Performance rating
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Performance Rating of workers on Assembly Line or Employees in Industry, Systems of Rating: Pace Rating, Westinghouse Rating, Objective Rating, Synthetic Rating
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Method Study
The document discusses method study, which involves systematically analyzing work processes to improve efficiency. It describes the objectives and procedures of method study, including defining the current process, recording it, examining it through questioning, developing an improved method, installing the new method, and maintaining it. Common recording techniques and classifications of movements are also outlined.
Work measurement
The document discusses work measurement techniques used to establish standard times for jobs. It describes breaking jobs down into elements, recording element times using cumulative timing, and setting standards that exclude ineffective time so workers are not targeted. The goal is to reveal all sources of ineffective time and set attainable standards through work measurement.
Man and machine chart
The worker and machine process chart (Man-machine chart) shows the exact time relationship between the working cycle of a person and the operating cycle of a machine at a specific workstation. It can be used to detect idle time on machines and workers, optimize work distribution, and decide the appropriate number of workers. The example shows a man-machine chart for the current and improved methods of a casting production process. The improved method reduces the cycle time from 2 minutes to 1.4 minutes by decreasing the idle times for both the worker from 0.8 to 0.2 minutes and the machine from 1.2 to 0.6 minutes.
Work sampling
Work sampling is a technique used to determine the percentage of time workers or machines spend in different states like working, idle, etc. This is done by taking a large number of instantaneous random observations over time. The ratio of observations where a worker/machine is engaged in a particular activity to the total observations gives the percentage of time spent on that activity. Taking a large number of random samples improves the accuracy of the results.
8. chapter 7 work study (time and motion study)
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cycle time, normal time and standard allowance
Time studies involve analyzing worker performance against time standards through discrete tasks. They involve defining the job, breaking it into tasks, measuring task times, and developing a statistically significant sample. Cycle time refers to the total time for an operator or machine to complete one cycle. Normal time accounts for average element time and a performance rating. Allowances consider unavoidable delays from personal or work factors. Standard time is calculated using normal time plus allowance time to account for unavoidable delays.
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The document discusses assembly line balancing to optimize efficiency. It describes calculating the cycle time based on production demands and total work time. Methods for assigning tasks to workstations like longest task first, most following steps, and trial and error are covered. Optimizing the cycle time can improve efficiency by reducing idle time, work days, and labor costs while meeting production goals.
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Work Study consists of two techniques, Method Study and Work Measurement, This PPT covers in detail Method Study also known as Motion Study.
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The document discusses method study, which involves systematically analyzing work processes to improve efficiency. It describes the objectives and procedures of method study, including defining the current process, recording it, examining it through questioning, developing an improved method, installing the new method, and maintaining it. Common recording techniques and classifications of movements are also outlined.
Work measurement
The document discusses work measurement techniques used to establish standard times for jobs. It describes breaking jobs down into elements, recording element times using cumulative timing, and setting standards that exclude ineffective time so workers are not targeted. The goal is to reveal all sources of ineffective time and set attainable standards through work measurement.
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The worker and machine process chart (Man-machine chart) shows the exact time relationship between the working cycle of a person and the operating cycle of a machine at a specific workstation. It can be used to detect idle time on machines and workers, optimize work distribution, and decide the appropriate number of workers. The example shows a man-machine chart for the current and improved methods of a casting production process. The improved method reduces the cycle time from 2 minutes to 1.4 minutes by decreasing the idle times for both the worker from 0.8 to 0.2 minutes and the machine from 1.2 to 0.6 minutes.
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Work sampling is a technique used to determine the percentage of time workers or machines spend in different states like working, idle, etc. This is done by taking a large number of instantaneous random observations over time. The ratio of observations where a worker/machine is engaged in a particular activity to the total observations gives the percentage of time spent on that activity. Taking a large number of random samples improves the accuracy of the results.
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The document discusses work study, which aims to improve work methods and establish standard times for work. It is comprised of two techniques: method study, which examines existing and proposed ways of doing work to develop easier and more effective methods; and work measurement, which establishes time standards for jobs. There is a close relationship between method study, which focuses on reducing work content and establishing the best method, and work measurement, which investigates ineffective time and establishes time standards. Productivity, work study techniques, method study procedures, and factors influencing productivity are also covered at a high level.
