Presentation for the Strategic Dialogue on the Future of EU Agriculture, given in Brussels, April 2024. Introduction in agricultural economics for non-economists and sugggestions for a better food system based on the EEAC Advice on the Framework Law
The document provides an overview of medical coding topics including ICD-9-CM codes, CPT/HCPCS codes, global surgery periods, modifiers, and common terms. Key areas covered are diagnosis and procedure coding systems, bundled vs unbundled services, modifiers to identify services or avoid bundled edits, and global periods for major and minor surgeries.
standardized codes to medical terms, procedures, and products. Medical coding is used to ensure consistency and accuracy in the collection, analysis, and reporting of clinical data. The following are some of the ways in which medical coding is used in clinical research:
Adverse event coding: Adverse events (AEs) are coded using standardized coding dictionaries such as MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities) or WHO Drug Dictionary. This allows for consistent reporting and analysis of AEs across different studies and databases.
Medical history coding: Medical history information is coded using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system, which allows for standardized and consistent coding of diseases and medical conditions.
Procedure coding: Procedures performed during clinical trials, such as surgeries or imaging studies, are coded using standardized coding systems such as the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) or the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM).
Product coding: Medical products used in clinical trials, such as drugs and devices, are coded using standardized coding systems such as the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system or the National Drug Code (NDC) system. This allows for consistent reporting and analysis of product-related data across different studies and databases.
Quality control: Medical coding is also used as a quality control measure to ensure the accuracy and completeness of clinical data. Double coding and consistency checks are used to minimize errors and ensure data quality.
AI today and its power to transform healthcareBonnie Cheuk
This document summarizes a presentation by Dr. Bonnie Cheuk on how AI can transform businesses. In 3 sentences:
Dr. Cheuk discusses how AI can help gain a better understanding of diseases, identify new drug targets, speed up drug design and development, improve clinical trial design, and enable personalized medicine. Examples are presented where AI and machine learning have been used at AstraZeneca to classify tablets, identify likely prescribers of new drugs, and review patents. In conclusion, Dr. Cheuk emphasizes that AI should be applied carefully with consideration for ethics and unintended consequences, and that humans will continue to play an important role in applying judgment.
Risk adjustment documentation and coding overviewScott Quick
A collection of information from publicly available sources to help you:
• Know what Risk Adjustment (RA) is and why it is important to Medicare Advantage providers
• Understand Hierarchical Condition Categories (HCCs)
• Become familiar with Risk Adjustment Documentation and Coding Requirements
1) Coding is essential for physicians to get paid for the care they provide to patients. CPT and ICD codes are used to describe medical services and diagnoses.
2) RBRVUs and E/M codes determine payment amounts from insurers based on the complexity of care. Higher level E/M codes and procedural codes pay more than lower levels or well visits.
3) It is important for physicians to accurately code at high enough levels to reflect the full work being done, but not overcode and risk audits and penalties. Procedural codes often pay more than E/M visit codes alone.
Cortnie R. Simmons is the Director of ICD-10 for Kforce Healthcare. She oversees the implementation of ICD-10 CM/PCS technology and training for payers and providers. The document discusses the importance of comprehensive preparation for ICD-10, including assessing all systems, extensive training across many stakeholder groups, and addressing documentation challenges. Moving to ICD-10 will require significant time, resources, and costs for organizations.
This document provides an overview of health economics and its role in public health. It begins by defining health economics as using an economic framework to help maximize population health given constrained resources. It then discusses the various analyses health economists perform, including economic evaluations like cost-effectiveness analysis. It provides examples of how economics can inform decisions around public health programs and resource allocation in India. Key points made include that health resources are limited so choices must be made, and that economic evaluations can help identify which health interventions provide the best value. The conclusion emphasizes that health economics should be integrated into health policy and management to help make resource decisions more explicit and fair.
Presentation used for students in the Nitrogen course of prof. JW Erisman at Leiden University to explain some essentias of economics in the Dutch nitrogen crisis
The document provides an overview of medical coding topics including ICD-9-CM codes, CPT/HCPCS codes, global surgery periods, modifiers, and common terms. Key areas covered are diagnosis and procedure coding systems, bundled vs unbundled services, modifiers to identify services or avoid bundled edits, and global periods for major and minor surgeries.
standardized codes to medical terms, procedures, and products. Medical coding is used to ensure consistency and accuracy in the collection, analysis, and reporting of clinical data. The following are some of the ways in which medical coding is used in clinical research:
Adverse event coding: Adverse events (AEs) are coded using standardized coding dictionaries such as MedDRA (Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities) or WHO Drug Dictionary. This allows for consistent reporting and analysis of AEs across different studies and databases.
Medical history coding: Medical history information is coded using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system, which allows for standardized and consistent coding of diseases and medical conditions.
