing the economics of an enterprise, including cost-benefit analysis, cost-effective analysis, and cost-minimization analysis. It also covers calculating total project costs, profit and loss statements, break-even points, sources of funding, repayment of loans, and interest types like simple and compound interest. The second half of the document discusses calculating values of profitability, including gross income, net income, cost-benefit ratios, return on investment, payback periods, net present value, and internal rate of return. Students are assigned discussion topics on parts of the economic analysis.
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It states that time value of money refers to money being worth more the earlier it is received. It also discusses key concepts like present value, future value, compounding, discounting, and how to calculate future and present values using formulas that factor in variables like interest rates and time periods. The document also mentions how risk and inflation impact interest rates in determining the cost of capital.
This document summarizes key concepts related to consumption functions, investment functions, and business cycles. It defines consumption and investment functions, explaining factors like disposable income, autonomous consumption, and marginal propensity to consume in consumption functions. It also discusses induced and autonomous investment, the marginal efficiency of capital, and determinants of investment levels. The document then explains concepts like the multiplier, accelerator, phases of the business cycle, and theories of the business cycle like monetary, innovation, and Keynesian theories.
This document discusses microeconomics versus macroeconomics and engineering economy concepts such as the time value of money, interest calculations, and annuities. It defines microeconomics as the study of individual markets and segments of the economy, while macroeconomics examines the whole economy and aggregate variables. The key difference is that microeconomics focuses on issues affecting individuals and companies, while macroeconomics analyzes a national economy. It also covers cash flow concepts, simple and effective interest rates, and defines annuities as plans that provide regular payments for life after an initial lump sum investment.
The document discusses various actuarial statistics concepts in 10 sections:
1. It defines the difference between simple and compound interest, and provides a table comparing key aspects.
2. It presents the formula for calculating the present value of an annuity.
3. It provides an example problem calculating the value of a college fund after making monthly deposits over 10 years.
4. It defines a sinking fund as periodic payments designed to produce a given sum in the future, such as to pay off a loan.
5. It continues with additional concepts including cash flow, simple vs compound interest calculations, and repayment of loans.
6. It discusses the relationship between effective and nominal interest rates.
This document discusses the benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI) and some potential costs to the home country. Some key benefits mentioned include economic development, integration into the global economy, economic growth, increased trade, technology and knowledge transfer, increased competition, linkages to domestic firms, human resource development, and employment. Potential costs to the home country include adverse effects on home manufacturers due to increased competition, adverse effects on the balance of payments, and risks to national sovereignty from influence of international companies.
Knowledge varsity dec 2011 study_session_2finexcel
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to time value of money. It discusses [1] the importance of understanding present and future value when evaluating investments, [2] how to calculate present and future value for single cash flows and annuities using formulas and a financial calculator, and [3] how to draw and interpret timelines to analyze problems with multiple cash flows. The document also covers effective annual rates and solving time value problems with non-annual compounding periods.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in a reading on time value of money. It discusses that time value of money links cash flows, interest rates, and time periods to calculate present and future values. It also reviews calculating effective annual rates given periodic compounding. The document emphasizes the importance of drawing timelines to solve problems and introduces how to use a financial calculator for time value of money calculations involving single sums, annuities, and unequal cash flows.
Social Cost Benefit Analysis (SCBA) evaluates whether a proposed project will benefit or cost society. It considers factors like employment, income distribution, savings and investment, externalities, and taxes. The UNIDO approach is a 5-stage methodology for conducting SCBA, analyzing financial profitability, economic efficiency, impact on savings and income distribution, and the difference between social and economic values. Opportunity cost is the cost of the next best alternative forgone. Capital structure refers to how a firm finances its operations through various sources of funds like debt and equity.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in financial management. It discusses topics such as time value of money, compounding and discounting techniques, and cash flow analysis. Specifically, it lays out the nature, scope and objectives of financial management, and covers concepts like compound interest, present value, discounting, annuities and sinking funds. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of financial executives in organizations.