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Time studies involve analyzing worker performance against time standards through discrete tasks. They involve defining the job, breaking it into tasks, measuring task times, and developing a statistically significant sample. Cycle time refers to the total time for an operator or machine to complete one cycle. Normal time accounts for average element time and a performance rating. Allowances consider unavoidable delays from personal or work factors. Standard time is calculated using normal time plus allowance time to account for unavoidable delays.
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Time and motion studies are methods used to determine the optimal time it takes to complete tasks. They were developed by Frederick Taylor and the Gilbreths to establish fair work standards and eliminate unnecessary motions. While originally used in manufacturing, today time and motion studies can be applied to performance evaluations, planning, problem solving, and cost analysis in various organizations. The objective is to study jobs and determine standard times through observation, task breakdown, and time recording. Allowance factors are added to standard times to account for contingencies. However, studies may not always accurately capture real work conditions due to observer or worker issues.
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This document discusses work measurement techniques including method study, work measurement, micro-motion study, and therbligs. Micro-motion study involves filming operations to analyze motions, recording data using SIMO charts, and identifying unnecessary movements. It aims to standardize efficient work methods. Principles for efficient work include using both hands simultaneously, employing momentum, continuous curved motions, and designing tools for easy access and mechanical advantage.
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The document discusses work measurement techniques used at Joshan Walk Industries in Pakistan. It summarizes that:
1) Joshan Walk Industries uses historical data as its main approach to set work standards, such as setting the standard time to make a boxing glove at 60 minutes.
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3) Allowance fraction for interruptions is estimated at 14% based on historical data, which is then used to calculate standard time.
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The document describes an assembly line balancing problem to minimize balance delay. It provides the tasks, precedence relationships, task times, required cycle time of 15 minutes, and the primary rule used to assign tasks to stations (largest number of following tasks). It then shows the 6 workstations determined, tasks assigned at each station according to the rule, remaining unassigned time (balance delay) at each station, and the overall efficiency of 77.78%.
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This document discusses methods engineering and method study. It describes method study as the systematic analysis and examination of work methods to develop more effective procedures. The key steps of method study include selecting processes to study, recording current methods, examining recordings for inefficiencies, developing improved methods, evaluating changes, defining new standards, installing changes, and maintaining improvements. A variety of charts and diagrams are used to record work including flow diagrams, string diagrams, process charts, and therblings analysis which divides tasks into elemental motions. The overall aim is to eliminate unnecessary steps and make processes more efficient.
Job Design and Work Measurement
- Job design is the process of specifying work activities for individuals or groups in an organization to meet its requirements while satisfying employee needs. It involves decisions about tasks, skills, technology, and work methods.
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- Work measurement techniques like time study and work sampling are used to set performance standards, motivate workers, and evaluate performance. Different compensation systems include hourly pay, salary, piece rates, and commissions.
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Time study is a work measurement technique that determines the time for a qualified worker to complete a task at a defined level of performance. It involves observing and recording the time required by a worker to perform individual tasks in their regular work. The objectives of time study include increasing productivity, setting labor standards, and determining basic and standard times. It is used to analyze elements of a job, set performance standards, and improve work methods and processes.
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This document describes the process of conducting a time study to determine the standard time for a core-making operation. It involves breaking the job down into elements, directly observing and timing each element's performance, determining basic time and allowances, and calculating the overall standard time. Standard time accounts for factors like observed time, ratings, relaxation, fatigue, and contingencies. The example time study observed and recorded the timing of elements of a core-making job like filling a core box with sand, pressing it down, and transporting the completed core. Standard time was then set for each element and summed to establish the total standard time per cycle.
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Time study is a work measurement technique used to establish the time required for a qualified worker to complete a specified job at a defined performance level. It involves breaking down jobs into individual elements, observing and timing each element, and analyzing the data to set standard times. The standard times account for allowances to determine the total time a worker should take when average conditions and methods are used. Work sampling is a related technique that uses random observations to determine the percentage of time workers or machines spend on different activities.
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Predetermined Time Standards (PTS) or Predetermined Motion Time Systems (PMTS), which may be also referred to as Synthetic Time Standards, are advanced techniques developed to determine the time needed to perform various jobs by derivation of Preset Standards of time for various motions. No direct observations or time studies are done to determine the time.
