As microscopic swimmers survive in nature, they have evolved unique structures and swimmingpatterns under the water, which has special advantages. The movement of bacteria at lowReynolds number (Re) environment has aroused extensive research interest. The two typical
swimming methods of bacteria are introduced in this paper. Based on this, we are inspired to design the bionic robot on a micro-scale, which is an artificial
structure that imitates the external shape, movement principle and behavior mode of organisms innature. Compared with traditional robots, nano bionic robots are easier to miniaturize[1]. Theyalso have higher maneuverability so that they can move continuously and flexibly. We expect tosimulate its motion at low Reynolds number (Re) fluids and explore complex future applicationsin dif erent fields
This document provides an overview and table of contents for the Physical Chemistry textbook by McQuarrie and Simon. It describes the LibreTexts project which openly licenses free online textbooks. The document outlines 13 interconnected open education libraries covering a range of fields from basic to advanced levels. It notes that the LibreTexts libraries are supported by various educational organizations and that the content is licensed for free use and adaptation with attribution.
The document summarizes a study of the near-contact-line dynamics of evaporating sessile drops containing bacteria. As the drop evaporates, an internal flow develops that transports bacteria outward and concentrates them near the contact line, where experiments show they form periodic jets. The study develops a theoretical model and numerical simulation of the averaged flow properties and bacteria behavior. Initial 1D simulations show bacteria transitioning from isotropic to aligned with flow near the edge, and bacteria density peaking near the edge matching experiments. Future 2D simulations aim to reproduce the periodic jet pattern observed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document presents a mathematical model for simulating the diffusion of microbes injected during microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) processes in porous media. The model is based on a diffusion equation that describes the transport and distribution of microbes over time. Computer simulations using the model produce 3D views showing higher microbial concentration in the center of the porous media that decreases towards the outer boundaries due to diffusion. The model and simulations indicate that microbial diffusion can effectively distribute microbes through the reservoir during MEOR, but an uncontrolled process risks permeability damage that would counter the intended effects.
Reproduction in the Water-Bodied Living-BeingsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a paper that proposes water exhibits the key criteria of living beings, including reproduction. It begins by revisiting previous work establishing water meets three criteria: ability to exchange energy, memory, and sensitivity. It then hypothesizes water can reproduce through a process of revival when dead water cells reassemble upon receiving suitable conditions like temperature and humidity. The document explains how this revival mechanism fulfills the important fourth criterion of reproduction needed to sustain a species. It presents a Venn diagram showing life as a subset of four traits - sensitivity, energy exchange, memory, and reproduction - rather than just three traits. In concluding, the document notes this work proves livingness in water more comprehensively by discovering its ability to reproduce
This document provides an introduction to micro/nano-bubbles and their applications. It discusses how micro-bubbles are different than larger bubbles in that they can remain stable for long periods of time and gradually decrease in size through gas dissolution. It is noted that free radicals are generated when micro-bubbles collapse. The document focuses on biological applications of micro/nano-bubbles, including improving marine life growth and uses of the free radicals generated. Methods of generating micro-bubbles and controlling bubble size distribution are presented. Current and potential future applications to areas like fermentation and cell-level treatment are summarized.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as engineering functional systems at the molecular scale from 1-100 nanometers. Key concepts discussed include the history and origins of nanotechnology from Richard Feynman in 1959 to the modern era. Fundamental concepts around nanoscale sizes from 1-100 nm are explained. Generations of nanotechnology development and approaches like top-down and bottom-up assembly are outlined. Applications of nanotechnology in various fields such as IT, medicine, robotics, and electronics are described. The document concludes by discussing future opportunities for nanotechnology in areas like pollution prevention, treatment, and manufacturing.
This document provides an overview and table of contents for the Physical Chemistry textbook by McQuarrie and Simon. It describes the LibreTexts project which openly licenses free online textbooks. The document outlines 13 interconnected open education libraries covering a range of fields from basic to advanced levels. It notes that the LibreTexts libraries are supported by various educational organizations and that the content is licensed for free use and adaptation with attribution.
The document summarizes a study of the near-contact-line dynamics of evaporating sessile drops containing bacteria. As the drop evaporates, an internal flow develops that transports bacteria outward and concentrates them near the contact line, where experiments show they form periodic jets. The study develops a theoretical model and numerical simulation of the averaged flow properties and bacteria behavior. Initial 1D simulations show bacteria transitioning from isotropic to aligned with flow near the edge, and bacteria density peaking near the edge matching experiments. Future 2D simulations aim to reproduce the periodic jet pattern observed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
This document presents a mathematical model for simulating the diffusion of microbes injected during microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) processes in porous media. The model is based on a diffusion equation that describes the transport and distribution of microbes over time. Computer simulations using the model produce 3D views showing higher microbial concentration in the center of the porous media that decreases towards the outer boundaries due to diffusion. The model and simulations indicate that microbial diffusion can effectively distribute microbes through the reservoir during MEOR, but an uncontrolled process risks permeability damage that would counter the intended effects.