Procedure coding: Procedures performed during clinical trials, such as surgeries or imaging studies, are coded using standardized coding systems such as the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) or the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM).
Product coding: Medical products used in clinical trials, such as drugs and devices, are coded using standardized coding systems such as the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system or the National Drug Code (NDC) system. This allows for consistent reporting and analysis of product-related data across different studies and databases.
Quality control: Medical coding is also used as a quality control measure to ensure the accuracy and completeness of clinical data. Double coding and consistency checks are used to minimize errors and ensure data quality.
AI today and its power to transform healthcareBonnie Cheuk
This document summarizes a presentation by Dr. Bonnie Cheuk on how AI can transform businesses. In 3 sentences:
Dr. Cheuk discusses how AI can help gain a better understanding of diseases, identify new drug targets, speed up drug design and development, improve clinical trial design, and enable personalized medicine. Examples are presented where AI and machine learning have been used at AstraZeneca to classify tablets, identify likely prescribers of new drugs, and review patents. In conclusion, Dr. Cheuk emphasizes that AI should be applied carefully with consideration for ethics and unintended consequences, and that humans will continue to play an important role in applying judgment.
Risk adjustment documentation and coding overviewScott Quick
A collection of information from publicly available sources to help you:
• Know what Risk Adjustment (RA) is and why it is important to Medicare Advantage providers
• Understand Hierarchical Condition Categories (HCCs)
• Become familiar with Risk Adjustment Documentation and Coding Requirements
1) Coding is essential for physicians to get paid for the care they provide to patients. CPT and ICD codes are used to describe medical services and diagnoses.
2) RBRVUs and E/M codes determine payment amounts from insurers based on the complexity of care. Higher level E/M codes and procedural codes pay more than lower levels or well visits.
3) It is important for physicians to accurately code at high enough levels to reflect the full work being done, but not overcode and risk audits and penalties. Procedural codes often pay more than E/M visit codes alone.
Cortnie R. Simmons is the Director of ICD-10 for Kforce Healthcare. She oversees the implementation of ICD-10 CM/PCS technology and training for payers and providers. The document discusses the importance of comprehensive preparation for ICD-10, including assessing all systems, extensive training across many stakeholder groups, and addressing documentation challenges. Moving to ICD-10 will require significant time, resources, and costs for organizations.
This document provides an overview of health economics and its role in public health. It begins by defining health economics as using an economic framework to help maximize population health given constrained resources. It then discusses the various analyses health economists perform, including economic evaluations like cost-effectiveness analysis. It provides examples of how economics can inform decisions around public health programs and resource allocation in India. Key points made include that health resources are limited so choices must be made, and that economic evaluations can help identify which health interventions provide the best value. The conclusion emphasizes that health economics should be integrated into health policy and management to help make resource decisions more explicit and fair.
Presentation used for students in the Nitrogen course of prof. JW Erisman at Leiden University to explain some essentias of economics in the Dutch nitrogen crisis
This document discusses a framework for transitioning the food system towards sustainability through obligated blending. It proposes that governments obligate food processors to source a certain percentage (e.g. 20%) of their agricultural inputs from certified sustainable farms. This would create a market incentive for food companies to support sustainable farming practices and reward front-running farms. It could also incentivize other farms to innovate towards sustainability. The document addresses how such a system could work in practice, identifying key performance indicators, certification of farms, and options for processors to physically blend sustainable and conventional products. It argues the approach could reward sustainable farmers and guide the food system transition while keeping consumer price increases minimal.
This document provides an overview and summary of the EU's Farm to Fork strategy and Green Deal initiatives. It discusses the need to transition agriculture and food systems to be more sustainable and environmentally-friendly. The EU proposals aim to reduce fertilizer and pesticide use, increase organic farming and biodiversity on agricultural lands. It also examines some of the challenges, such as ensuring food security during the transition. Options presented for transforming the food system include bringing in new innovative actors, adding new types of market transactions, and forcing current actors to internalize external costs and incentivize more sustainable practices.
Achieving PCSD: A Challenge for Europe's agricultureCéline Charveriat
The document discusses the challenges for European agriculture in achieving policy coherence for sustainable development (PCSD) in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It argues that the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) must do more to minimize negative external impacts on other countries, support their transition to more sustainable agriculture, and ensure European innovation and support promotes SDG alignment globally. Specifically, it raises concerns about the impacts of rising European dairy exports to Africa on small-scale African farmers and greenhouse gas emissions. It calls for integrating SDG targets into the CAP, monitoring impacts in third countries, and avoiding policies that distort world markets or encourage unsustainable production and consumption.
presentation for WTO seminar in Geneva on Agri-Food Systems and trade, making the point that policies should be designed and analyses in a food system framework to see if they are enabling or trade distorting
The document discusses potential economic opportunities for agriculture from climate and energy policies. It finds that a cap-and-trade system, if properly structured, could provide long-term benefits to agriculture with modest production cost increases and new revenue opportunities from carbon offsets and renewable energy. Specifically, it estimates that production costs would increase by only 1.2-7.8% depending on the crop, and that no-till farming and livestock management practices could generate new offset revenue for farmers.