The document discusses interest rates and their role in finance. It defines interest rates as the amount charged by a lender to a borrower for any form of debt, generally expressed as a percentage of the principal amount borrowed. It discusses different types of interest rates like simple interest, compound interest, and effective annual interest rate. It also discusses concepts like yield to maturity, risk-free rates of interest, and theories that determine interest rates like classical theory, loanable funds theory, and liquidity preference theory. Interest rates play an important role in finance by acting as the cost of borrowing money.
This document outlines the key concepts and terminology used in engineering economics. It discusses factors that affect economic success of engineering projects like promoting well-being and innovation. It also describes 7 principles for sound economic decision making like developing alternatives and making uncertainty explicit. Basic procedures are outlined like defining goals and alternatives. Terminology is defined for concepts like demand, supply, income and interest. Simple and compound interest formulas are provided as well as cash flow diagrams and equations for evaluating alternatives.
Application of Mathematics in Financial Management.pdfWendy Hager
This document summarizes an article that discusses the application of mathematics in financial management. It introduces key concepts in calculus like constants, variables, functions, limits, derivatives, and integrals. It then discusses the time value of money, which includes concepts like present value, future value, interest rates, cash flows, and discounted cash flows. The document provides examples of how these mathematical concepts can be applied to problems involving investments, loans, mortgages, and other financial management scenarios.
The document discusses instruments for maintaining economic stability, including monetary policy, fiscal policy, and direct controls. It then defines and explains eight macroeconomic ratios: saving income ratio, value added output ratio, consumption income ratio, capital labor ratio, input-output ratio, land's share of income, capital's share of income, and cash income ratio. Each ratio compares different economic variables and provides useful information for businesses, governments, and analysts.
This document provides an overview of basic cost concepts and engineering economy terms. It defines key cost terms like first cost, operation and maintenance costs, fixed costs, and variable costs. It also explains time value of money concepts like present value, future value, and compound interest. Methods for engineering economy analysis are discussed, including break-even analysis, payback period, net present worth, and internal rate of return. Cash flow diagrams are introduced as a way to visualize and simplify cash flows over time for decision making.
Investment Analysis for private and Public sector projectsjimsd
The document discusses various concepts related to investment analysis for private and public sector projects. It covers timing of investments, discounting future cash flows, net present value (NPV) analysis, and internal rate of return (IRR). The key questions investment analysis aims to answer are whether to incur costs now for future benefits or use funds for immediate consumption. Private firms seek to maximize shareholder returns while public sectors aim to maximize community welfare.
The document discusses the concepts of engineering economics and time value of money. It provides an overview of why engineering economics is important for engineers when making design decisions. The document also covers key concepts in time value of money, including present value, future value, and formulas for calculating things like lump sums, cash flows, and annuities under different conditions.
Engineering economy is the analysis and evaluation of factors that will affect the economic success of engineering projects to recommend the best use of capital. It examines alternatives from a consistent viewpoint using monetary units, considering all relevant criteria like costs, benefits, risks and uncertainties. The principles of engineering economy guide developing alternatives, focusing on differences, using consistent units of measure, and revisiting decisions. Money-time relationships like interest, present worth, and future worth are key concepts in engineering economy analysis.
The document discusses the importance of engineering economy in decision making for individuals, businesses, and government agencies. Engineering economy provides quantitative analysis techniques to evaluate and compare the costs and benefits of project alternatives over time. It helps structure the estimates needed to evaluate alternatives and select the most economically favorable option based on metrics like present worth, rate of return, and benefit-cost ratio.
This document discusses key concepts related to engineering economics, including capital, interest, cash flow diagrams, present worth, future value, nominal interest rates, effective interest rates, and simple vs compound interest. It provides examples and formulas for calculating future value, present worth, nominal interest rates, and effective interest rates. The key points are:
- Interest rates are used to determine the time value of money and allow economic comparisons of cash flows over different time periods.
- Compound interest accounts for interest earned on both the principal amount and previously accumulated interest.
- More frequent compounding results in a higher effective interest rate than the nominal annual rate.