Reproduction in the Water-Bodied Living-BeingsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a paper that proposes water exhibits the key criteria of living beings, including reproduction. It begins by revisiting previous work establishing water meets three criteria: ability to exchange energy, memory, and sensitivity. It then hypothesizes water can reproduce through a process of revival when dead water cells reassemble upon receiving suitable conditions like temperature and humidity. The document explains how this revival mechanism fulfills the important fourth criterion of reproduction needed to sustain a species. It presents a Venn diagram showing life as a subset of four traits - sensitivity, energy exchange, memory, and reproduction - rather than just three traits. In concluding, the document notes this work proves livingness in water more comprehensively by discovering its ability to reproduce
This document provides an introduction to micro/nano-bubbles and their applications. It discusses how micro-bubbles are different than larger bubbles in that they can remain stable for long periods of time and gradually decrease in size through gas dissolution. It is noted that free radicals are generated when micro-bubbles collapse. The document focuses on biological applications of micro/nano-bubbles, including improving marine life growth and uses of the free radicals generated. Methods of generating micro-bubbles and controlling bubble size distribution are presented. Current and potential future applications to areas like fermentation and cell-level treatment are summarized.
This document provides an overview of nanotechnology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as engineering functional systems at the molecular scale from 1-100 nanometers. Key concepts discussed include the history and origins of nanotechnology from Richard Feynman in 1959 to the modern era. Fundamental concepts around nanoscale sizes from 1-100 nm are explained. Generations of nanotechnology development and approaches like top-down and bottom-up assembly are outlined. Applications of nanotechnology in various fields such as IT, medicine, robotics, and electronics are described. The document concludes by discussing future opportunities for nanotechnology in areas like pollution prevention, treatment, and manufacturing.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
[Harry edmar]hydrodynamics concepts and experimentsEnrique Buenaonda
This chapter develops a coupled fluid-structure model to simulate the interaction between water flow and a flexible fishing net. The model combines a porous media fluid model and a lumped-mass mechanical model. The porous media fluid model uses the Navier-Stokes equations to simulate flow around a rigid net, while the lumped-mass model simulates net deformation. An iterative scheme is used to solve for the steady fluid-net interaction. The model aims to better understand hydrodynamic forces on nets and flow patterns, which has significance for net cage and aquaculture design.
Investigating cellular metabolism with the 3D Cell ExplorerMathieuFRECHIN
The 3D Cell Explorer microscope allows for unprecedented live imaging of subcellular structures like mitochondria and lipid droplets due to its high spatiotemporal resolution and lack of phototoxicity. This enables long-term observation of organelle dynamics and interactions in an unperturbed state. Experiments demonstrated unique imaging of mitochondrial network perturbations and rescues as well as quantitative tracking of lipid droplet features over time. The system provides new opportunities to study metabolism at the subcellular level.
DavidAllen1update_Senior_Thesis_248PMAPRIL182016David Allen
This document discusses the synthesis and analysis of core substituted di-cyano naphthalene di-imide derivatives and their application in donor-acceptor columnar liquid crystal mixtures. Columnar liquid crystals have potential applications in organic electronics due to their ability to enhance charge transport properties. This project focuses on synthesizing three derivatives of the electron poor naphthalene diimide component - di-cyano NDI, di-TMSacetylide NDI, and di-fluoro NDI. These derivatives were mixed with various electron rich components and analyzed via spectroscopy and microscopy. The mixtures showed novel absorbance profiles that could allow for tuning of the charge transfer band to enhance liquid crystal properties. Future work will involve altering
1) Experiments were conducted by varying the flow velocity, pitching amplitude, and span location of a panel shaped like a dolphin caudal fin to study the wake structure.
2) The wakes with well-developed vortices corresponded to Strouhal numbers between 0.2-0.4, supporting previous research finding this range optimal for propulsive efficiency.
3) At higher Strouhal numbers, the wake broke down further upstream, and the wake was narrower, supporting results that vortex breakdown location depends on Strouhal number.
