Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nilrajsinh Vasandia on introduction to NC, CNC, and DNC machine tools. The presentation included definitions and components of NC, CNC, and DNC systems. It discussed the differences between NC, CNC, and DNC, covering topics like part program input/storage, program modification, the inclusion of feedback systems, and ability to import CAD files. Motion control systems and programming methods for NC and CNC machines were also outlined.
This document contains information about computer-assisted part programming using APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) language. It discusses the tasks divided between the human programmer and computer, including input translation, arithmetic computations, editing, and post processing. It also describes defining part geometry, specifying tool paths and operations, and includes examples of part programs for drilling and milling operations.
This document discusses tooling for CNC machines, including cutting tools made of materials like high-speed steel, tungsten carbide, and ceramic. It also describes design features of CNC tooling like accuracy, flexibility, and rigidity. Finally, it covers automatic tool changers, which allow CNC machines to change tools through program instructions by rotating a tool magazine or drum to replace old tools with new ones.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
The document discusses various input and output devices used with CAD/CAM systems. It describes keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens, scanners, touch screens, microphones, and trackballs as common input devices used to enter data and instructions into the computer. Output devices mentioned include monitors for displaying processed information, printers for printed hard copies, speakers for playing audio, and plotters for high-quality printed outputs like drawings.
The document summarizes the history and development of numerical control, including its evolution from mechanized machining in the 15th century to computerized numerical control (CNC) in the 20th century. It describes the basic components and functions of NC machines, including the machine control unit, machine tool, control loops unit, and data processing unit. It also discusses the different types of numerical control systems such as conventional NC, direct NC, and computer NC.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use a machine control unit to read numerical input from a program and translate it into mechanical motions of the machine tool.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide even greater flexibility and precision by using computers to generate and process NC programs and control machine tools.
Advantages & Limitations of CNC machine tools,Introduction DNC,Component of a DNC system,Principle,Functions of DNC
Types of DNC systems,Comparison between NC, CNC and DNC machine tools
This document summarizes a presentation given by Nilrajsinh Vasandia on introduction to NC, CNC, and DNC machine tools. The presentation included definitions and components of NC, CNC, and DNC systems. It discussed the differences between NC, CNC, and DNC, covering topics like part program input/storage, program modification, the inclusion of feedback systems, and ability to import CAD files. Motion control systems and programming methods for NC and CNC machines were also outlined.
This document contains information about computer-assisted part programming using APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) language. It discusses the tasks divided between the human programmer and computer, including input translation, arithmetic computations, editing, and post processing. It also describes defining part geometry, specifying tool paths and operations, and includes examples of part programs for drilling and milling operations.
This document discusses tooling for CNC machines, including cutting tools made of materials like high-speed steel, tungsten carbide, and ceramic. It also describes design features of CNC tooling like accuracy, flexibility, and rigidity. Finally, it covers automatic tool changers, which allow CNC machines to change tools through program instructions by rotating a tool magazine or drum to replace old tools with new ones.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
The document discusses various input and output devices used with CAD/CAM systems. It describes keyboards, mice, joysticks, light pens, scanners, touch screens, microphones, and trackballs as common input devices used to enter data and instructions into the computer. Output devices mentioned include monitors for displaying processed information, printers for printed hard copies, speakers for playing audio, and plotters for high-quality printed outputs like drawings.
The document summarizes the history and development of numerical control, including its evolution from mechanized machining in the 15th century to computerized numerical control (CNC) in the 20th century. It describes the basic components and functions of NC machines, including the machine control unit, machine tool, control loops unit, and data processing unit. It also discusses the different types of numerical control systems such as conventional NC, direct NC, and computer NC.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use a machine control unit to read numerical input from a program and translate it into mechanical motions of the machine tool.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide even greater flexibility and precision by using computers to generate and process NC programs and control machine tools.
The document discusses different methods of NC part programming including manual part programming, computer-assisted part programming, manual data input, NC programming using CAD/CAM, and computer automated part programming. It also provides details on punched tape formats, G-codes and M-codes used in NC part programming.
The document discusses CNC machining centers. It defines a CNC machine center as an advanced manufacturing machine tool that can perform various machining operations with accuracy and quality. CNC machine centers allow operations like drilling, milling, and lathing to be done on a single machine. They are used to manufacture parts that require multiple operations, reducing production time compared to separate machines. CNC machine centers can be horizontal, vertical, or universal depending on the configuration, and include mechanisms like automatic tool changers to further reduce production time.
This document discusses group technology and computer aided process planning. It defines group technology as identifying and grouping similar parts to take advantage of their common design and production characteristics. The key benefits of group technology are outlined. Implementation involves identifying part families and rearranging production machines into cells dedicated to each family. Various part classification and coding systems used in group technology are also described.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use machine control units to read part programs containing coded instructions and translate them into mechanical actions to control machine tools.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide greater flexibility over early NC systems by using computers to generate part programs and allow real-time adjustments to machine operations.
CNC machining centers are machine tools that can perform multiple machining operations on a workpiece in a single setup under numerical control. They are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the orientation of the machine spindle. Vertical machining centers have a vertically oriented spindle and are used for flat parts, while horizontal machining centers have a horizontally oriented spindle and are suitable for cube-shaped parts. CNC machining centers feature automatic tool changers, workpiece positioning systems, and automatic pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
This document discusses adaptive control systems for machining. It defines adaptive control as a feedback system that automatically adjusts machining variables like cutting speed and feed rate based on actual process conditions. The three main functions of adaptive control are identification, decision, and modification. Adaptive control systems are classified as adaptive control with optimization, which uses a performance index, or adaptive control with constraints, which maximizes variables within set limits. Benefits include increased production and tool life, while limitations include lack of reliable tool sensors and standardized interfaces with CNC units.