- Present worth and future value formulas allow determining the equivalent value
This document discusses various methods for analyzing the economics of an enterprise, including cost-benefit analysis, cost-effective analysis, and cost-minimization analysis. It also covers calculating total project costs, profit and loss statements, break-even points, sources of funding, repayment of loans, and interest types like simple and compound interest. The second half of the document discusses calculating values of profitability, including gross income, net income, cost-benefit ratios, return on investment, payback periods, net present value, and internal rate of return. Students are assigned discussion topics on parts of the economic analysis.
The document discusses the time value of money concept. It states that time value of money refers to money being worth more the earlier it is received. It also discusses key concepts like present value, future value, compounding, discounting, and how to calculate future and present values using formulas that factor in variables like interest rates and time periods. The document also mentions how risk and inflation impact interest rates in determining the cost of capital.
This document summarizes key concepts related to consumption functions, investment functions, and business cycles. It defines consumption and investment functions, explaining factors like disposable income, autonomous consumption, and marginal propensity to consume in consumption functions. It also discusses induced and autonomous investment, the marginal efficiency of capital, and determinants of investment levels. The document then explains concepts like the multiplier, accelerator, phases of the business cycle, and theories of the business cycle like monetary, innovation, and Keynesian theories.
This document discusses microeconomics versus macroeconomics and engineering economy concepts such as the time value of money, interest calculations, and annuities. It defines microeconomics as the study of individual markets and segments of the economy, while macroeconomics examines the whole economy and aggregate variables. The key difference is that microeconomics focuses on issues affecting individuals and companies, while macroeconomics analyzes a national economy. It also covers cash flow concepts, simple and effective interest rates, and defines annuities as plans that provide regular payments for life after an initial lump sum investment.
The document discusses various actuarial statistics concepts in 10 sections:
1. It defines the difference between simple and compound interest, and provides a table comparing key aspects.
2. It presents the formula for calculating the present value of an annuity.
3. It provides an example problem calculating the value of a college fund after making monthly deposits over 10 years.
4. It defines a sinking fund as periodic payments designed to produce a given sum in the future, such as to pay off a loan.
5. It continues with additional concepts including cash flow, simple vs compound interest calculations, and repayment of loans.
6. It discusses the relationship between effective and nominal interest rates.
This document discusses the benefits of foreign direct investment (FDI) and some potential costs to the home country. Some key benefits mentioned include economic development, integration into the global economy, economic growth, increased trade, technology and knowledge transfer, increased competition, linkages to domestic firms, human resource development, and employment. Potential costs to the home country include adverse effects on home manufacturers due to increased competition, adverse effects on the balance of payments, and risks to national sovereignty from influence of international companies.
Knowledge varsity dec 2011 study_session_2finexcel
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to time value of money. It discusses [1] the importance of understanding present and future value when evaluating investments, [2] how to calculate present and future value for single cash flows and annuities using formulas and a financial calculator, and [3] how to draw and interpret timelines to analyze problems with multiple cash flows. The document also covers effective annual rates and solving time value problems with non-annual compounding periods.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts covered in a reading on time value of money. It discusses that time value of money links cash flows, interest rates, and time periods to calculate present and future values. It also reviews calculating effective annual rates given periodic compounding. The document emphasizes the importance of drawing timelines to solve problems and introduces how to use a financial calculator for time value of money calculations involving single sums, annuities, and unequal cash flows.
Social Cost Benefit Analysis (SCBA) evaluates whether a proposed project will benefit or cost society. It considers factors like employment, income distribution, savings and investment, externalities, and taxes. The UNIDO approach is a 5-stage methodology for conducting SCBA, analyzing financial profitability, economic efficiency, impact on savings and income distribution, and the difference between social and economic values. Opportunity cost is the cost of the next best alternative forgone. Capital structure refers to how a firm finances its operations through various sources of funds like debt and equity.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in financial management. It discusses topics such as time value of money, compounding and discounting techniques, and cash flow analysis. Specifically, it lays out the nature, scope and objectives of financial management, and covers concepts like compound interest, present value, discounting, annuities and sinking funds. It also discusses the roles and responsibilities of financial executives in organizations.