The document discusses micelle formation from surfactants in water. Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts that can self-assemble into micelles in aqueous solution above a critical concentration. The packing parameter concept predicts micelle shape based on the surfactant's geometry. Spherical, cylindrical, and bilayer structures are expected for different packing parameter ranges based on the surfactant head group size and tail volume. Micelle characteristics like size and critical concentration can be understood through thermodynamic models balancing hydrophobic effect, interfacial tension, and head group repulsion.
This course provides an in-depth understanding of three-dimensional macromolecular structure and the relationship between the conformation of proteins and nucleic acids and their biological functions. Students will learn to visualize and analyze macromolecular structures using molecular graphics software and assess the structural basis of biological activity. The course covers topics related to multi-molecular assemblies, catalytic machines, and membrane proteins. Students will be assessed through a final exam and computer graphics exercises completed in a lab notebook.
2011 NSF CAREER_Steve Koch Full Project Description Steve Koch
This is the full Project Description for my 2011 NSF CAREER proposal. As I described on my blog, I am disappointed in the unfinished product, mostly because I still think the proposed research is important, exciting, and achievable by my lab. ( http://stevekochresearch.blogspot.com/2011/08/2011-nsf-career-proposal-ugh-failures.html )
Here are links to prior years' proposals, which were declined:
* 2009 http://www.scribd.com/doc/17548381/2009-ProposalCAREER-SingleMolecule-Analysis-of-Genomic-DNA-and-Chromatin-in-Eukaryotic-Transcription
* 2008 http://www.scribd.com/doc/10196076/2008-NSF-CAREERproposal-Only
Nanotechnology involves building devices at the molecular scale, typically less than 100 nanometers. It has applications in fields like computer science, medicine, robotics, and electronics. In medicine, nanorobots could help deliver drugs, monitor health, and even transport oxygen in the bloodstream. Researchers are also exploring using nanotechnology to build smaller computer chips, develop molecular machines like nanomotors, and create nanotubes for applications such as ultra-strong bearings.
This document summarizes a study that used lattice Boltzmann methods to simulate fluid flow through porous media. The study varied the Darcy number from 10-6 to 10-2 and the Reynolds number at 10 and 100 to observe their effects. Velocity profiles and streamline plots were produced from the simulations. Decreasing the Darcy number, which represents permeability, was found to significantly influence the flow properties and location of primary vortices within the porous media. The numerical simulations agreed well with existing theories on incompressible fluid flow.
This document summarizes a study on using nanorobots for treating patients with artery occlusion. It describes how chemical and thermal gradients could be used to control nanorobots to target areas needing treatment. Computer simulations were used to model the nanorobots' behavior and evaluate control strategies in coronary arteries. The document also outlines the potential medical applications of nanorobots and the manufacturing technologies needed to develop functional nanorobots for biomedical applications in the next 10-15 years.
Lattice boltzmann simulation of non newtonian fluid flow in a lid driven cavitIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that uses Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) to simulate non-Newtonian fluid flow in a lid driven cavity. The study explores the mechanism of non-Newtonian fluid flow using the power law model to represent shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids. It investigates the influence of power law index and Reynolds number on velocity profiles and streamlines. The LBM code is validated against published results and shows agreement with established theory and fluid rheological behavior.
This document discusses fractal geometry and its applications in materials science. It begins by providing background on fractals and how they were discovered to describe natural patterns. Fractals have fractional dimensions and self-similar patterns across different scales. Non-linear dynamics and chaos theory are then introduced to study irregular patterns in nature. Specific fractal objects like the Cantor set and Koch curve are described. The document outlines how fractal analysis can be used to characterize microstructures, surfaces, cracks and particles in materials using techniques like box counting to determine fractal dimension. Finally, the role of image processing in materials science images for quantitative microstructure analysis is briefly discussed.
The document summarizes Robert Murtagh's PhD thesis on analytical models of single bubbles and foams. It includes a declaration of authorship, acknowledgements, and a summary of the thesis contents. The thesis uses a "Z-cone model" to model bubbles as collections of circular cones joined at their bases. It applies this model to study the energy of ordered foams and the bubble-bubble interaction over a range of liquid fractions. It also adapts the model to study the energy of a Kelvin foam cell and investigates contact losses in the Kelvin structure away from the wet limit. Finally, it examines the evolution of gas bubbles on a liquid surface containing mixtures of gases with different solubilities.
Mesoscopic simulation of incompressible fluid flow in porous mediaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Lattice Boltzmann method is used to simulate cavity driven fluid flow in porous media. A square cavity is considered with the top
lid moving with uniform velocity and other sides kept stationary. Simulation is carried out for values of Darcy number ranging
from 10-6 to10-2 at Reynolds number 10 and 100. Influence of Darcy number and Reynolds number is investigated on velocity
profiles and the streamline plots. Half-way bounce back boundary conditions are employed in the numerical simulation. The
numerical code is first verified with the results available in the literature and then used to simulate the Newtonian fluid flow in
porous media. The Darcy number and the Reynolds number were observed to have great influence on the flow properties and the
location of the primary vortex. Simulation was carried out for a 100100 mesh grid and a fine agreement is established theories
in incompressible fluid flow.