CNC machines use computer programs and numeric control to operate machine tools like milling machines and lathes. Key features include automated tool changes and multi-axis movement controlled by motors. CNC programming involves specifying coordinates, feed rates, spindle speeds, and preparatory codes like G-codes for different motions and functions. Programs are debugged to ensure accurate machining based on part designs.
Location and locating devices used in jigs and fixturesAmruta Rane
This document discusses various principles and methods of locating workpieces in fixtures. It begins by defining what is meant by location and discusses the six degrees of freedom a workpiece has. It then covers different types of locating from plane surfaces using buttons, pins, pads and adjustable supports. It also discusses locating from profiles, cylinders, and preventing issues like redundant location and jamming. A variety of locating methods and components are presented, including dowel pins, nests, and sights. The document provides guidance on selecting locating methods based on workpiece and operation requirements.
CNC (computer numerical control) machines use coded instructions to control machine tools for production. They have higher accuracy and lower costs than traditional machining. CNC machines are classified based on the tool used, such as milling machines, lathes, grinding machines, etc. They can be programmed to automatically machine parts through point-to-point or continuous path control systems. CNC machines offer advantages like reduced costs, improved quality, and increased productivity but have higher initial costs and require more maintenance than conventional machines.
This document provides an overview of CNC machines. It discusses that CNC machines use a computer to convert a design into numerical codes that control machine tools to precisely shape materials. The history of CNC machines is explored, from early numerically controlled machines to modern CNCs linked directly to computers. Key parts of CNC machines are described along with their advantages in automating production, improving quality and accuracy, and manufacturing complex designs. Applications and some safety considerations are also summarized.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
Flexible manufacturing system (fms) and automated guided vehicle system (agvs)mathanArumugam
This document discusses flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and automated guided vehicle systems (AGVS). It defines FMS as a highly automated group of CNC machine tools interconnected by an automated material handling system. It describes the types, components, and benefits of FMS, including flexibility types like machine flexibility. It also discusses automated guided vehicle systems for material transport, including guidance technologies and vehicle management.
This document provides information on numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. It discusses the basic components and classification of NC machines, types of numerical control systems, and part programming fundamentals for CNC machines. The document also covers topics like micromachining, wafer machining, and manual part programming for CNC machines.
This document provides an overview of CNC (computer numerical control) machines. It discusses the history and evolution of CNC machines from the 1940s to present day. The key elements of a CNC machine are described as the input device, machine control unit, machine tool, driving system, feedback devices, and display unit. The document also covers the basic programming and operation of CNC machines using G and M codes to control axes movement, feed rates, spindle speeds, tool changes, and other functions. Advantages of CNC include easier programming and reducing human errors, while challenges include high setup costs and requiring computer and programming knowledge.
This document discusses antifriction guideways, feed drives, and spindles used in machine tools. It describes two types of linear motion guideways: sliding contact and rolling contact. Rolling contact guideways use balls or rollers between rails and blocks to achieve precise linear motion with less friction. Effective lubrication is important for guideway systems. Feed drives are classified as spindle drives and feed drives. Common electric motors used are servo motors and stepper motors. Servo motors provide accurate motion control via feedback. Spindles are used to hold and rotate workpieces or cutting tools during machining operations. Requirements for accurate, stiff, wear-resistant spindles are discussed.
The document discusses milling fixtures and their components. Milling fixtures securely hold workpieces for milling operations. They have locating elements to precisely position workpieces and clamping elements to securely hold them against cutting forces. Key components of milling fixtures include a base, tenons to locate the fixture on the machine table, setting blocks to position cutters, and clamps or vices to hold workpieces in place. Different types of milling fixtures are used for operations like face milling or gang milling and can have mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC), direct numerical control (DNC), and adaptive control systems. It describes how CNC replaced conventional NC by using a computer to store machining programs instead of punched tapes. DNC connects multiple CNC machines to a central computer to facilitate programming and data collection. Adaptive control systems measure output variables during machining and dynamically adjust speeds/feeds to optimize performance based on variability in workpieces and tools.
1. The document discusses three common cutting tools: single point cutting tool, twist drill bit cutting tool, and plain milling cutter cutting tool.
2. For each tool, it describes the main parts and provides diagrams labeling the parts. It also discusses the common angles associated with each tool type, such as back rake angle, side rake angle, and relief angles.
3. The document provides a detailed overview of the geometry and features of these basic cutting tools.
DNC is a manufacturing system where a central computer controls a number of NC machines in real time through direct connections. The central computer is connected to machine tools and bulk memory for storing NC part programs. It can transmit programs on demand to machines and allows two-way real-time communication and program editing between the computer and machine tools. There are two systems for linking the computer and machines: behind-the-tape-reader and a special machine control unit.
This presentation summarizes CNC cutting tools and toolholders. It discusses CNC machining processes like milling and turning and the types of tool materials used. It also describes toolholder identification, modular tooling systems, tool presetting, automatic tool changers, and the tool change procedure. Emerging trends in CNC cutting tools development include larger depth cuts, efficient cutter designs, and the growth of the Chinese CNC cutting tool market.
This document provides details about a summer training project report on computer numerical control (CNC) machines completed by Amarkant Anchal at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited in Jhansi, India under the guidance of Mr. Sateesh Soni. The report includes sections on CNC construction details, coordinate systems, positioning of the machine origin, motion control systems, part programming, and advantages of CNC machines. It also provides acknowledgements, a preface, index, and several chapters discussing topics like numerical control and applications of CNC.