The document discusses the future of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and focuses on producing public goods through agriculture. It outlines challenges like climate change and calls for shifting CAP support towards market and fiscal instruments that incentivize ecosystem production and compensate farmers for related income losses. The new paradigm is the production of public goods like carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection through environmental markets and payments for eco-friendly farming practices.
The document discusses the EU's Green Deal and Farm to Fork strategy. It proposes that three main options can help transform the food system to be more sustainable:
1) Bringing in new actors like innovative food companies and retailers to disrupt the system
2) Adding new types of transactions, like markets for ecosystem services or food stamps for sustainable products
3) Forcing current actors like farmers and food companies to internalize external costs and incentivizing more sustainable practices through regulations, emissions trading, and procurement requirements.
Digitalization plays an indispensable role in achieving the EU Green Deal and Farm to Fork Strategy objectives of sustainability, food security, and competitiveness. Technologies like AI, IoT, blockchain and 5G have potential to make agriculture more efficient and sustainable, but also risk a digital divide between connected and disconnected farms. The main challenges for BSB countries are reducing chemical use as required by EU policy while maintaining food production levels and farmer incomes in the short term. Investments and policies to incentivize innovation will be crucial to successfully manage this transition to smart farming.
two suggestions on the aspect of food (chain) policy for a workshop organised by DG Agri May 2017 in Brussels. Intended to be a bit provocative to stimulate discussion
This document discusses several economic theories of development:
- Classical theories saw diminishing returns limiting growth, while stage theories saw structural changes driving development through different eras.
- Dual economy and dependency theories examined the relationship between core and periphery economies and the importance of agriculture.
- More recent theories emphasize human capital, institutions, and transactions costs in facilitating or impeding development. Overall, the document analyzes how different factors like technological progress, capital investment, food production, and institutional quality influence economic growth.
Bangalore Presentation Landes Burfisher Paper F N1venkatesan g
The document analyzes the potential effects of improving efficiency in India's agricultural marketing system. It discusses India's current policies that hamper investment in agricultural markets. A model is used to simulate the economic impacts of increasing marketing efficiency by 50% compared to removing agricultural subsidies or tariffs. The results suggest that boosting food retail marketing efficiency could significantly increase incomes, employment, and welfare across the economy. This represents an important complement to other agricultural reforms in India.
Bangalore Presentation Landes Burfisher Paper F N1venkatesan g
The document analyzes the potential effects of improving efficiency in India's agricultural marketing system. It discusses how India's policies have hindered investment in agricultural markets. A model is used to simulate the economic impacts of increasing marketing efficiency by 50% compared to removing agricultural subsidies or tariffs. Increasing marketing efficiency is found to have significant positive impacts on income, employment, and welfare and could complement other reforms. Better data is still needed to strengthen the analysis.
The document discusses how markets, institutions, and policies influence smallholder investment in sustainable land management (SLM) in Africa. It argues that SLM adoption has been low due to a lack of profitable SLM options, high opportunity costs of labor, and weak property rights, markets, and institutions. Markets can promote SLM by facilitating access to new technologies and inputs, but are not sufficient on their own without well-defined property rights and coordinated policies to reduce tradeoffs from intensification and support diversification. Payment for ecosystem services and targeted subsidies may also incentivize SLM when costs are less than social benefits. Overall, the document emphasizes that improved market access, policies, and institutional arrangements are needed to encourage more small
This document discusses the current state and future possibilities for the Dutch food system. It notes that the food system is at a crossroads due to public health issues, climate change, and environmental costs. The author analyzes the food system through the lenses of institutional economics and historical examples. Three economic mechanisms - Cochrane's treadmill, cluster/agglomeration effects, and chain organization changes - are discussed. Currently, agribusiness leads the food system, but scenarios for a greener, more sustainable future system are proposed, focusing on data management, regional approaches, and long-term environmental contracts.
Presents preliminary work on the development of a simulation model based on a CGE computable general equilibrium model with a disaggretated household and agrifood sector which can be used to estimate the likely effect of further trade liberalisation or other policy shocks.
The document summarizes discussions from a roundtable event on future agricultural policy held at the University of Missouri in Brussels on January 14, 2009. Several speakers presented on topics including: the evolution of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) after 2013; prospects for US agricultural policy and factors that will influence its future direction; global commodity market trends and drivers of increasing food demand; and issues and uncertainties surrounding agricultural markets and policy in light of recent volatility in food and energy prices.