Keywords: Lattice Boltzmann method, incompressible flow, porous media
This document summarizes Matthew Thickitt's master's thesis project which used computational simulations to study nuclear reaction rates in novae. Specifically, it investigated how varying reaction rates affected abundances in the HCNO-II and HCNO-III cycles in 1 MSun CO and 1.25 MSun ONe novae profiles. It also examined the temperature dependence and dominance of narrow resonances in the astrophysically important F18(p,α)O15 reaction using data from a study by Laird et al. The results supported the validity of the computational codes used and findings from previous studies on this reaction.
Study the effect of increasing gamma ray doses on some physical properties of...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the effect of gamma ray irradiation on some physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions with varying concentrations. It examines properties like shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and relaxation time. The results showed that gamma radiation caused degradation to the polymer chains, increasing ultrasonic absorption and decreasing molecular weight. Rheological and mechanical properties were affected by changes in density and viscosity due to molecular interactions after irradiation.
Call for Research Articles - 10th International Conference on Bioinformatics ...bioejjournal
10th International Conference on Bioinformatics & Biosciences (BIOS 2024) is a forum for presenting new advances and research results in the field of biology to increase the understanding of all biological process. The aim of this conference is to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles in all areas of bioinformatics and Biometrics. Researchers and scientists from the fields of biology, computer science, mathematics, statistics, and physics are invited to share their developments and new techniques in the fields of Biometrics and Bioinformatics. .
DE NOVO TRANSCRIPTOME ASSEMBLY OF SOLID SEQUENCING DATA IN CUCUMIS MELObioejjournal
As sequencing technologies progress, focus shifts towards solving bioinformatic challenges, of which
sequence read assembly is the first task. In the present study, we have carried out a comparison of two
assemblers (SeqMan and CLC) for transcriptome assembly, using a new dataset from Cucumis melo.
Between two assemblers SeqMan generated an excess of small, redundant contigs where as CLC generated
the least redundant assembly. Since different assemblers use different algorithms to build contigs, we
followed the merging of assemblies by CAP3 and found that the merged assembly is better than individual
assemblies and more consistent in the number and size of contigs. Combining the assemblies from different
programs gave a more credible final product, and therefore this approach is recommended for quantitative
output
Cloning and Extracellular Expression of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activa...bioejjournal
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial
infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian
host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression
vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a
way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps. Further, construct pICZαA-tPA
was developed and electroporated into host to achieve stablert-PA gene by achieving genome integration.
The transformants were screened for phenotypic characters.Mut+
phenotypic colony named Pichia tPA-3
showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS PAGE. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was
performed, resulting in product peak at same RT as reference standard. (alteplase).Cloning and expression
of rt-PA was successfully achieved in microbial system. Further process optimization at larger scales will
surely provide cost effective alternative to mammalian system forrt-PA production.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
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Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
[Harry edmar]hydrodynamics concepts and experimentsEnrique Buenaonda
This chapter develops a coupled fluid-structure model to simulate the interaction between water flow and a flexible fishing net. The model combines a porous media fluid model and a lumped-mass mechanical model. The porous media fluid model uses the Navier-Stokes equations to simulate flow around a rigid net, while the lumped-mass model simulates net deformation. An iterative scheme is used to solve for the steady fluid-net interaction. The model aims to better understand hydrodynamic forces on nets and flow patterns, which has significance for net cage and aquaculture design.
Investigating cellular metabolism with the 3D Cell ExplorerMathieuFRECHIN
The 3D Cell Explorer microscope allows for unprecedented live imaging of subcellular structures like mitochondria and lipid droplets due to its high spatiotemporal resolution and lack of phototoxicity. This enables long-term observation of organelle dynamics and interactions in an unperturbed state. Experiments demonstrated unique imaging of mitochondrial network perturbations and rescues as well as quantitative tracking of lipid droplet features over time. The system provides new opportunities to study metabolism at the subcellular level.