The document discusses interest rates and their role in finance. It defines interest rates as the amount charged by a lender to a borrower for any form of debt, generally expressed as a percentage of the principal amount borrowed. It discusses different types of interest rates like simple interest, compound interest, and effective annual interest rate. It also discusses concepts like yield to maturity, risk-free rates of interest, and theories that determine interest rates like classical theory, loanable funds theory, and liquidity preference theory. Interest rates play an important role in finance by acting as the cost of borrowing money.
This document outlines the key concepts and terminology used in engineering economics. It discusses factors that affect economic success of engineering projects like promoting well-being and innovation. It also describes 7 principles for sound economic decision making like developing alternatives and making uncertainty explicit. Basic procedures are outlined like defining goals and alternatives. Terminology is defined for concepts like demand, supply, income and interest. Simple and compound interest formulas are provided as well as cash flow diagrams and equations for evaluating alternatives.
Application of Mathematics in Financial Management.pdfWendy Hager
This document summarizes an article that discusses the application of mathematics in financial management. It introduces key concepts in calculus like constants, variables, functions, limits, derivatives, and integrals. It then discusses the time value of money, which includes concepts like present value, future value, interest rates, cash flows, and discounted cash flows. The document provides examples of how these mathematical concepts can be applied to problems involving investments, loans, mortgages, and other financial management scenarios.
The document discusses instruments for maintaining economic stability, including monetary policy, fiscal policy, and direct controls. It then defines and explains eight macroeconomic ratios: saving income ratio, value added output ratio, consumption income ratio, capital labor ratio, input-output ratio, land's share of income, capital's share of income, and cash income ratio. Each ratio compares different economic variables and provides useful information for businesses, governments, and analysts.
Semelhante a PROJECT ECONOMICS SPPU SECOND YEAR CIVIL.pdf (20)
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
PROJECT ECONOMICS SPPU SECOND YEAR CIVIL.pdf
1. Imperial College of Engineering and
Research, Wagholi, Pune.
SUBJECT PROJECTMANAGEMENT
CODE
SEM SECOND
CLASS SECONDYEAR CIVIL
DIVISION ALL
A.YEAR 2020-21
UNIT V
TITLE OF UNIT PROJECT ECONOMICS
SUBJECT
TEACHER-
VINAYAK R. PAYGHAN
2. Economics is the study of flow of finance from
production to consumption of goods & services
Economics is also an art as well as science that studies
those activities of social, real & normal human beings
which are related to worth
Construction activity touches every aspect of economics
Construction industry gives employment to million
workers directly or indirectly
Following fig. shows how construction influences to the
industries & overall economic development directly
indirectly
3. Economics is the study of flow of finance from production to consumption of
goods & services
Economics is also an art as well as science that studies those activities of
social,real & normal human beings which are related to worth
Constructionactivity touches every aspect of economics.
Construction industry gives employment to million workers directly or
indirectly.
It consist of benefit cost analysis budgeting, accounting and
different technique of appliedEconomics.
Following fig. shows how construction influences to the industries &
overall economic development directly indirectly
4. •Construction industry plays a vital role in the economy of any nation. It
employs largest number of labour, materials and financial resources. Hence the
necessity for the optimum use of these scarce resources.
•In addition, the construction activity precedes any social, business recreational
activities. These construction economics has developed into a separate field
distinct from design and construction.
•This has led to the genesis of modern concept of quantity surveying functions.
•The quantity surveyor is called upon to render advice to the employer on
various aspects of economy in construction from the stage of conception to
completion of the project and even during the life cycle period.
•The employer will look for the value for the money spent by him.
•The Engineer/Quantity surveyor therefore need to possess a thorough
knowledge of the project, market conditions, availability of vendors and
contractors to render his timely and independent advice to the employer.
5.
6. By L. Robbins: economics is a science which studies human
behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means
which have alternative uses.
BY A. Marshall : its is the study of mankind in the ordinary
business of life it examines that part of individual and social
action which is most closely connected with the attainment and
with the use of material requisites of well begin
•In short economics can be defined as a social science concerned
with the proper uses and allocation of resources for the
achievement and maintenance of projects.