Controlling and optimization of 3d optical stage for precise movementAvadhut Khade
Controlling of two stepper motors mounted on the microscope instrument for x-y direction using
an Arduino Uno board and stepper motor driver. Precise positioning of Laser through the
microscope to focus on the miniature sensor.
The document discusses different methods of NC part programming including manual part programming, computer-assisted part programming, manual data input, NC programming using CAD/CAM, and computer automated part programming. It also provides details on punched tape formats, G-codes and M-codes used in NC part programming.
The document discusses CNC machining centers. It defines a CNC machine center as an advanced manufacturing machine tool that can perform various machining operations with accuracy and quality. CNC machine centers allow operations like drilling, milling, and lathing to be done on a single machine. They are used to manufacture parts that require multiple operations, reducing production time compared to separate machines. CNC machine centers can be horizontal, vertical, or universal depending on the configuration, and include mechanisms like automatic tool changers to further reduce production time.
This document discusses group technology and computer aided process planning. It defines group technology as identifying and grouping similar parts to take advantage of their common design and production characteristics. The key benefits of group technology are outlined. Implementation involves identifying part families and rearranging production machines into cells dedicated to each family. Various part classification and coding systems used in group technology are also described.
1. Numerical control (NC) systems were developed to automate machine tools using programmed sequences of instructions to control machine motions and functions.
2. NC systems use machine control units to read part programs containing coded instructions and translate them into mechanical actions to control machine tools.
3. Modern computer numerical control (CNC) systems provide greater flexibility over early NC systems by using computers to generate part programs and allow real-time adjustments to machine operations.
CNC machining centers are machine tools that can perform multiple machining operations on a workpiece in a single setup under numerical control. They are classified as vertical, horizontal, or universal depending on the orientation of the machine spindle. Vertical machining centers have a vertically oriented spindle and are used for flat parts, while horizontal machining centers have a horizontally oriented spindle and are suitable for cube-shaped parts. CNC machining centers feature automatic tool changers, workpiece positioning systems, and automatic pallet changers to reduce non-productive time during machining operations.
This document discusses adaptive control systems for machining. It defines adaptive control as a feedback system that automatically adjusts machining variables like cutting speed and feed rate based on actual process conditions. The three main functions of adaptive control are identification, decision, and modification. Adaptive control systems are classified as adaptive control with optimization, which uses a performance index, or adaptive control with constraints, which maximizes variables within set limits. Benefits include increased production and tool life, while limitations include lack of reliable tool sensors and standardized interfaces with CNC units.
CNC machines use computer programs and numeric control to operate machine tools like milling machines and lathes. Key features include automated tool changes and multi-axis movement controlled by motors. CNC programming involves specifying coordinates, feed rates, spindle speeds, and preparatory codes like G-codes for different motions and functions. Programs are debugged to ensure accurate machining based on part designs.
Location and locating devices used in jigs and fixturesAmruta Rane
This document discusses various principles and methods of locating workpieces in fixtures. It begins by defining what is meant by location and discusses the six degrees of freedom a workpiece has. It then covers different types of locating from plane surfaces using buttons, pins, pads and adjustable supports. It also discusses locating from profiles, cylinders, and preventing issues like redundant location and jamming. A variety of locating methods and components are presented, including dowel pins, nests, and sights. The document provides guidance on selecting locating methods based on workpiece and operation requirements.
CNC (computer numerical control) machines use coded instructions to control machine tools for production. They have higher accuracy and lower costs than traditional machining. CNC machines are classified based on the tool used, such as milling machines, lathes, grinding machines, etc. They can be programmed to automatically machine parts through point-to-point or continuous path control systems. CNC machines offer advantages like reduced costs, improved quality, and increased productivity but have higher initial costs and require more maintenance than conventional machines.
This document provides an overview of CNC machines. It discusses that CNC machines use a computer to convert a design into numerical codes that control machine tools to precisely shape materials. The history of CNC machines is explored, from early numerically controlled machines to modern CNCs linked directly to computers. Key parts of CNC machines are described along with their advantages in automating production, improving quality and accuracy, and manufacturing complex designs. Applications and some safety considerations are also summarized.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
Flexible manufacturing system (fms) and automated guided vehicle system (agvs)mathanArumugam
This document discusses flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and automated guided vehicle systems (AGVS). It defines FMS as a highly automated group of CNC machine tools interconnected by an automated material handling system. It describes the types, components, and benefits of FMS, including flexibility types like machine flexibility. It also discusses automated guided vehicle systems for material transport, including guidance technologies and vehicle management.
This document provides information on numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. It discusses the basic components and classification of NC machines, types of numerical control systems, and part programming fundamentals for CNC machines. The document also covers topics like micromachining, wafer machining, and manual part programming for CNC machines.
This document provides an overview of CNC (computer numerical control) machines. It discusses the history and evolution of CNC machines from the 1940s to present day. The key elements of a CNC machine are described as the input device, machine control unit, machine tool, driving system, feedback devices, and display unit. The document also covers the basic programming and operation of CNC machines using G and M codes to control axes movement, feed rates, spindle speeds, tool changes, and other functions. Advantages of CNC include easier programming and reducing human errors, while challenges include high setup costs and requiring computer and programming knowledge.