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This document discusses work measurement techniques. It introduces work measurement as a way to establish standard times for jobs by eliminating ineffective time. It describes the objectives of work measurement as setting standards for costing, scheduling, and incentive plans. The key components of work measurement are explained as elements, performance ratings, allowances, and standard times. Various work measurement techniques are outlined, including time study, synthesis from standard data, predetermined motion time systems, analytical estimating, and work sampling. The uses of work measurement are to compare methods, balance team work, and determine machine-operator relationships.
17.maintenance and reliability
The document discusses maintenance and reliability in operations management. It covers topics like improving system reliability, preventative versus breakdown maintenance, total productive maintenance techniques, and establishing effective maintenance policies through tools like simulation and expert systems. Specific examples are provided around reliability calculations, maintenance costs, and how Orlando Utilities Commission performs plant maintenance. The overall goal of maintenance is to keep equipment functioning reliably while controlling costs.
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This document discusses work measurement methods used to effectively utilize human personnel in services. It describes three main work measurement techniques: time study, predetermined time standards, and work sampling. Time study involves directly observing and timing workers to set standard times. Predetermined time standards uses pre-established times for basic job elements. Work sampling determines what proportion of time workers spend on different activities. The document provides details on how to perform each technique and how to determine appropriate sample sizes.
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This document discusses work measurement techniques including method study, work measurement, micro-motion study, and therbligs. Micro-motion study involves filming operations to analyze motions, recording data using SIMO charts, and identifying unnecessary movements. It aims to standardize efficient work methods. Principles for efficient work include using both hands simultaneously, employing momentum, continuous curved motions, and designing tools for easy access and mechanical advantage.
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This document discusses flow process charts. It begins by explaining that a flow process chart provides a graphical presentation of all operations, inspections, delays, and storage that occur during a process, including necessary information like time required and quantity moved. It then describes the types of flow process charts for men, materials, and equipment. Several examples of flow process chart symbols are shown and explained. The document concludes by providing an example flow process chart for a typist's work and noting the key information typically shown in such charts.
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The document discusses work measurement techniques used at Joshan Walk Industries in Pakistan. It summarizes that:
1) Joshan Walk Industries uses historical data as its main approach to set work standards, such as setting the standard time to make a boxing glove at 60 minutes.
2) The company also uses direct time studies, observing 4 employees to calculate average and normal cycle times, then sets a standard time.
3) Allowance fraction for interruptions is estimated at 14% based on historical data, which is then used to calculate standard time.
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Assembly Line Balancing -Example
The document describes an assembly line balancing problem to minimize balance delay. It provides the tasks, precedence relationships, task times, required cycle time of 15 minutes, and the primary rule used to assign tasks to stations (largest number of following tasks). It then shows the 6 workstations determined, tasks assigned at each station according to the rule, remaining unassigned time (balance delay) at each station, and the overall efficiency of 77.78%.
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This document discusses methods engineering and method study. It describes method study as the systematic analysis and examination of work methods to develop more effective procedures. The key steps of method study include selecting processes to study, recording current methods, examining recordings for inefficiencies, developing improved methods, evaluating changes, defining new standards, installing changes, and maintaining improvements. A variety of charts and diagrams are used to record work including flow diagrams, string diagrams, process charts, and therblings analysis which divides tasks into elemental motions. The overall aim is to eliminate unnecessary steps and make processes more efficient.
Job Design and Work Measurement
- Job design is the process of specifying work activities for individuals or groups in an organization to meet its requirements while satisfying employee needs. It involves decisions about tasks, skills, technology, and work methods.
- Trends in job design include multi-skilled and cross-trained workers, employee involvement in design, and use of technology to inform ordinary workers. Temporary workers and automation of manual work are also increasing.
- Work measurement techniques like time study and work sampling are used to set performance standards, motivate workers, and evaluate performance. Different compensation systems include hourly pay, salary, piece rates, and commissions.
TIME STUDY
Time study is a work measurement technique that determines the time for a qualified worker to complete a task at a defined level of performance. It involves observing and recording the time required by a worker to perform individual tasks in their regular work. The objectives of time study include increasing productivity, setting labor standards, and determining basic and standard times. It is used to analyze elements of a job, set performance standards, and improve work methods and processes.
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This document describes the process of conducting a time study to determine the standard time for a core-making operation. It involves breaking the job down into elements, directly observing and timing each element's performance, determining basic time and allowances, and calculating the overall standard time. Standard time accounts for factors like observed time, ratings, relaxation, fatigue, and contingencies. The example time study observed and recorded the timing of elements of a core-making job like filling a core box with sand, pressing it down, and transporting the completed core. Standard time was then set for each element and summed to establish the total standard time per cycle.