7. 1. Every project should completed within stipulated
time and resources.
2. The main objectives of project economics is
satisfaction of customer and contractor.
3. The resources which is most scare has to
monitored first.
4. Quality should be achieved with optimum
utilization of resources.
8. COST
•The amount or money that spent to make that particular
product.
•The cost of the product/service is the effort/amount you
spent to produce it.
•Cost may be fixed or variable.
9. PRICE
•Price is the financial reward for providing the product/service.
•Price is the amount of money that customer pays.
•Price is exchange value.
•Price is depends on the supply and demand.
10. VALUE
It is defined by the customers sight of view and represents
their appraisal of the worth of the product/service .
11. Rent-
It is that part of payment that is made for use of land only.
Rent is price paid for the use of land and other natural
resources.
It includes wages of labor, inertest and profit.
12. •Principal:
The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the
principal or the sum.
Interest:
Extra money paid for using other's money is called interest.
Simple Interest (SI):
If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned
uniformly, then it is called simple interest.
Referance- http://placement.freshersworld.com/quantitative-aptitude-questions-
and-answers/simple-and-compound-interest-key-notes/331118609
13. Interest (I) = Pin =P n i
Amount (A) = P(1+ i n)
i = rate of interest
P = principal amount
A = Future sum of money paid
n = the time in years (no. of years)
14. Suppose x person deposit Rs 50000 in a savings account.
The interest rate is 4% per year. Find the interest earned in 9
years. Find the total of principal plus interests.
SOLUTION-
A= P(1+ i n )
P = 50000,
i = 0.04 = 4%,
n = 9 (in years), then
50000 x 0.04 = 2000 = interest on one year
50000 x 0.04 x 9 = 18000 interest
50000 + 18000 = Rs 68000
Rs 68000 is a amount in account after 9 years.
15. Compound Interest is when the bank pays interest on the Principal and
the Interest already earned.
The Balanceis the Principal PLUS theInterest.
The Balance becomes the Principal on which the bank figures the next
interest payment when doing Compound Interest.
16. Compoundinterest is calculated by multiplying the initial principal amount by one plus
the annual interest rate raised to the numberof compound periods minus one. Interest can
be compounded on any given frequency schedule, from continuous to daily to annually.
One can find a balance using compound interest in one step by using with the compound
interest formula.
An interest period is the length of time over which interest is calculated.
The Interest Period can be a year or less than a year.
A = P (1 + i) n
A =final amount
P=initial principal balance
i=interest rate
n =number of times interest applied per time period
17. YEAR PRINCIPAL
AMOUNT
INTREST TOTAL PRINCIPAL
AMOUNT AT THE
YEAR END
2019 10000 1000 11000
2020 11000 1100 12100
2021 12100 1210 13100
2022 SO ON
18. Profit is a financial gain, especially the difference between the
amount earned and the amount spent in buying, operating, or
producing something.
Profit is the revenue remaining after all costs are paid. These
costs include labour, materials, interest on debt, and taxes. Profit
is usually used when describing business activity. But everyone
with an income has profit. It's what's left over after paying the
bills.
19. Gross Profit
Gross profit subtracts variable costs to revenue for each product line. Variable
costs are only those needed to produce each product, like assembly workers,
materials, and fuel. It doesn't include fixed costs, like plants, equipment, and the
human resources department. Companies compare product lines to see which is most
profitable.
Operating Profit
Operating profit includes both variable and fixed costs. Since it doesn't include
certain financial costs, it's also commonly called EBITA. That stands for Earnings
Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation, and Amortization. It's the most commonly used,
especially for service companies that don't have products.
Net Profit
Net profit includes all costs. It's the most accurate representation of how much
money the business is making. On the other hand, it may be misleading. For
example, if the company generates a lot of cash, and it's invested in a rising stock
market, it may look like it's doing well. But it might just have a good finance
department and not be making money on its core products.
20.
21.
22.