DavidAllen1update_Senior_Thesis_248PMAPRIL182016David Allen
This document discusses the synthesis and analysis of core substituted di-cyano naphthalene di-imide derivatives and their application in donor-acceptor columnar liquid crystal mixtures. Columnar liquid crystals have potential applications in organic electronics due to their ability to enhance charge transport properties. This project focuses on synthesizing three derivatives of the electron poor naphthalene diimide component - di-cyano NDI, di-TMSacetylide NDI, and di-fluoro NDI. These derivatives were mixed with various electron rich components and analyzed via spectroscopy and microscopy. The mixtures showed novel absorbance profiles that could allow for tuning of the charge transfer band to enhance liquid crystal properties. Future work will involve altering
1) Experiments were conducted by varying the flow velocity, pitching amplitude, and span location of a panel shaped like a dolphin caudal fin to study the wake structure.
2) The wakes with well-developed vortices corresponded to Strouhal numbers between 0.2-0.4, supporting previous research finding this range optimal for propulsive efficiency.
3) At higher Strouhal numbers, the wake broke down further upstream, and the wake was narrower, supporting results that vortex breakdown location depends on Strouhal number.
The document discusses micelle formation from surfactants in water. Surfactants are amphiphilic molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts that can self-assemble into micelles in aqueous solution above a critical concentration. The packing parameter concept predicts micelle shape based on the surfactant's geometry. Spherical, cylindrical, and bilayer structures are expected for different packing parameter ranges based on the surfactant head group size and tail volume. Micelle characteristics like size and critical concentration can be understood through thermodynamic models balancing hydrophobic effect, interfacial tension, and head group repulsion.
This course provides an in-depth understanding of three-dimensional macromolecular structure and the relationship between the conformation of proteins and nucleic acids and their biological functions. Students will learn to visualize and analyze macromolecular structures using molecular graphics software and assess the structural basis of biological activity. The course covers topics related to multi-molecular assemblies, catalytic machines, and membrane proteins. Students will be assessed through a final exam and computer graphics exercises completed in a lab notebook.
2011 NSF CAREER_Steve Koch Full Project Description Steve Koch
This is the full Project Description for my 2011 NSF CAREER proposal. As I described on my blog, I am disappointed in the unfinished product, mostly because I still think the proposed research is important, exciting, and achievable by my lab. ( http://stevekochresearch.blogspot.com/2011/08/2011-nsf-career-proposal-ugh-failures.html )
Here are links to prior years' proposals, which were declined:
* 2009 http://www.scribd.com/doc/17548381/2009-ProposalCAREER-SingleMolecule-Analysis-of-Genomic-DNA-and-Chromatin-in-Eukaryotic-Transcription
* 2008 http://www.scribd.com/doc/10196076/2008-NSF-CAREERproposal-Only
Nanotechnology involves building devices at the molecular scale, typically less than 100 nanometers. It has applications in fields like computer science, medicine, robotics, and electronics. In medicine, nanorobots could help deliver drugs, monitor health, and even transport oxygen in the bloodstream. Researchers are also exploring using nanotechnology to build smaller computer chips, develop molecular machines like nanomotors, and create nanotubes for applications such as ultra-strong bearings.
This document summarizes a study that used lattice Boltzmann methods to simulate fluid flow through porous media. The study varied the Darcy number from 10-6 to 10-2 and the Reynolds number at 10 and 100 to observe their effects. Velocity profiles and streamline plots were produced from the simulations. Decreasing the Darcy number, which represents permeability, was found to significantly influence the flow properties and location of primary vortices within the porous media. The numerical simulations agreed well with existing theories on incompressible fluid flow.
This document summarizes a study on using nanorobots for treating patients with artery occlusion. It describes how chemical and thermal gradients could be used to control nanorobots to target areas needing treatment. Computer simulations were used to model the nanorobots' behavior and evaluate control strategies in coronary arteries. The document also outlines the potential medical applications of nanorobots and the manufacturing technologies needed to develop functional nanorobots for biomedical applications in the next 10-15 years.
Lattice boltzmann simulation of non newtonian fluid flow in a lid driven cavitIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that uses Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) to simulate non-Newtonian fluid flow in a lid driven cavity. The study explores the mechanism of non-Newtonian fluid flow using the power law model to represent shear-thinning and shear-thickening fluids. It investigates the influence of power law index and Reynolds number on velocity profiles and streamlines. The LBM code is validated against published results and shows agreement with established theory and fluid rheological behavior.
This document discusses fractal geometry and its applications in materials science. It begins by providing background on fractals and how they were discovered to describe natural patterns. Fractals have fractional dimensions and self-similar patterns across different scales. Non-linear dynamics and chaos theory are then introduced to study irregular patterns in nature. Specific fractal objects like the Cantor set and Koch curve are described. The document outlines how fractal analysis can be used to characterize microstructures, surfaces, cracks and particles in materials using techniques like box counting to determine fractal dimension. Finally, the role of image processing in materials science images for quantitative microstructure analysis is briefly discussed.