KJPoppe DG AGRI Certification as a tool to reduce administrative burdensKrijn Poppe
Certification can be an effective tool to reduce administrative burdens on farmers and foster sustainability. It allows key performance indicators to be audited in a flexible way and provides feedback to help farmers improve. If indicators such as pesticide use, emissions and animal welfare are included in certification schemes, it can incentivize innovation. National governments could define minimum standards for indicators in eco-schemes, with certification methodology extended to all farms above a certain size. This would help harmonize public and private audits into a single annual process, while still allowing for local flexibility. Certification provides a way to reward farmers for the cost of more sustainable practices through frameworks requiring food industry to purchase from high scoring farms.
This document discusses a framework for transitioning the food system towards sustainability through obligated blending. It proposes that governments obligate food processors to source a certain percentage (e.g. 20%) of their agricultural inputs from certified sustainable farms. This would create a market incentive for food companies to support sustainable farming practices and reward front-running farms. It could also incentivize other farms to innovate towards sustainability. The document addresses how such a system could work in practice, identifying key performance indicators, certification of farms, and options for processors to physically blend sustainable and conventional products. It argues the approach could reward sustainable farmers and guide the food system transition while keeping consumer price increases minimal.
This document provides an overview and summary of the EU's Farm to Fork strategy and Green Deal initiatives. It discusses the need to transition agriculture and food systems to be more sustainable and environmentally-friendly. The EU proposals aim to reduce fertilizer and pesticide use, increase organic farming and biodiversity on agricultural lands. It also examines some of the challenges, such as ensuring food security during the transition. Options presented for transforming the food system include bringing in new innovative actors, adding new types of market transactions, and forcing current actors to internalize external costs and incentivize more sustainable practices.
Achieving PCSD: A Challenge for Europe's agricultureCéline Charveriat
The document discusses the challenges for European agriculture in achieving policy coherence for sustainable development (PCSD) in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It argues that the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) must do more to minimize negative external impacts on other countries, support their transition to more sustainable agriculture, and ensure European innovation and support promotes SDG alignment globally. Specifically, it raises concerns about the impacts of rising European dairy exports to Africa on small-scale African farmers and greenhouse gas emissions. It calls for integrating SDG targets into the CAP, monitoring impacts in third countries, and avoiding policies that distort world markets or encourage unsustainable production and consumption.
presentation for WTO seminar in Geneva on Agri-Food Systems and trade, making the point that policies should be designed and analyses in a food system framework to see if they are enabling or trade distorting
The document discusses potential economic opportunities for agriculture from climate and energy policies. It finds that a cap-and-trade system, if properly structured, could provide long-term benefits to agriculture with modest production cost increases and new revenue opportunities from carbon offsets and renewable energy. Specifically, it estimates that production costs would increase by only 1.2-7.8% depending on the crop, and that no-till farming and livestock management practices could generate new offset revenue for farmers.
The document discusses the future of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and focuses on producing public goods through agriculture. It outlines challenges like climate change and calls for shifting CAP support towards market and fiscal instruments that incentivize ecosystem production and compensate farmers for related income losses. The new paradigm is the production of public goods like carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection through environmental markets and payments for eco-friendly farming practices.
The document discusses the EU's Green Deal and Farm to Fork strategy. It proposes that three main options can help transform the food system to be more sustainable:
1) Bringing in new actors like innovative food companies and retailers to disrupt the system
2) Adding new types of transactions, like markets for ecosystem services or food stamps for sustainable products
3) Forcing current actors like farmers and food companies to internalize external costs and incentivizing more sustainable practices through regulations, emissions trading, and procurement requirements.
Digitalization plays an indispensable role in achieving the EU Green Deal and Farm to Fork Strategy objectives of sustainability, food security, and competitiveness. Technologies like AI, IoT, blockchain and 5G have potential to make agriculture more efficient and sustainable, but also risk a digital divide between connected and disconnected farms. The main challenges for BSB countries are reducing chemical use as required by EU policy while maintaining food production levels and farmer incomes in the short term. Investments and policies to incentivize innovation will be crucial to successfully manage this transition to smart farming.
two suggestions on the aspect of food (chain) policy for a workshop organised by DG Agri May 2017 in Brussels. Intended to be a bit provocative to stimulate discussion
This document discusses several economic theories of development:
- Classical theories saw diminishing returns limiting growth, while stage theories saw structural changes driving development through different eras.
- Dual economy and dependency theories examined the relationship between core and periphery economies and the importance of agriculture.
- More recent theories emphasize human capital, institutions, and transactions costs in facilitating or impeding development. Overall, the document analyzes how different factors like technological progress, capital investment, food production, and institutional quality influence economic growth.