This document discusses antifriction guideways, feed drives, and spindles used in machine tools. It describes two types of linear motion guideways: sliding contact and rolling contact. Rolling contact guideways use balls or rollers between rails and blocks to achieve precise linear motion with less friction. Effective lubrication is important for guideway systems. Feed drives are classified as spindle drives and feed drives. Common electric motors used are servo motors and stepper motors. Servo motors provide accurate motion control via feedback. Spindles are used to hold and rotate workpieces or cutting tools during machining operations. Requirements for accurate, stiff, wear-resistant spindles are discussed.
The document discusses milling fixtures and their components. Milling fixtures securely hold workpieces for milling operations. They have locating elements to precisely position workpieces and clamping elements to securely hold them against cutting forces. Key components of milling fixtures include a base, tenons to locate the fixture on the machine table, setting blocks to position cutters, and clamps or vices to hold workpieces in place. Different types of milling fixtures are used for operations like face milling or gang milling and can have mechanical, hydraulic or pneumatic clamping systems.
The document discusses computer numerical control (CNC), direct numerical control (DNC), and adaptive control systems. It describes how CNC replaced conventional NC by using a computer to store machining programs instead of punched tapes. DNC connects multiple CNC machines to a central computer to facilitate programming and data collection. Adaptive control systems measure output variables during machining and dynamically adjust speeds/feeds to optimize performance based on variability in workpieces and tools.
1. The document discusses three common cutting tools: single point cutting tool, twist drill bit cutting tool, and plain milling cutter cutting tool.
2. For each tool, it describes the main parts and provides diagrams labeling the parts. It also discusses the common angles associated with each tool type, such as back rake angle, side rake angle, and relief angles.
3. The document provides a detailed overview of the geometry and features of these basic cutting tools.
DNC is a manufacturing system where a central computer controls a number of NC machines in real time through direct connections. The central computer is connected to machine tools and bulk memory for storing NC part programs. It can transmit programs on demand to machines and allows two-way real-time communication and program editing between the computer and machine tools. There are two systems for linking the computer and machines: behind-the-tape-reader and a special machine control unit.
This presentation summarizes CNC cutting tools and toolholders. It discusses CNC machining processes like milling and turning and the types of tool materials used. It also describes toolholder identification, modular tooling systems, tool presetting, automatic tool changers, and the tool change procedure. Emerging trends in CNC cutting tools development include larger depth cuts, efficient cutter designs, and the growth of the Chinese CNC cutting tool market.
This document provides details about a summer training project report on computer numerical control (CNC) machines completed by Amarkant Anchal at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited in Jhansi, India under the guidance of Mr. Sateesh Soni. The report includes sections on CNC construction details, coordinate systems, positioning of the machine origin, motion control systems, part programming, and advantages of CNC machines. It also provides acknowledgements, a preface, index, and several chapters discussing topics like numerical control and applications of CNC.
Controlling and optimization of 3d optical stage for precise movementAvadhut Khade
Controlling of two stepper motors mounted on the microscope instrument for x-y direction using
an Arduino Uno board and stepper motor driver. Precise positioning of Laser through the
microscope to focus on the miniature sensor.
The document discusses numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. It describes the basic components and functions of NC machines, including different types of NC machines classified by the type of machine path (point-to-point, straight-cut, continuous path) and programming method (absolute, incremental). The document also covers the specification and components of NC machines, including programming instructions, the machine control unit, and the machine tool. It discusses the construction details and design considerations for CNC machine tools.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synopsis for alcohol detection with vehicle controlling (1)Pankaj Singh
This document provides a project synopsis for an alcohol detection system through an automatic motor locking system. It includes an introduction describing the purpose to prevent drunk driving accidents, a block diagram of the system components, circuit diagram, working operation description, list of components, cost estimate, advantages, applications, related past work, and PCB layout. It also provides the C programming code to initialize an LCD display and implement the alcohol detection and motor locking functionality.
This document describes an automatic railway gate control system that replaces manually operated gates. It aims to reduce the time gates are closed and improve safety for road users. The system uses infrared sensors to detect approaching trains and automatically open and close the gate. When a "foreside" sensor detects an approaching train, the gate closes. It remains closed until the train triggers the "aft side" sensor, causing the gate to reopen. This automatic system reduces delays caused by late trains and removes the need for human gatekeepers. It provides reliable operation at unmanned crossings to improve safety. The document outlines the components, circuit design, and PCB layout for the automatic gate control system.
This document provides an introduction and overview of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. It discusses the history and development of CNC from 1949 to present day, including the transition from punched tape input to direct computer control. The key advantages of CNC over manual machining are described, such as easier programming, storage of programs, and avoidance of human errors. Different types of servo motors used in CNC systems and common CNC terminology are also introduced at a high level.
Project report on dtmf based door opening systemMukul Mohal
The document describes a cell phone security system that allows a user to unlock a door using their cell phone. It works by using DTMF (dual tone multi-frequency) signaling, where each button on the phone's keypad generates a unique tone. When the user calls their home security system and enters a valid password using their phone's keypad, the system verifies the password using the DTMF tones and automatically unlocks the door. The project aims to automate the manual process of unlocking a door with a physical key by allowing it to be unlocked remotely using a cell phone. It provides convenience by allowing entry without needing to get out of a car to unlock the door.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a numerical control (NC) system. It describes the tape reader that reads punched tape containing program instructions, the data buffer that stores input instructions, and the processor/controller that synchronizes operations. It also mentions the output channels that send instructions to machine tools, feedback channels that assure proper tool and workpiece location, and the control panel for manual operation. Applications of NC include milling, drilling, boring, turning, and other machining. Advantages are reduced nonproductive time and improved quality, while disadvantages include higher costs. Problems with conventional NC systems include programming mistakes, limitations of punched tape, and lack of management information.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The document discusses numerical control (NC) and computer numerical control (CNC) systems. It begins by defining NC and describing the basic components of an NC system including the program of instructions, controller unit, and machine tool. It then discusses the history and development of NC, different types of NC motion control, applications of NC, and economics considerations. The document also introduces direct numerical control (DNC) systems and their components/functions. Finally, it defines CNC and compares it to conventional NC and DNC, describing the additional functions and advantages that CNC systems provide.