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The document discusses work study and method study. It defines work study as the systematic examination of work methods to improve efficiency and set performance standards. Method study is described as the systematic recording and analysis of existing work methods to develop easier and more effective methods. The key objectives of method study are to analyze current work methods and develop improved methods to increase productivity and reduce costs. Common tools for method study include process charts and diagrams to record and analyze work methods.
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Time study is a work measurement technique used to establish the time required for a qualified worker to complete a specified job at a defined performance level. It involves breaking down jobs into individual elements, observing and timing each element, and analyzing the data to set standard times. The standard times account for allowances to determine the total time a worker should take when average conditions and methods are used. Work sampling is a related technique that uses random observations to determine the percentage of time workers or machines spend on different activities.
pre- determined time standard of work measurement
Predetermined Time Standards (PTS) or Predetermined Motion Time Systems (PMTS), which may be also referred to as Synthetic Time Standards, are advanced techniques developed to determine the time needed to perform various jobs by derivation of Preset Standards of time for various motions. No direct observations or time studies are done to determine the time.
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This document discusses work measurement techniques. It introduces work measurement as a way to establish standard times for jobs by eliminating ineffective time. It describes the objectives of work measurement as setting standards for costing, scheduling, and incentive plans. The key components of work measurement are explained as elements, performance ratings, allowances, and standard times. Various work measurement techniques are outlined, including time study, synthesis from standard data, predetermined motion time systems, analytical estimating, and work sampling. The uses of work measurement are to compare methods, balance team work, and determine machine-operator relationships.
17.maintenance and reliability
The document discusses maintenance and reliability in operations management. It covers topics like improving system reliability, preventative versus breakdown maintenance, total productive maintenance techniques, and establishing effective maintenance policies through tools like simulation and expert systems. Specific examples are provided around reliability calculations, maintenance costs, and how Orlando Utilities Commission performs plant maintenance. The overall goal of maintenance is to keep equipment functioning reliably while controlling costs.
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This document discusses work measurement methods used to effectively utilize human personnel in services. It describes three main work measurement techniques: time study, predetermined time standards, and work sampling. Time study involves directly observing and timing workers to set standard times. Predetermined time standards uses pre-established times for basic job elements. Work sampling determines what proportion of time workers spend on different activities. The document provides details on how to perform each technique and how to determine appropriate sample sizes.
Work measurement
Work measurement techniques are used to estimate standard times for tasks. The most widely used technique is time study, which involves directly observing and timing a skilled worker performing a task. Time studies are used to set standard times that account for unavoidable delays and fatigue. Standard times are then used for production planning and scheduling, estimating labor requirements, and calculating incentive pay rates.
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This document discusses work design and work measurement. It defines work design as the study and design of work systems to improve productivity. Work measurement refers to establishing standard times for jobs by timing workers and accounting for factors like fatigue. The key techniques discussed are time study, where a qualified observer directly times work elements, and predetermined motion times for very short cycle work. The document outlines the processes of work measurement, including analyzing jobs, directly measuring times, and setting standard times.
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This document discusses work study and related techniques such as method study and work measurement. It defines work study as the systematic analysis of work processes and factors that affect efficiency. The goal is to improve efficiency through optimizing utilization of resources. Key aspects covered include:
- Method study examines existing work methods and proposes improvements by accurately recording facts about operations, developing and selecting new plans, installing and maintaining changes.
- Work measurement techniques like time study and work sampling are used to set performance standards and determine time required for tasks.
- Predetermined motion time studies and standard data help estimate times for new jobs based on previously studied similar operations.
Work measurement
Work measurement techniques are used to establish the standard time for workers to complete jobs at a defined performance level. The main objectives are to reduce non-productive time, set standard times for jobs, develop standard data for future use, and improve methods. Common techniques include stopwatch time studies, production studies, and work sampling. A stopwatch time study involves selecting a job, breaking it into elements, observing and measuring element times, assessing a rating factor, and determining allowances to calculate the standard time. Standard time is the time allowed for a worker at a specified performance level and includes normal time plus any applicable allowances. Work measurement is used for manpower planning, production planning, cost estimation and reduction, and other purposes.