23. An annuity is simply a series of future cash payments that occur at a
regular interval. The payments can be different amounts, but must occur
regularly - usually monthly, quarterly, or annually.
Periods – year or month
Example- Higher purchase payments , installments buying , LIC Premium
payments are made by this method
Kind of annuities:
1.Present Worth Annuity
2.Capital Recovery Annuity
3. Sinking Fund Annuity
24. The present value of an annuity is the current value
of future payments from an annuity, given a
specified rate of return, or discount rate. The higher
the discount rate, the lower the present value of the
annuity.
PW =PMT X ( ( 1- (1/(1 + r) n/) / r
where:
P=Present value of an annuity stream
PMT= amount of each annuity payment
r=Interest rate (also known as discount rate)
n=Numberof periods in which payments will be made
25. Capital Recovery Annuity is the earning back of the initial funds
put into an investment. When an investment is first made in an
asset or a company, the investor initially sees a negative return,
until the initial investment is recouped. The return of that initial
investment is known as capital recovery. Capital recovery must
occur before a company can earn a profit on its investment.
CRF= i (1 + i)n /( (1 +i) n – 1))
i = compound interest
n = periods of investment
26. A sinking fund is a fund containing money set aside or saved to pay off a
debt or bond. A company that issues debt will need to pay that debt off in
the future, and the sinking fund helps to soften the hardship of a large
outlay of revenue. A sinking fund is established so the company can
contribute to the fund in the years leading up to the bond's maturity.
This is applied to define sum required to be called at future date by
setting aside at equal interval of time amount so that these equal
period payment while earning compound interest total up the desired
amount at the desire future date
Formula for sinking fund factor
Sinking FundAnnuity formula -
A = P.A (n . i)
A = Saving amount
P = Periodic payment
n = Period of payment
27. It is defined as, an economic principle that describes
a consumer's desire and willingness to pay a price for
a specific good or service. Holding all other factors
constant, the price of a good or service increases as
its demand increases and vice versa.
28. Types of demand
1.Price demand
2. Income demand
Price demand- if refers to the the various quantities of a
commodity or services that consumer would purchase at a
given time in market at various hypothetical price with other
things constant. Demand of an individual consumer is called
individual consumer demand. Total demand for the product of
an individual at various prices is known as individual seller
demand.
Income demand - various quantities of goods and services
which would be purchased by the consumer at his various
levels of income is called income demand, with other things
such as rest price remaining constant. Income of an individual
increases purchase capacity also increases.
29. Demand schedule- it is a table which shows the
various quantities of product which consumer are
willing to purchase at a specific price during a
specified of time.
Demand curve- it is a graph which shows the
relationship between price and demand of quantity
as shown in below.
30. Types of demand schedule
1. Individual demand schedule
2. Market demand schedule
1. Individual demand schedule- this type of schedule
all list includes the items which required for the
personal use. It indicates the quantity of a particular
committee that individual is willing to buy at each
specific price at a given period of time.
Following table indicates individual demand
schedule
32. Types of demand schedule
1. Individual demand schedule-
This schedule it is observed that, when the rate is 30
only 1 kg e and price goes down the quantity
demand is increase.
Demand curve- let show the above information by
using a systematic graph which is known as demand
curve. The graph shows and indicates the
relationship between price of the product and
demand of the product.
33. Types of demand schedule
2. Market demand schedule
Market demand schedule
The market as a whole companies of large number of consumers. Market demand
means the demand of all consumers within the market for humidity at a particular
price. Market demand schedule is the summation of the individual demand
schedule of all consumers of that entity in the market.
You understand take following example
Let's see
1. At 30/ e per kg 1 kg, A demand 1 kg of banana while B also demand 1kg banana
but total demand for respective item is 2 kg.
2. For any case we can determine the demand of of the banana for an particular
timing, let see at a price 15 the A demand 3 kg and B is 4 kg so total demand is 7
kg.
Demand curve- graph shows the nature of demand curve
36. Law of demand- the law of demand which is based on the law
of diminishing marginal utility, state the relationship between
increase in price and its effect on demand. Duty on services is
formed by the reduction in demand and a fall in price is
followed by increase in demand, if condition of demand
remains constant.