The document summarizes Robert Murtagh's PhD thesis on analytical models of single bubbles and foams. It includes a declaration of authorship, acknowledgements, and a summary of the thesis contents. The thesis uses a "Z-cone model" to model bubbles as collections of circular cones joined at their bases. It applies this model to study the energy of ordered foams and the bubble-bubble interaction over a range of liquid fractions. It also adapts the model to study the energy of a Kelvin foam cell and investigates contact losses in the Kelvin structure away from the wet limit. Finally, it examines the evolution of gas bubbles on a liquid surface containing mixtures of gases with different solubilities.
Mesoscopic simulation of incompressible fluid flow in porous mediaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Lattice Boltzmann method is used to simulate cavity driven fluid flow in porous media. A square cavity is considered with the top
lid moving with uniform velocity and other sides kept stationary. Simulation is carried out for values of Darcy number ranging
from 10-6 to10-2 at Reynolds number 10 and 100. Influence of Darcy number and Reynolds number is investigated on velocity
profiles and the streamline plots. Half-way bounce back boundary conditions are employed in the numerical simulation. The
numerical code is first verified with the results available in the literature and then used to simulate the Newtonian fluid flow in
porous media. The Darcy number and the Reynolds number were observed to have great influence on the flow properties and the
location of the primary vortex. Simulation was carried out for a 100100 mesh grid and a fine agreement is established theories
in incompressible fluid flow.
Keywords: Lattice Boltzmann method, incompressible flow, porous media
This document summarizes Matthew Thickitt's master's thesis project which used computational simulations to study nuclear reaction rates in novae. Specifically, it investigated how varying reaction rates affected abundances in the HCNO-II and HCNO-III cycles in 1 MSun CO and 1.25 MSun ONe novae profiles. It also examined the temperature dependence and dominance of narrow resonances in the astrophysically important F18(p,α)O15 reaction using data from a study by Laird et al. The results supported the validity of the computational codes used and findings from previous studies on this reaction.
Study the effect of increasing gamma ray doses on some physical properties of...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the effect of gamma ray irradiation on some physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solutions with varying concentrations. It examines properties like shear viscosity, relative viscosity, specific viscosity, reduced viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, absorption coefficient, and relaxation time. The results showed that gamma radiation caused degradation to the polymer chains, increasing ultrasonic absorption and decreasing molecular weight. Rheological and mechanical properties were affected by changes in density and viscosity due to molecular interactions after irradiation.
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10th International Conference on Bioinformatics & Biosciences (BIOS 2024) is a forum for presenting new advances and research results in the field of biology to increase the understanding of all biological process. The aim of this conference is to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles in all areas of bioinformatics and Biometrics. Researchers and scientists from the fields of biology, computer science, mathematics, statistics, and physics are invited to share their developments and new techniques in the fields of Biometrics and Bioinformatics. .
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As sequencing technologies progress, focus shifts towards solving bioinformatic challenges, of which
sequence read assembly is the first task. In the present study, we have carried out a comparison of two
assemblers (SeqMan and CLC) for transcriptome assembly, using a new dataset from Cucumis melo.
Between two assemblers SeqMan generated an excess of small, redundant contigs where as CLC generated
the least redundant assembly. Since different assemblers use different algorithms to build contigs, we
followed the merging of assemblies by CAP3 and found that the merged assembly is better than individual
assemblies and more consistent in the number and size of contigs. Combining the assemblies from different
programs gave a more credible final product, and therefore this approach is recommended for quantitative
output
Cloning and Extracellular Expression of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activa...bioejjournal
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has noteworthy application in treatment of acute myocardial
infarctions. This study focuses on expression of rt-PA using microbial systems in order to reduce cost
without compromising on quality as an alternative to commercial (rt-PA)produced by using mammalian
host systems. In the present study, Pichia pastoris X-33strain was used as a host with pICZαA expression
vector to obtain extracellular expression of full length tPA gene. Specific primers were designed in such a
way to get native tPA protein sequence in subsequent purification steps. Further, construct pICZαA-tPA
was developed and electroporated into host to achieve stablert-PA gene by achieving genome integration.