Bangalore Presentation Landes Burfisher Paper F N1venkatesan g
The document analyzes the potential effects of improving efficiency in India's agricultural marketing system. It discusses India's current policies that hamper investment in agricultural markets. A model is used to simulate the economic impacts of increasing marketing efficiency by 50% compared to removing agricultural subsidies or tariffs. The results suggest that boosting food retail marketing efficiency could significantly increase incomes, employment, and welfare across the economy. This represents an important complement to other agricultural reforms in India.
Bangalore Presentation Landes Burfisher Paper F N1venkatesan g
The document analyzes the potential effects of improving efficiency in India's agricultural marketing system. It discusses how India's policies have hindered investment in agricultural markets. A model is used to simulate the economic impacts of increasing marketing efficiency by 50% compared to removing agricultural subsidies or tariffs. Increasing marketing efficiency is found to have significant positive impacts on income, employment, and welfare and could complement other reforms. Better data is still needed to strengthen the analysis.
The document discusses how markets, institutions, and policies influence smallholder investment in sustainable land management (SLM) in Africa. It argues that SLM adoption has been low due to a lack of profitable SLM options, high opportunity costs of labor, and weak property rights, markets, and institutions. Markets can promote SLM by facilitating access to new technologies and inputs, but are not sufficient on their own without well-defined property rights and coordinated policies to reduce tradeoffs from intensification and support diversification. Payment for ecosystem services and targeted subsidies may also incentivize SLM when costs are less than social benefits. Overall, the document emphasizes that improved market access, policies, and institutional arrangements are needed to encourage more small
This document discusses the current state and future possibilities for the Dutch food system. It notes that the food system is at a crossroads due to public health issues, climate change, and environmental costs. The author analyzes the food system through the lenses of institutional economics and historical examples. Three economic mechanisms - Cochrane's treadmill, cluster/agglomeration effects, and chain organization changes - are discussed. Currently, agribusiness leads the food system, but scenarios for a greener, more sustainable future system are proposed, focusing on data management, regional approaches, and long-term environmental contracts.
Presents preliminary work on the development of a simulation model based on a CGE computable general equilibrium model with a disaggretated household and agrifood sector which can be used to estimate the likely effect of further trade liberalisation or other policy shocks.
The document summarizes discussions from a roundtable event on future agricultural policy held at the University of Missouri in Brussels on January 14, 2009. Several speakers presented on topics including: the evolution of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) after 2013; prospects for US agricultural policy and factors that will influence its future direction; global commodity market trends and drivers of increasing food demand; and issues and uncertainties surrounding agricultural markets and policy in light of recent volatility in food and energy prices.
Semelhante a Presentation for the Strategic Dialogue on the Future of Agriculture, Brussels April 2024 (20)
KJPoppe DG AGRI Certification as a tool to reduce administrative burdensKrijn Poppe
Certification can be an effective tool to reduce administrative burdens on farmers and foster sustainability. It allows key performance indicators to be audited in a flexible way and provides feedback to help farmers improve. If indicators such as pesticide use, emissions and animal welfare are included in certification schemes, it can incentivize innovation. National governments could define minimum standards for indicators in eco-schemes, with certification methodology extended to all farms above a certain size. This would help harmonize public and private audits into a single annual process, while still allowing for local flexibility. Certification provides a way to reward farmers for the cost of more sustainable practices through frameworks requiring food industry to purchase from high scoring farms.
MEF4CAP national workshop NL KJP March 2023.pptxKrijn Poppe
Mijn presentaties voor de Natioanle workshop in het MEF4CAP project, gehouden maart 2023 in Wageningen. Overeen dashboard voor boeren om administratieve lasten te verminderen en sensordata te mengen met administratieve data
Presentation EEAC briefing paper PV EU.pptxKrijn Poppe
Presentation on the EEAC Briefing Paper on the EU Framework Law for Sustainable Food Systems. Given at a seminar organised at the Permananet Representation of the NL in Brussels, 2023
Presentatie die het principe van het bijmengen van duurzame producten die aan de overheidseisen 2030/2040 voldoen bijmengt in de conventionele stroom zodat boeren uit de markt voor verduurzaming worden betaald
KJ Poppe Actualiteiten Dronten en Blaricum.pptxKrijn Poppe
Presentatie gebruikt in ongeveer deze vorm bij een discussiebijeenkomst in het Kerkcafé van Blaricum en bij de AERES Hogeschool voor studenten in Dronten
Sustainable food systems and the role of the agricultural economistKrijn Poppe
Key Note addrees at the DAE/OGA conference in Ljubljana on de role of agricultural economists in policy design with the EU Framework Law on Sustinable food systems as an example
Landbouweconomische concepten en ontwikkelingen toegelicht voor de cursus Bedrijseconomie en Ondernemerschap van de VLB. Ook in iets aangepaste vorm gebruikt in afgelopen tijd op Nijenrode en Leiden Uni.