IRJET- Password based Circuit Breaker using DTMFIRJET Journal
This document describes a password-based circuit breaker system that uses dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) technology. The system is designed to provide safety for maintenance staff working on live electrical lines. It uses a DTMF decoder integrated with a microcontroller and relays to allow loads to be turned on or off remotely using passwords dialed from a mobile phone. The system was simulated using Proteus software and implemented on a printed circuit board. It provides a solution that ensures safety and security by only allowing authorized people who know the passwords to control the circuit breaker.
The document describes the design and development of an autonomous robot named O.S.C.A.R. The robot uses an ATMega328P microcontroller and various sensors to follow a line and detect objects. The main objectives were to assemble the robot hardware including sensors and code the microcontroller firmware. The firmware uses functions, interrupts, timers and ADC to control motors, read sensors and detect light levels to enable autonomous line following and object detection capabilities. Diagrams of the system block, subsystems and code flow are provided along with explanations of the hardware schematic and functional code implementation.
DESIGN OF CONTROL TEMPERATURE MOTOR 1 PHASE WITH COMPATIBLE LOAD BASED PIC MI...yusman wesley
This document describes the design of a temperature control system for a single-phase motor using a PIC16f887A microcontroller. The system uses an LM35 temperature sensor to monitor the motor temperature and sends the data to the microcontroller. If the temperature reaches the upper limit, a buzzer will sound as a warning. The microcontroller can control the motor speed based on the temperature. Experimental results show the microcontroller can accurately adjust the motor speed according to temperature changes.
1. CNC machines evolved from NC machines with the introduction of computers to control machine tools numerically.
2. Early CNC systems used punched tapes to input programs, while modern systems use computers and memory to input, edit, and store programs along with accepting CAD files.
3. CNC machines use feedback devices like encoders and touch probes to provide closed loop control and accurately position tools.
This document provides an overview of numerical control and computer numerical control systems. It discusses the need for NC/CNC, the advantages and disadvantages, classifications of NC machines, and components of NC systems such as driving devices, feedback devices, dimensioning systems, and interpolation methods. Key points covered include the history of NC development, the difference between open-loop and closed-loop control, and explanations of incremental and absolute positioning systems.
Navigation of Robot Vehicle using RF with Landmine DetectionVeena Rani
This document describes the design of a navigation system for a robot that uses RF signals to control the robot and detect landmines. It includes a block diagram of the system that has transmitter and receiver sections. The receiver section on the robot contains components like a microcontroller, LCD display, motors, landmine detector, and other sensors. The transmitter section is used to control the robot remotely. The document provides details of the various hardware components used and how the system works to navigate the robot while detecting landmines using RF signals and sensors.
Automatic room light controller using microcontroller and visitor countereSAT Journals
Abstract The Project ‘Automatic Room Light Controller Using microcontroller ATMEGA16A and bidirectional visitor counter’ controls a room light as well as count the number of individuals entering and leaving a room. When an individual enters into a room then one counter is incremented by one and one light in a room will be switched ON and when the individuals leaves a room then the counter is decremented by one. When the number of individuals in a room is greater than 5 then 2 lights will be switched ON. When the individuals in a room are more than 10 then 3 lights will be switched ON. Similarly on increase of every 5 individuals one more light will switched ON. Lights will turn OFF when all the individuals go out of a room. The total number of individuals present inside a room is also displayed on the LCD display. IR sensors and microcontroller does above job. IR sensors sense the obstruction and microcontroller receives the signals produced by the obstruction from the sensors. The received signal is operated via program stored in ROM of Microcontroller.. Keywords: Microcontroller ATMEGA16A, IR Sensors, LCD, Counters
This document provides an overview of Bruce Chubb's Computer/Model Railroad Interface (C/MRI) system. It discusses the basics of electronics relevant to C/MRI, including how circuits are grounded to turn them on rather than off. It then outlines several example applications of C/MRI like occupancy detection, signaling, turnout control, and centralized traffic control systems. The document recommends additional resources for learning more about signaling and C/MRI. It concludes by discussing how to assemble a basic C/MRI system with components like input/output cards and simplified wiring.
Training report prepared on PLC on CNC at BHEL,Hyderabad. It have sufficient slides to know the basics about PLC on CNC and working of that with coding. It was worth learning on BHEL.
Semelhante a NC-CNC-DNC |Harin Prajapari |Mechanical Engineering |GTU (20)
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
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3. • Numerical control (NC) systems are hardware controls in
which most of functions are carried out by electronic hardware
based upon digital circuit technology.
• Numerical Control is a technique for controlling machine
tools or processes using coded command instructions. These
coded command instructions are interpreted and converted by
NC controller into two types of signals namely; motion control
signals and miscellaneous control signals.
4.
5.
6.
7. Punched tape
• Punched tape is used for practical storage of part programs. It is reliable
because the data will not change, although the tape can be physically
damaged. In earlier NC days, punched tapes were used extensively.
Prevalence of computer disks has
• drastically reduced its use. But, still used as backup storage media, when
the computer is down.