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Stopwatch time studies involve observing operators performing tasks and recording the times taken to establish standard times. The key steps are to first analyze methods to establish efficient workflows, select appropriate operators, time task elements using techniques like continuous watches or snapback, determine the required number of observations statistically, and rate operators to adjust times to normal levels.
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Measurment techniques
The document discusses various work measurement techniques used to analyze jobs and set performance standards, including time study, work sampling, predetermined motion time systems (PMTS), and methods-time measurement (MTM). It provides details on how each technique is conducted and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The overall goal of work measurement is to improve work methods, set realistic productivity standards, and reduce costs.
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The document summarizes elements of work system design including job design, work measurement, and worker compensation. It describes methods for analyzing jobs and setting standard times through time studies and work sampling. The objectives are to design jobs that are technically, economically, and behaviorally feasible and to measure work to set compensation and improve productivity.
Work Measurement
The document discusses work measurement techniques. It defines work measurement as implementing techniques to determine the time required for a qualified worker to perform a task at a predetermined performance level. The key work measurement techniques discussed are time study, work sampling, synthesis, and predetermined motion time study. The document outlines the basic procedure for work measurement which involves analyzing jobs, measuring elemental times, and adding allowances to determine standard times. It provides details on stopwatch time study methodology and concepts such as work elements, work cycles, performance rating, and computation of standard times.
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The document discusses four main methods for establishing labor standards: historical experience, time studies, predetermined time standards, and work sampling. It provides details on how time studies and predetermined time standards such as MTM are conducted. It also discusses considerations for determining sample sizes and equations used to calculate labor standards from time study and work sampling data.
Work study
The document discusses methods for designing work systems, including work study, method study, motion study, and work measurement. It describes the objectives and steps involved in techniques like time study, work sampling, and predetermined motion time systems. The goal is to analyze existing work methods, standardize processes, eliminate inefficiencies, and improve productivity through establishing optimal work designs and setting time standards.
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The document discusses work study and time study methods. It defines work study as the systematic examination of work methods to improve efficiency. The main objectives of work study are productivity enhancement and human comfort/safety. Method study involves critically examining work processes to develop more effective methods. Time study is a work measurement technique that involves observing and timing workers to set performance standards. The document provides examples of conducting a time study, including defining the task, timing elements, calculating average and normal times, and setting the standard time.
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This document provides an overview of time study procedures for establishing work standards. It discusses performing a methods analysis, observing operators to collect time data, applying ratings to adjust for normal pace, and adding allowances to determine standard times. The goal is to establish safe, productive work methods and account for inaccuracies between samples and populations or present and future conditions.
Work Measurement.pptx
Work study involves establishing the standard time required for workers to complete tasks through time and motion studies. It is used for production planning and control, setting performance standards, and estimating costs. A time study engineer times workers performing jobs using a stopwatch and applies allowances to account for rest breaks, setup times, and other non-working periods to determine the standard time for each task. The standard times are then used to set worker productivity targets and improve efficiency.
Work study work measurement
The document discusses various methods of work measurement used to set performance standards, including time study, work sampling, predetermined motion time study, and analytical estimation. Time study with a stopwatch is the most commonly used method, involving selecting a job, standardizing the method, timing each element, and setting the standard time. Work sampling observes workers at random intervals to estimate time spent working. Predetermined motion time study sets standard times for basic motions. Analytical estimation uses standard data or experience to set times for long, non-repetitive jobs when data is unavailable. The document also covers how to properly use a stopwatch to time elements using either a fly back or continuous method.
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Time study is a work measurement technique used to determine the time required to complete a specific task. The goal is to calculate a standard time that a qualified worker can consistently achieve. Motion study is conducted before time study to analyze each job. Time study breaks jobs into small elements that are timed. The times are averaged and adjustments are made based on the worker's rating. Standard time is calculated by adding allowances like fatigue to the basic time. Ergonomics aims to optimize the relationship between humans and their working environment to improve efficiency, safety and satisfaction. It involves factors like lighting, noise levels, temperature and display/control design.
Work measurement
The document discusses work measurement techniques used to establish standard times for jobs. It defines work measurement as investigating and reducing ineffective time to set standards that exclude ineffective time. The summary breaks down work measurement into 3 key steps: 1) Breaking jobs into elements and measuring the time for each element, 2) Assessing worker performance and extending times to basic times, 3) Determining allowances and standard times that exclude ineffective time.