This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Tim Capel, Director of the UK Information Commissioner’s Office Legal Service, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdfBen Linders
Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie Wells
Presentation for the Strategic Dialogue on the Future of Agriculture, Brussels April 2024
1. The CAP: a sustainability and
farmer remuneration
perspective
Krijn Poppe
Scientific symposium - Strategic Dialogue on the future of EU Agriculture
Brussels, 22 April 2024
2. Content
The economics of agriculture
Markets, prices and structural change
Income development
Externalities and true cost accounting / true price
Regulating farmers speeds up structural change
Margins in the food chain
Implications for policy
Food system aspects, targeting in the CAP
Align with industry in result-based eco-approach
3. Markets and prices
Food security and food safety are public concerns, but best organised via
markets with independent farms as actors
(and not state farms or totally by community supported agriculture in which
consumer cooperatives hire a farmer)
In markets prices play an important role:
Prices work as instruction for producers: they are the signals for producers if
more is needed (high price) or less (low price).
Prices shape the future as they direct innovation: innovators try to reduce
inputs with high prices: robots replace expensive labour
They reward producers for their work, their costs. But only in the very long run
of an equilibrium situation (mc=ac). In the short run (in agriculture easily
meaning a decade) marginal cost and prices are lower than average cost
This holds equally for product prices as for prices of labour, land, capital
An overwhelming majority of farmers (and food system actors) accepts a market-
based approach but not always all its consequences.
4. Structural change
Last 75 years: large increase in income, Implies higher labour costs
Induces innovation to increase labour productivity:
Mechanisation, use of chemicals, modern stables, robotisation.
Is a drive towards (ever) lower food prices
Leads to a reduction in labour input: less farm hands, many children that
leave for the city, less farmers
As a method to keep farm income (for those who stay) in line with those
in the rest of society
Adjustment by quitting takes decades (tax reasons, transaction cost of
moving to city, status: it is rational for farmers to stay until retirement at older
age, not reinvest in last15 years and use cashflow as income)
Most farmers accept this, as long as it it goes rather ‘natural’ at a moment that
the next generation votes with its feet.
Some regions see a much stronger decline in farming as they are outcompeted
by others (business tends to concentrate e.g. in fertile regions, near ports etc.)
5. Real farm income versus wage income outside farming,
EU, 2005-2023 (source: A. Matthews /Eurostat)
6. As structural change is slow, it is here to stay:
the ‘smallholder issue’
Current number of specialised dairy farms in EU: 315,000
Current number of cows per specialised dairy farm: 40
Number of dairy cows currently on an average Danish farm: 230
Number of specialised dairy farms “needed”: 55,000
Number of new entrants “needed” (2.5% per year) in equilibrium: 1,400
1/3 of dairy cows is on non-specialised farms, which makes the situation perhaps more
problematic.
This is probably an underestimation of things to come: optimal sized farms are already
bigger than 230. And technology like milking robots is still improving, do future tractors
still need a driver?
Speeding up structural change is seldom a political option (see Mansholt, 1971)
7. Incomes
Structurally low incomes are a signal from the market that labour can better
be employed in other sectors.
Without a social policy a large percentage of farmers is for a long time below
the poverty line (sometimes with wealth from farm assets, sometimes with big
bank loans). And solidarity between regions is part of the European project
Distribution of income is large, also among comparable farms in the same
farm type.
Partly explained by farm size (in general larger farmers have a higher value
added, although more is paid to banks) but also large differences in
competences.
It is hard to increase farm size and to improve economies of scale as extra
land for all is not available (even the Dutch stopped making extra land).
Importance of AKIS (agricultural knowledge and innovation system) and feed back with
economic/financial data (benchmarking)
8. Economies of scale
Source: DG Agri
Source: A. Matthews, EU CAP Reform blog, based on FADN
10. Externalities are not a part of prices and do not
influence the decision making by actors
Externalities are inherent in (open air) farming
Technical innovation and benchmarking has led to a large reduction in
pollution from farming
Pollution is also an effect of concentration in certain regions and incentive
to produce very intensively as extra land is not available With immigrant
labour. And just in line with animal welfare legislation to manage costs.
Farm costs do not show the True Cost, hence there is no True Price
New challenges due to climate adaptation, - mitigation, biodiversity
Product-differentiation (labelling and branding) contributes but most
consumers are price-sensitive.
Regulation is often preferred in environmental policy (as in food safety) but
speeds up structural change: investments needed and agricultural morkets
incorporate slowly (low elasticities).
11. Farming vs. Cars: regulation works differently
Regulation (e.g. safety belts, more
efficient motor) increases costs car
factory. Announced years ahead.