Magnetic Tape
• Although it is least costly option for NC part program storage yet not often
used due to its low speed. It is also difficult to locate the right program in
the tape, and vulnerable to contamination and electromechanical fields in
shop floor surroundings.
Computer Disks
• In today’s milieu, computer disks are widely used to store NC part
program. These disks are of two forms; floppy diskette and hard disk. It is
inexpensive, can store large volume data and easy to access.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. • Programme reader is a device used to read the coded instructions from the
programme of instructions. Programme readers are classified on the basis
of programme input medium as:
(a)Card Readers
(b)Punched Tape Readers
– Mechanical (Electro-mechanical)
– Photo electrical
– Pneumatic
(c) Magnetic Tape Reader
13. The principle of a simple mechanical device for reading the punched tape is shown in
Figure 2.3. If there is no hole in the tape the contacts remain open but when a hole is
present in the tape, its presence is detected by a probe and bending of flexible strip causes
the contacts t close. The presence of holes in the tape causes the switches to close. The
switch is in ON position (hole) or OFF position (no hole) accordingly.
14. The operation of an optical photo electric tape reader is based upon the principle that if a
beam of light falls on a photoelectric cell, the latter generates an electric signal. The
schematic diagram of a photoelectric tape reader is shown in Figure 2.4. The punched
tape is fed between a light source and a series of photo-cells. Whenever a hole is present
in the tape, light from the light source passes through the hole and energizes the
corresponding photo-cell which converts the light energy into electrical energy to produce
a pulse i.e. ON position. The pulse is amplified and processed into a form suited to the
control circuit. When there is no hole, the light from the light source does not reach the
photo-cell, hence no signal is produced and the position is recorded as OFF.
15. A pneumatic tape reader is shown in Figure 2.5. The tape is fed between a series of air jets
(8 No.), covering the complete pattern of holes which is possible to be punched in a block
of information on the tape and tape support plate. The first opening called, main outlet, is
near the tape and second opening is connected to a signal detector. This back pressure is
sensed by the signal detector and position is recorded as '0' i.e. OFF. But if a punched hole
in the tape comes in front of the main outlet, the air is allowed to escape freely and no
back pressure is built up in the supply tube. This loss of back pressure is detected by the
signal detector and position is recorded as '1' i.e. ON. The support plate prevents the tape
from being blown away by the compressed air coming from main outlet.
16. A program reader for magnetic tape is shown in Figure 2.6. The magnetic head serves
both for encoding as well as reading the tape. The magnetic head is an electromagnet and
consists of a high permeability core in the form of a ring with a small air gap and is
energized through a coil winding. The magnetic tape is moved across the opening in the
core. When a magnetized portion of the tape appears in the reading position (i.e. in the
opening) an e.m.f. is induced in the winding. This e.m.f. is amplified and is used in
control of servo system of machine tool.
17. Better control of the tool motion under
optimum cutting conditions.
Improved part quality and repeatability.
Reduced tooling costs, tool wear, and job
setup time.
Reduced time to manufacture parts.
Reduced scrap.
Better production planning and placement of
machining operations in the hand of
engineering.
20. • CNC controls are soft-wired NC systems as control functions
are controlled by software programs.
• Alternatively, Computer Numerical Control is the numerical
control system in which dedicated, stored program
microprocessors are built into the control to perform basic and
advanced NC functions.
• Control signals in CNC systems are in the form of binary
words, where each word contains fixed number of bits, 32 bits
or 64 bits are commonly used, representing different axial
positions.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. The main components of CNC machine tools are as follows :
1. Input / Output Console.
2. Microprocessor Based control unit.
3. Memory.
4. Feedback unit.
5. Machine Tool.
6. Interfaces.
26. Input / Output
Devices
Machine Tool
Memory (ROM)
Control
program for : Z
Slide
X Slide
Memory (RAM)
Part Program
Feed Back Unit
27. • Input / Output Console : It is the unit through which part program is fed
to the CNC machine tool system and required output is taken out. It
basically consists of monitor and Keyboard.
• Microprocessor : This controller takes input from Input / Output device,
Feedback from feedback unit and actuates the drives as well as the tool
of the machine tool.
• Memory : It consists of RAM & ROM. The RAM stores part program,
while ROM stores
the programs for machine control.
• Feedback unit : The feedback unit takes input from machine tool and
transfers it to control unit for necessary corrections.
• Machine tool : Machine tool is operated by the control unit.
• Interfaces : They are the connections between the different components of
the CNC machine tool system.
28. (a) According to type of Feedbacksystems
1. Open loop type CNC machine.
2. Closed loop type CNC machine.
(b) According to type of tool motioncontrol
1. Finite positioning control CNC machines.
2. Continuous path control CNC machines.
(c) According to programmethods
1. Absolute Programming CNC machine systems.
2. Incremental Programming CNC machine systems.
(d) According to type of controller
1. Hybrid controller CNC systems.
2. Straight controller CNC systems.
(e) According to axis & type of
operations
1. CNC horizontal machining centre.
2. CNC vertical machining centre.
3. CNC turning centre.
4. CNC milling centre.
29. CNC machines can be used continuously and only need to be switched off for
occasional maintenance.
These machines require less skilled people to operate unlike manual
lathes/milling machines etc.
CNC machines can be updated by improving the software used to drive the
machines.
Training for the use of CNC machines can be done through the use of “virtual
software”.
The manufacturing process can be simulated virtually and no need to make a
prototype or a model. This saves time and money.
Once programmed, these machines can be left and do not require any human
intervention, except for work loading and unloading.
These machines can manufacture several components to the required accuracy
without any fatigue as in the case of manually operated machines.