Other can define as the greater the amount to be sold the
smaller must be the price at which it is offered in order that it
me. On the amount demanded demanded increases with fall
in price and diminishes with a rise in price.
Law of demand states that "people will buy more at a lower
price and buy lease and higher price, other things remaining
constant."
Law of demand depends upon the price and given by and
mathematical equation
D= f (P)
i.e. Demand is a function of price
37.
38. Demand curve
To understand the concept of the demand curve in
the above graph. Is the demand curve for an
imaginary consumer or product. Figure shows that,
is the price decreases, the demand increases and vice
versa.
The demand curve slope, download in accordance
with law of of diminishing marginal utility. When
the price Falls more supplier enter into the market
and old purchaser make purchase more.
39. Graph price is shown on y axis and quantity on x
axis
At a price P"(high price) , demand of quantity is L
(low price),
For a price scenery for a price P' - low price and
quantity demand is N high price.
40. We know that the as per the law of demand, as the
price of the product changes, the demand also
changes. The rate at which the demand for a product
changes when its price changes is known as the
elasticity of demand. Mathematically
41. The method of finding Elasticity of demand of
demand is called as proportional method.
Types of Elastic demand
1. Perfectly elastic
2. Perfectly inelastic
3. Relative elastic
4. Relative inelastic
42. supply is defined as
Supply is "the quantity of good, sailors wish to sell at
each conceivable price."
supply is related to
Time and price
Higher the price greater is the supply and lower the
price lower the supply
43.
44. In above diagram quantity supply is shown on on x
axis whereas price is given on y axis.
Converselywith demand curve slopes from left to
right.
The Price bellow Which the Sailor refuge to sale is
called the Reserve price.
If price falls too much supply may be falls together.
45. Law of Supply
the law of supply demonstrates the quantities that
will be sold at a certain price. But unlike the law of
demand, the supply relationship shows an upward
slope. This means that the higher the price, the higher
the quantity supplied. Producers supply more at a
higher price because selling a higher quantity at a
higher price increases revenue.
The supply of goods "X" is a function of price x,
Sx= f (Px)
46. Law of supply states that the supply depend upon
the price of commodity.
47. Law of Supply
A, B and C are points on the supply curve. Each point on
the curve reflects a direct correlation between quantities
supplied (Q) and price (P). At point B, the quantity
supplied will be Q2 and the price will be P2, and so on.
48. SupplySchedule
List of quantityand the price of respective commodity.Let's
see the supply schedule for mango
It is observed in the above table when the price is at hundred
percent 6 units in use of the commodity are are offered to
sale.
Supplycurve
Supplycurve the y-axis represent the price and x axis is
quantityquantity of commodity.
49. Supply Schedule
List of quantity and the price of respective commodity. Let'ssee the supply schedule for
mango
It is observed in the above table when the price is at hundred percent 6 units in use of
the commodity are are offered to sale.
Supply curve
Supply curve the y-axis represent the price and x axis is quantity quantity of
commodity.
50. The supply curve, labeled S in
the figure, shows how the
quantity of a good offered for
sale changes as the price of
the good changes. The supply
curve is upward sloping: The
higher the price, the more firms
are able and willing to produce
and sell.
If production costs fall, firms
canproduce the same quantity
at a lower price or a larger
quantity at the same price. The
supply curve then shifts to the
right (from S to S’).
51. Change in price of a good or
Service leads to
Change in quantity supplied
Change in costs, input prices,
technology, or prices of related
goods and services leads to
Change in supply
52. If small rise or fall in the price leads to large decrease
or increase in supply respectively, the supply is called as
elastic supply.
On the other hand if large change in the price brings
only a small change in supply , it is called as inelastic
supply
53. Types of elasticity supply
1. Price inelastic supply- supply of commodity is not
affected by change in price then it is said to be perfectly
inelastic supply.
2. Perfectly elastic supply- the supply is said to be
perfectly elastic if any negligible change in price bring
about infinite change in the quantity supplied.