All factories increase their listed price
They sell a bit less cars (and a temporary
oversupply depresses prices and profits)
They reduce cost by employing less
personell, perhaps some mergers
The market has absorbed the regulation
in rather short time (e.g. 1 year).
Regulation (e.g. for water directive)
increases costs farmers
In case of extensification: extra land is
expensive due to suboptimal farm size,
only best 10% can buy
Farmers do not send invoices: no effects
in prices, due to supply and demand.
Farmers take the cost as reduced profit
/ income
Prices rise (incorporate cost of
regulation) once some production is
reduced and farmers have quit (and
others increased size)
Such structural change takes a long
time, the decision to leave is linked to
the next generation
Farmers are price-takers that focus on
cost reduction and de-risking
13. Margins in the food chain
Last 75 years structural change (increase in scale) has been faster in retail and
food industry than in farming (out went the classical mom&dad grocery store)
There is a power imbalance, leads sometimes to unfair trading practices (late
payments, unclear contracts etc.) Legislation improves the situation
Farm gate price is often a small(er) part of the consumer price, Food banks and
hunger in 3rd countries are an income problem, not a price problem.
Margins are higher in input industry, food companies and retail. Has partly to do
with the slow structural adjustment in farming, partly with property rights (IPR on
brands, IPR an technology).
Cooperatives / producer organisations are the classical countervailing power –
but several are now multinationals that struggle with the cooperative spirit /
member involvement
Increasingly, food chains are not organised as open markets like in auctions
(based on price only), but on contract farming - to manage other aspects of the
transaction (timing, differentiation in variety, packaging, realible sourcing, etc.)
This provides regulators with opportunities to address food companies: CSRD-
Scope 3, Sustainable Finance Act.
14. Baltussen, W., et al., Monitoring of Prices and Margins in EU Food
Supply Chains: Existing and Alternative Approaches, Publications
Office of the EU, 2019
Combined market shares of largest
four food retailers, 2017, in %
Profit margin Return total capital Solvabililty Return own capital
Feed 2.8% 7.7% 48,9% 14,3%
Farming -9% 1,5% 74,6% 0,5%
Dairy processor 2.3% 7,1% 22,4% 2,3%
Retail 1,2% 7,1% 19,3% 1,2%
Margins in Dutch dairy sector, 3 or 5 years averages centred on 2003, excluding
Unilever, farm costs including wage remuneration family labour.
Source: G. Backus et al,
Ketenrendementen in de
Nederlandse agribusiness,
LEI Den Haag, 2007
16. What can we learn from industry? (GlobalGAP, Private sustainability
labels (On the way to planet proof, Tierwohl, etc.), Organics, CSRD-scope 3, Sust. Finance
Taxonomy): result-based approaches seem to work better
16
18. CAP History and new challenges
Protective high prices (to create level playing field in EU), food importer
Surplus in butter mountains and wine lakes, food exporter
World market prices, (tradable) quota. Direct payments as compensation
Has become less effective: direct payments are now reflected in higher land
prices and suboptimal structure (it is possible for some smaller farms to have a
successor due to the direct payments in income).
Decentralisation with national plans in current period to adjust to local
ecological challenges
New Challenges
Need for climate adaptation, - mitigation and saving biodiversity
Sourcing problems for industry (climate risk) ? Effects bio-economy ?
Preparing for Ukraine, perhaps not in 2027 but are we ready in 2032 ?
Demographics: Labour shortages in the rest of the economy
19. Main questions for policy makers
Most farmers are willing to farm more nature-friendly, with less emissions
However, agri-environmental regulation leads to higher costs for farmers
This speeds up structural change
Unless paid by the food companies, retail and in the end the consumer
Or the tax payer
As these payments are not happening at the moment: farmer protests
Speeding up structural change is seldom a political option (Mansholt, 1971)
Do we need to address food companies in addition to farmers ?
Innovation has led to lower food prices and now a low part of income used for
food consumption. Should it go even lower?
Or should we redirect innovation to new challenges in climate and biodiversity?
Should we address also food companies and make them pay for sustainable
products (blending obligation as in bio-fuels?)
20. Main questions for policy makers
How much income support should farmers receive (vis a vis other groups in
society) ? How fair is the 20/80% distribution?
As much as now ? Inflation correction ?
Maximum per farm: the regional minimum wage ? (“better targeting with capping”)
Unrealistic options: Means tested by (other) income and wealth ? Only the current
farmers and not the next generations ?
Should eco-requirements (that raise costs and devalue the support) be attached to
income support (conditionality)? Also for small farms?
In case of change: in 2028 or spread over a period of 5 years ?
Can the rest of the budget be used for Eco-schemes and agri-environmental
contracts (pillar 2)?