The transformants were screened for phenotypic characters.Mut+
phenotypic colony named Pichia tPA-3
showed expression of rt-PA at 66 kDa on SDS PAGE. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was
performed, resulting in product peak at same RT as reference standard. (alteplase).Cloning and expression
of rt-PA was successfully achieved in microbial system. Further process optimization at larger scales will
surely provide cost effective alternative to mammalian system forrt-PA production.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
10th International Conference on Bioinformatics & Biosciences (BIOS 2024)bioejjournal
10th International Conference on Bioinformatics & Biosciences (BIOS 2024) is a forum for presenting new advances and research results in the field of biology to increase the understanding of all biological process. The aim of this conference is to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles in all areas of bioinformatics and Biometrics. Researchers and scientists from the fields of biology, computer science, mathematics, statistics, and physics are invited to share their developments and new techniques in the fields of Biometrics and Bioinformatics. .
Bioscience & Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ)bioejjournal
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LOW POWER CLASS AB SI POWER AMPLIFIER FOR WIRELESS MEDICAL SENSOR NETWORKbioejjournal
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Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) CMOS technology by using Cadence
software, for health care applications. The ultimate goal for such application is to minimize the trade-offs
between performance and cost, and between performance and low power consumption design. This paper
introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class AB power amplifier which consists of two stage amplifiers. This
power amplifier can transmit 10dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The power added efficiency is 7.5% at
1dB compression point and the power gain is 10dB, the total power consumption is 0.135W. The
performance of the power amplifier meets the specification requirements of the desired.
Bioscience & Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ)bioejjournal
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cardiologists. Interpretation are very subjective depending on the hearing ability of the physician. mHealth
has been the adopted approach towards quick diagnosis using mobile devices. However, it has been
challenging due to the required high quality of data, high computation load, and high-power consumption.
The aim of this paper is to diagnose the heart condition based on Phonocardiogram analysis using
Machine Learning techniques assuming limited processing power to be encapsulated later in a mobile
device. The cardiovascular system is modelled in a transfer function to provide PCG signal recording as it
would be recorded at the wrist. The signal is, then, decomposed using filter bank and the analysed using
discriminant function. The results showed that PCG with a 19 dB Signal-to-Noise-Ratio can lead to 97.33%
successful diagnosis.
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International Seed Testing Association. There is a need to improve existing models to explain the wellknown variations in seed quality within and between crop species. The objective of this study was to
determine the consistency of using grain water occurrence to explain seed quality in terms of viability and
vigour in maize (Zea mays L.). Four sites were used over two seasons to grow three cultivars in order to
monitor changes in water content, water activity, dry mass and total starch observed in different cob
sections (tip, medium and bottom) at 30, 60 and 90 days after pollination. Seed quality was determined
based on the germination and vigour of physiologically mature kernels. It is concluded that grains that
seed quality is linked to the water activity and position on the cob.
Next Generation Sequencing in Detecting Oral Cancer Due to Tobacco Consumptionbioejjournal
DNA sequence DNA Sequencing is the first step in establishing phylogenetic trees, protein structure
prediction, diagnosis of cancer, discovery of drugs and hence its importance cannot be underestimated.
DNA sequencing finds its use in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral Cancer is
the most common occurring malignancies in the world, especially in India where the prevalence for
smoking, Areca nut chewing coupled with a lifestyle that encourages these two activities as fashion are left
many people diagnosed with OSCC. Patients with this OSCC are more likely unaware of its side effects
and over time might suffer from facial deformity. The importance to understanding the symptoms,
prevention and treatment of oral cancer is very much essential today. In this paper, we looked at over 2000
odd papers published and look at the correlation between the next Generation DNA sequencing algorithms
(NGS) play an important role in diagnosis of OSCC. This is a further study on some of the papers which
have highlighted NGS role in OSCC Diagnosis. We did like to see a comprehensive review on the papers
published so far. In the discussion, we will see frequently mutated genes in the OSCC, recent discoveries
and OSCC treatment based on the findings.
Role of Computational Biology in Oral Sciencebioejjournal
DNA sequence Cigarette Smoking, Betel leaf chewing, and alcohol consumption are major cause of oral
cancer in Asia. The difficulty in quitting, coupled with patients’ economic conditions affects the inability to
get diagnosed early, driving death rate higher. There has been major advancement in molecular sciences,
computational biology, and other fields today, but we are not still able to pinpoint the causes of oral
cancer, also known as Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Early detection leads to better survival rate,
therefore, education on yearly check-ups plays a vital role. Computational analysis at the genomic (DNA
sequence) can help patients with targeted cellular treatment and hopefully a cure. In this paper, we would
look at computation tools used in detecting OSCC and various analysis. Analysis includes detecting
abnormality in the cell and other molecular reactions which later morph into a cancerous cell. Later, we
investigate all computational tools or techniques from local and global sequence alignment, protein
structure, gene, functional structure analysis which help medical staff detect cancer, which in turn can help
with oral cancer treatment, prognosis and hopefully a cure.