Savings in time that could be achieved with the CNC machines are quite
significant.
30. CNC machines are generally more expensive than
manually operated machines.
The CNC machine operator only needs basic training
and skills, enough to supervise several machines.
Increase in electrical maintenance, high initial
investment and high per hour operating costs than the
traditional systems.
Fewer workers are required to operate CNC
machines compared to manually operated machines.
Investment in CNC machines can lead to
unemployment.
31. The machines controlled by CNC can be classified
into the following categories:
1. CNC mills and machining centers,
2. CNC lathes and turning centers
3. CNC electrical discharge machining
(EDM)
4. CNC grinding machines
5. CNC cutting machines (laser, plasma,
electron, or flame)
6. CNC fabrication machines (sheet metal
punch press, bending machine, or press
brake)
7. CNC welding machines
39. • Direct numerical simultaneously control the operations of a
group of NC machine tools using a shared computer.
• Programming, editing part programs and downloading part
programs to NC machines are main responsibilities of the
computers in a NC system.
• Cincinnati Milacron and General Electric first used idea of
direct numerical control in the mid 60s. By 1970, about a half
dozen vendors marketed their DNC systems .
• Due to high cost of mainframe computers and introduction of
CNC in 1970s,the DNC system couldn’t become popular in
industry.
40.
41.
42.
43. 1. The part program is fed to the
machine through the tapes or
other such media.
2.In order to modify the program,
the tapes have to be changed.
3. In NC machine tool system,
tape reader is a part of machine
control unit.
4.System has no memory
storage and each time it is run
using the tape.
5.It can not import CAD files.
6.It can not use feedback system.
7.They are not software driven.
1. In CNC machine tool system,
the program is fed to the machine
through the computer.
2.The programs can be easily
modified with the help of
computer.
3.The microprocessor or
minicomputer forms the machine
control unit. The CNC machine
does not need tape reader.
4.It has memory storage ability, in
which part program can be stored.
5
.
System can import CAD files
and convert it to part program.
6.The system can use feedback
system.
7.The system is software driven.
1. The part program is fed to
the machine through the
Main computer
2. In order to modify the
program, single computer
is used
3. Large memory of DNC
allows it to store a large
amount of part
program.
4. Same part program can be
run on different machines
at the same time.
5. The data can be processed
using the MIS software so
as to effectively carry out
the Production planning
and scheduling.
44. 1. Classification based on
the motion type.
2. Classification based on
the control loops.
3. Classification based on
the number of axes.
4. Classification based on
the power supply.
45. 1.1Point-to-Point Systems.
1.It is used in some CNC machines
such as drilling, boring and tapping
machines…etc.
2.The control equipment for use with
them are known as point-to-point
control equipment.
3.Feed rates need not to be
programmed.
4.In theses machine tools, each axis is
driven separately.
48. 1.2 Contouring Systems
(Continuous Path Systems)
It is used in CNC machine tools such as
milling machines.
These machines require simultaneous
control of axes.
Contouring machines can also be used
as point-to-point machines, but it will
be uneconomical to use them unless the
work piece also requires having a
contouring operation to be performed
on it.
49.
50.
51.
52. 2.1 Open Loop Systems
Programmed instructions are fed into the
controller through an input device.
These instructions are then converted to
electrical pulses (signals) by the controller
and sent to the servo amplifier to energize
the servo motors.
The primary drawback of the open-loop
system is that there is no feedback system
to check whether the program position and
velocity has been achieved.
53. Open Loop Systems
the open -loop system is
generally used in point-to-
point systems where the
accuracy requirements are
not critical.
Very few continuous-
path systems utilize
open-loop control.
54. 2.2 Closed Loop Systems
The closed-loop system has a
feedback subsystem to monitor
the actual output and correct any
discrepancy from the
programmed input.
These systems use position and
velocity feed back.
The feedback system could be
either analog or digital.
55. 2.2 Closed Loop Systems
The analog systems measure the
variation of physical variables such
as position and velocity in terms of
voltage levels.
Digital systems monitor output
variations by means of electrical
pulses.
Closed-loop systems are very
powerful and accurate because they
are capable of monitoring operating
conditions through feedback
subsystems and automatically
compensating for any variations in
real-time.
56.
57. 2&3 axes CNC Machines
CNC lathes will be coming under 2 axes
machines. There will be two axes along which
motion takes place.
The saddle will be moving longitudinally on
the bed (Z-axis) and the cross slide moves
transversely on the saddle (along X-axis).
In 3-axes machines, there will be one more
axis, perpendicular to the above two axes.
By the simultaneous control of all the 3 axes,
complex surfaces can be machined.
58. • Machine axes are designated according to the "right-hand
rule", When the thumb of right hand points in the direction of
the positive X axis, the index finger points toward the positive
Y axis, and the middle finger toward the positive Z axis.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64. 5 axes CNC vertical axis machining centre configuration
65. Importance of higher axes machining:
Reduced cycle time by machining
complex components using a single
setup.
In addition to time savings,
improved accuracy can also be achieved
as positioning errors between setups are
eliminated.
Improved surface finish and tool life by
tilting the tool to maintain optimum tool
to part contact all the times.
66.
67. Mechanical power unit
refers to a device which
transforms some form of
energy to mechanical power
which may be used for
driving slides, saddles or
gantries forming a part of
machine tool.
The input power may be of
electrical, hydraulic or
pneumatic.