3. Relatively inelastic supply - the supply is said to be
relativity in elastic when a considerable change in price
bring about a small change in supply.
4. Relative Lee elastic supply- when the negligible
change in price plus or minus bring about a
considerable change in supply date which supply term
as relatively elastic supply
54.
55.
56. To understandwhat is the equilibriumprice see above
figure.
Above figure shows x axis having quantity y axis as a price.
To determine or find equilibriumprice, plot demand curve
DD and supply curve SS as shown in figure.
He is the equilibriumprice point. At a point below distance
betweensupply curve and the demand curve at this shows
the the excess demand at this price.
For example and JCB at 20 lakh quantity suppliedis 40
numbers per year if the quantity demanded 120 number Year
the the distance AB represent the the excess demand of the
numbers per year.
59. Is stated by Marshall as "the additional benefit which person
derived from the given increase in his stock of things
diminishes with every with every increase in stock that he
already has."
Marginal utility is defined as" the change in total utility
resulting from a one unit change in conjunctions of a
commodity union time".
Assumptions
1. The commodity should have suitable Units.
2. The consumption of the commodity should be done at the
same time.
3 The test consumer remains the same.
4. Income of the consumer should be remain the same.
5. There is a no change in trends.
60.
61. At time of purchasing of commodity; we are continuously weighing in our
mind little more or little less it.
It means balancing the marginal utility of commodity and money.
We are continuously in one commodity another with money as a bridge and
aiming at maximum satisfaction. This principle is called as law of
substitution.
Application
1. Is applicable to the consumption of limited resources. The expenditure can
be rearranged to get maximum satisfaction.
2. It is also applicable to the production in deciding the most economical
combination.
3. To exchange goods.
4. To equal distribution of goods.
62. Concept of cost capital
The the ratio Which is used to discount a company future cash
flow to the present is known as company required returns are
cost of capital.
It also represent a hurdle rate that a company must overcome
before it can generate value.
It also referred to the opportunity cost making a specific
investment.
It is the rate of return that could have to opportunity cost
making a specific investment.
It is the rate of return that could have been earned by putting
the same money in two different things made with equal risk.
It means the cost of capital is the rate of return required to
proceed the investor to make a given investment.
63. Definitionof capital :
Capitalis life line of any project. It can be in the form
such as money, land, property .
capital can be define as a wealth which created over a
periodof time
Cost of Capital:
The loan/ capital providers like bank, share holders etc.
want to suitably compensated for investing funds in the
project. This expectation is known as cost of capital
and
the expression in the terms of percentage . It is the
discount rate used for converting the expected cash flow
into its present value.
64. The change in amount of money over a period of time is
calledtime value of money.
Time value of money is relatedwith interest rate and their
effect.
TVM important concept of Financial Management.
It is based on concept that rupee that you have today is
worthmore than the expectations that you will receive a
rupee in future.
Example- if you have invested10000 RS at 9 percent of RI
for on 1 year=
The amount after 1 year equal to
=10000+(9/100)*10000= 10090
65. Sources of project Finance
Finance is necessary
1. Complete project
2. Expand project
3. Expenditure
4. Utilise the resources
66. Sources of project Finance-Concept of debt capital finance-
Debt- this type of capital involves borrowing money to be rapid
and interest.
Rising capital through debt financing does not include or
involves selling equity but works by borrowing against it.
This facility is available only for the owner, who have
something of value that the lender can instantly liquidate.
67. Concept of equity capital
Equity- involve the raising money by selling interest in the company.
Ass Owner business person or company you hold ownership to a subjective
value is called equity.
Equity of any type of property whether intellectual or physical is the value
someone is willing to pay for it - any liability attached to it.
Once owner and investor determine the valuation of equity the owner can then
sale part of equity in order to raise the capital.e
68. Capitalrequirefor following purposes:
To promotes a business
To conduct business operation smoothly
To expand the diversity
To meet contingencies (sudden fall in sales, natural
calamities)
To pay taxes
To pay interest to shareholders.
To replace the assets like plants and machinery To
support welfare programs
To wind up the business