How to design these? Is there a fundamental difference between the two ?
Are 1 and 5 year contracts optimal, or longer term conservation contracts needed?
Can we move to result-based instruments ? Align with industry-schemes?
Can CAP and industry use same (result-based) indicators, same certification system?
21. SUGGESTIONS FOR RESULT-BASED CAP
Farming is market based. Problems are only solved if you bring them in the
economic system.
Market can be created for carbon (positive and negative), emission rights
to manage externalities, ETS-like.
The same for emission rights of nitrate, phosphate or ammonia emission in
regions where such pollution has to be cut. It induces innovation and solves
the coordination process that some farmers can cheaper adapt than
others. Same for water (use) rights.
Result-based Key Performance Indicators can be used (10 KPI like
pesticide use/ha,, mineral balances, water use/ha, CO2-eq. emissions/kg
etc) in Farm Sustainability Data Network and in AKIS and eco-schemes in
stead of direct instructions to farmers or emission rights.
Certification and auditing (like in organics) based on digitalisation of
invoices can help to adapt to local circumstances and reduce
administrative burdens.
22. Certification as
policy instrument
• Certification: To redirect innovation, classification of
farms and food into more or less sustainable types of
food.
• Certification of all farms, based on digitization of
paperwork (lowers current administrative burden)
• Certification can take into account regional
environmental issues
• Reward sustainable farms: label (niche) products, public
procurement, chain actors report in ESG report, award
eco-schemes CAP, support in land market.
• Reward sustainable farms with a blending obligation
• Prices will reflect true costs of production
• Such a system should also include importers and
exporters to guarantee a level playing field with third
countries and to prevent adverse effects.
EEAC Advise on Sustainable Food Systems:
https://eeac.eu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Towards-a-sustainable-
food-system-_-An-EEAC-Network-Position-Paper-PV.pdf
23. KPI and certification in CAP-post 2027
Start measuring and reporting ecological sustainability at farm level (as we did in the
past with economic sustainability)
Definition of 10 KPI between now and 2027 (in FSDN ?)
National plans 2027-2032: national/regional governments define:
* minimum levels on KPIs for conditionality, eco-schemes A/B/C, or Eco-scores A/B/C per
region (soil type, water catchment area) – and add KPIs if necessary in the region
(preferably with a scoring system in which trade-offs between KPI can be handled, see the
current Dutch system for eco-schemes)
Each region should aim for e.g. 20% farms with score A, 20% in E. In future: larger regions.
The certification methodology as currently in use for organic farms is extended to all
farms (> € 25,000,- sales) and the certification includes all other (national) public farm
regulation (like the French Duerp on risks of labour etc).
Audits can combine public and private audits in a one-stop-audit
Farmers have to send in their audit result (eco-score and non-conformities) to the
paying agency
[a framework law on sustainable food systems could regulate food industry on e-
invoicing, on using the public certification as basis in private top-up schemes or
oblige blending]
24. Administrative burden ? ICT !
Many indicators can be calculated
from (VAT) accounts, e-invoicing
and Farm Managemen Information
Systems.
ICT can solve a lot (already of
current administrative burden): e-
invoicing directive
Small farms (less than € 25,000 sales)
could be exempted: CAP payment
is unconditional income support ?
Poppe, Krijn, Hans Vrolijk and Ivor Bosloper (2023) Integration of Farm Financial
Accounting and Farm Management Information Systems for Better Sustainability
Reporting in: Electronics, 12, 1485. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12061485
25. Extensions based on certification
Start measuring and monitoring: Based on their
certification and audit results farms can be classified on
their level of sustainability, a sustainability or eco-score
for the farm (and its products) like the Nutri-score.
This makes it easier:
• In CAP Pillar 2 to provide assistance to farms to move up from
label D (or bronze, or orange) to label B or A - with innovation
support, AKIS etc.
• For food processors, banks and land owners to report in CSRD
or to differentiate trade conditions (e.g. interest rates)
between more and less sustainable farms
• A Framework Law on Sustainable Food Systems could oblige
dairy factories and slaughterhouse to buy 25% from farms
with the highest sustainability score (A / dark green) and pay a
premium that reflects the farms’ extra cost (blending as in
petrol). That would solve the issue that we force farmers to
become more sustainable without paying these price-takers.
26. Conclusions
Food chains are working with respect to innovation, not for
farm income or sustainability
Structural change of farming is slow and disliked
The current CAP has run its course and environmental
regulation speeds up structural change as farmers are
forced to pay
Policy has to find an answer to new societal challenges
Main items for further discussion: capping income support,
design of eco-schemes / agri-envi-measures, alignment
with industry schemes to reduce administrative burdens
and to have the market pay.
Result-based KPI with digitalisation and certification as a
solution.