AC Servo Motor for CNC
Machine Tool
71. The machine control unit (MCU) is the backbone
of CNC systems. Following six functions are
being done by MCU:
• Read coded instructions
• Decode coded instructions
• Implement interpolations to generate axis
motion commands
• Feed axis motion commands to amplifier
circuits to drive axis mechanisms
• Receive the feed back signals of position and
speed for each drive axis
• Implement auxiliary control functions such as
coolant ON/OFF, spindle ON/OFF, and tool
change
72. • Accuracy,
• Repeatability,
• Spindle and axis motor
horsepower,
• Number of controlled axes,
• Dimension of workspace, and
• Features of the machine and
controller.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92. Ch-2 [Lec-5]
1.TOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 2. SUPPLY SYSTEM
3.MONITORING SYSTEM 4.WORK PIECE HANDLING
Prepared by:
Asst.Prof.Harin Prajapati
(Mechanical Department,ACET)
Subject:- CAM
Code:-2171903
93. • TOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
• SUPPLY SYSTEM
• MONITORING SYSTEM
• WORK PIECE HANDLING
94. • Tooling is one of the most important part of
any manufacturing system.
• Tooling system are broadly classified into 2
categories
1) Tool supply system
2) Tool monitoring system
95. • In automated manufacturing sys, the set of
tools have to be supplied to the system and
taken out from the system at regular interval
depending upon the requirement
• The basic concept used in tool supply system
is to use auxiliary tool storage from where the
required tools can be transfer to the main tool
magazine as and when required without much
loss of production time
96. 1. Single Tool Magazine System
2. Multiple Tool Magazine System
3. Interchangeable Tool Magazine System
4. Interchangeable Tool Cassettes System
5. Main And Auxiliary Tool Magazine System
6. Tool Highway System
97. • The single tool magazine system is a
conventional system and has only 1 tool
magazine. There is no auxiliary tool storage
system available.
• The capacity of single tool magazine is 40 to
100 tools.
98. • In this 2 or more smaller tool magazines are used
• Major advantage is machine is kept in working
condition while tool on the 1 tool magazine is
replaced
• Limitation is each tool have small tool capacity
• capacity: 20 to 50 tools
99. • In interchangeable tool magazine system entire tool is
swapped for replacement so that tool resharpening
and replacement into tool can be done
• As entire tool is replaced, thus change over time is
reduced
• However AGV makes the system expensive
• Capacity : 20 to 60 tools
100. Interchangeable Tool Cassette
• 1 Tool magazine divided into number of smaller
segments called tool cassettes
• Each cassettes have limited no. of tools
• Thus instead of changing entire tool magazine, the
cassette is replaced.
• Reduce tool changing time
• Arrangement is slightly complicated
• Capacity : 10 to 20 tools
101. • Each machine tool has 1 main tool magazine and 1
auxiliary tool storage magazine
• Secondary tool magazine is used for storage purpose
• Robot arm stationed between 2 tool magazine can
transfer tool as and when required
• Ensures uninterrupted manufacturing
• Capacity :20 to 40 tools
102. • Each workstation of FMS has a main tool
magazine and there is single auxiliary tool storage
magazine consisting of all tools
• Tool change robot is used for replacing tool
• Individual tool is transported to main tool
magazine by tool changing robot travelling along
the tool highway
• Most widely used system for FMS, ensures
uninterrupted manufacturing
• Capacity : 20 to 40 tools
103. • In order to ensure the satisfactory working of
cutting tool, it is necessary to monitor the tool
while it is performing the cutting operation
• There are 3 methods
1) Tool wear monitoring
2) Tool breakage monitoring
3) Tool life monitoring
104. • The accuracy and surface finish of the
manufactured component depends upon the
condition of cutting tool
• Therefore it is necessary to monitor tool wear
continuously
• Tool wear are broadly classified into 2
categories
105.
106. • In automated machining system like FMS and
transfer lines, the undetected tool breakage
will lead to spoiled job lot
• Therefore it is necessary to have a system that
can detect the breakage of tool and give alarm
to the operator or automatically replace it from
auxiliary tool storage ,magazine
107. 1. Cutting Force Method
2. Tool Length Method
3. Current Loop Method
4. Air Flow Method
5. Infrared Beam Method
108. • In this a force sensor is mounted on the cutting
tool
• Whenever there is breakage, cutting force
instantaneously reduces to zero
• Force sensor gives signal to the controller
• Controller gives the alarm or automatically
changes broken tool
109. • In tool length method the tool length is checked by using tool
probe at the beginning of the cutting operation
• The tool length Is compared with the value stored in tool
register of computer
• Though the system is simple, it can not detect instantaneous
breakage
• The breakage can only be detected only at beginning of next
cycle
110. • In current loop method, a small current is
made flow through the work piece and cutting
tool
111.
112. • The circuit is completed only when the cutting
tool is in touch with the work piece. This
signal is transmitted to MCU
• Thus during operation is tool breaks it results
in circuit breakage.
113. • In this a compressed air is made to flow over
the cutting tool
• The cutting tool breaks the air flow stream
114.
115. • If cutting tool is broken the air flow stream is
continuous without break
• The pressure of continuous air flown stream is
detected by pneumatic switch
• This switch communicates the signal with
MCU
• Thus MCU imitates necessary action
116. • In infrared beam method, the infrared beam is
directed across the cutting tool
• The cutting tool breaks the infrared beam
• If there is breakage in tool, the beam travels
without break
• The uninterrupted beam detects tool breakage
117. • The tool monitoring system keep the continuous
track of the actual time for which each tool was
working
• When new tool enters the magazine, computer
store its life spam under its information
• For safety measures life spam is kept low only
than actual one
• Life spam is deiced by machine parameter data
and tool data
• The tool life monitoring avoids actual breaking