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The document discusses various work study methods including method study, time study, and work measurement.
Method study involves systematically analyzing and improving work methods to eliminate inefficiencies. It follows six steps: select, record, examine, develop, install, and maintain. Time study is used to determine the time required to perform a job element by observing workers with a stopwatch. Work measurement establishes standard times for jobs based on time studies and accounting for allowances. It is used for productivity measurement, manpower planning, and incentive scheme design.
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International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part II
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
官方认证美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国密歇根州立大学毕业证学位证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Unit-III-ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE DEVICES.ppt
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Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
哪里办理(csu毕业证书)查尔斯特大学毕业证硕士学历原版一模一样
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
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Performance rating
- 2. • Identifies need of education and training. • Maintains fairness in salary, promotions and other benefits to workers. • Helps in assigning workers the job they can excel in. • Provides a feedback to the worker and helps them to work more effectively.
- 3. Performance rating is a step in the work measurement in which the analyst observes the worker's performance and records a value representing that performance relative to the analyst's concept of standard performance.
- 4. • Pace Rating • Westinghouse System of Rating • Objective Rating • Synthetic Rating
- 5. 1. Pace Rating Speed of the movements is the only rating factor. NORMAL TIME=observed time x Worker’s speed Speed expected from the worker
- 7. 2. Westinghouse System of Rating This method considers four factors: • Skill • Effort • Conditions • Consistency
- 8. FACTOR RATINGS Excellent skill(B1) 0.11 Good condition(C) 0.02 Good effort(C2) 0.02 Fair consistency(E) -0.02 Algebraic sum 0.13 Example
- 9. Ques. Let the time observed for an operation be 0.6 minutes and a worker while being observed, is estimated as give in the table. What is the normal time? Ans. The algebraic sum indicates that worker is 13% above average or his pace is 113%. So, Rating factor = 1.13 NORMAL TIME = 0.6*1.13 = 0.678 min
- 10. In this system, speed of movements and job difficulty are rated separately and the two estimates are combined into a single value. The rating factor R can be expressed as R = P x D where P = Pace rating factor D = Job difficulty adjustment factor
- 12. Synthetic Rating Following are the steps: 1. Time study is made as usual. 2. Some manually controlled elements of the work cycle are selected and using a PMT system (Pre-determined motion time system), the times for these selected elements are determined. 3. Now determined time is compared with actual observed time to find performance factor by following formula.
- 13. Performance or Rating Factor, R = P / A where P = Predetermined motion time of the element A = Average actual observed time of the element.
- 14. Example : A work cycle has been divided into 8 elements and time study has been conducted. The average observed times for the elements are given in the following Table. Using synthetic method find normal time.
- 15. Solution: Total observed time of work cycle = 2.32 min Suppose we select three elements 2, 5 and 8(manually controlled). Rating factor for element 2 = 0.145 / 0.16 = 90.62 %. Rating factor for element 5 = 0.255 / 0.26 = 98.08 %. Rating factor for element 8 = 0.145 / 0.15 = 96.66 %. The mean of the rating factors = 90.62+98.08+96.66 =95.12% 3
- 16. 95 % is the rating factor that will be used for all the manual elements of the work cycle.
- 17. Normal Cycle Time = 0.95(0.14+0.16+0.52+0.26+0.45+0.34+0.15) +1.00(0.30) =1.92+0.30 =2.22 minutes
Notas do Editor
- The time study personnel observes the speed of movements of worker against a standard expected pace and notes the relationship b/w them as a rating factor. this is also called the speed rating method, the time study person judges the operator’s speed of movements, i.e. the rate at which he is applying himself, or in other words "how fast" the operator performs the motions involved. Skill:It is demonstrated by co-ordination of mind and hands. A person's skill in a given operation increases with his experience on the job, because increased familiarity with work brings speed, smoothness of motions and freedom from hesitations.
- By algebraically combining the ratings with respect to each of the four factors, the final performance-rating factor is estimated.
- If a worker gets a negative value, he is considered below average.
- The rating of job difficulty is done by selecting adjustment factors corresponding to following characteristics of operation.
- This system has advantages over other as it does not rely on the judgment of time study person and gives consistent results.
- The overall rating factor is the mean of rating factors determined for the selected elements. This is applied uniformly to all the manually controlled elements of the work cycle.