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DNA sequence DNA Sequencing is the first step in establishing phylogenetic trees, protein structure
prediction, diagnosis of cancer, discovery of drugs and hence its importance cannot be underestimated.
DNA sequencing finds its use in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral Cancer is
the most common occurring malignancies in the world, especially in India where the prevalence for
smoking, Areca nut chewing coupled with a lifestyle that encourages these two activities as fashion are left
many people diagnosed with OSCC. Patients with this OSCC are more likely unaware of its side effects
and over time might suffer from facial deformity. The importance to understanding the symptoms,
prevention and treatment of oral cancer is very much essential today. In this paper, we looked at over 2000
odd papers published and look at the correlation between the next Generation DNA sequencing algorithms
(NGS) play an important role in diagnosis of OSCC. This is a further study on some of the papers which
have highlighted NGS role in OSCC Diagnosis. We did like to see a comprehensive review on the papers
published so far. In the discussion, we will see frequently mutated genes in the OSCC, recent discoveries
and OSCC treatment based on the findings.
ROLE OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY IN ORAL SCIENCEbioejjournal
DNA sequence Cigarette Smoking, Betel leaf chewing, and alcohol consumption are major cause of oral
cancer in Asia. The difficulty in quitting, coupled with patients’ economic conditions affects the inability to
get diagnosed early, driving death rate higher. There has been major advancement in molecular sciences,
computational biology, and other fields today, but we are not still able to pinpoint the causes of oral
cancer, also known as Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Early detection leads to better survival rate,
therefore, education on yearly check-ups plays a vital role. Computational analysis at the genomic (DNA
sequence) can help patients with targeted cellular treatment and hopefully a cure. In this paper, we would
look at computation tools used in detecting OSCC and various analysis. Analysis includes detecting
abnormality in the cell and other molecular reactions which later morph into a cancerous cell. Later, we
investigate all computational tools or techniques from local and global sequence alignment, protein
structure, gene, functional structure analysis which help medical staff detect cancer, which in turn can help
with oral cancer treatment, prognosis and hopefully a cure.
Statistical Based Media Optimization and Production of Clavulanic Acid By Sol...bioejjournal
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(RSM) were employed to screen and optimize the media components for the production of
clavulanic acid from Streptomyces clavuligerus MTCC 1142, using solid state fermentation. jackfruit
seed powder was used as both the solid support and carbon source for the growth of Streptomyces
clavuligerus MTCC 1142. Based on the positive influence of the Pareto chart obtained from PBD on
clavulanic acid production, five media components – yeast extract, beef extract, sucrose, malt extract
and ferric chloride were screened. Central composite design (CCD) was employed using these five
media components- yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride nutritional factors at three levels, for further optimization, and the second order polynomial
equation was derived, based on the experimental data. Response surface methodology showed that
the concentrations of yeast extract 2.5%, beef extract 0.5%, sucrose 2.5%, malt extract 0.25% and ferric
chloride 2.5% were the optimal levels for maximal clavulanic acid production (19.37 mg /gds) which
were validated through experiments.
A New Low-Complexity Algorithm for the Pulse Transit Time Evaluationbioejjournal
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(CVD). In this study, we propose a new low-complexity algorithm for the (PTT) estimation. The (PTT) is
calculated as the interval between the peak of the ECG R-wave and a time point on the PPG. We
considered a dataset of 37 subjects containing a simultaneous recording of the (ECG) and the (PPG). The
computation of the (PTT) consists of detecting the peak and foot points of a (PPG) and the R peak of the
(ECG) signal. Our algorithm is improved by a temporal analysis by windowing. The results obtained are
promising. The average sensitivity (SEN) and accuracy (ACC) obtained are respectively (97.5%, and
96.82%) for the detection of R peaks and (97.77%, and 97.64%) for the detection of PPG peaks. The
sensitivity (SEN) and accuracy (ACC) of the foot (PPG) detection were 98.33% and 94.14%.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
NEW SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT ALGORITHM USING AI RULES AND DYNAMIC SEEDSbioejjournal
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evolutionary similarities, protein structure, drug development and cancer treatment. Covid-19 is one
recent example. There are many sequencing algorithms developed over the past decades but the sequence
alignment using expert systems is quite new. To find DNA sequence alignment, dynamic programming was
used initially. Later faster algorithms used small DNA sequence length of fixed size to find regions of
similarity, and then build the final alignment using these regions. Such systems were not sensitive but were
fast. To improve the sensitivity, we propose a new algorithm which is based on finding maximal matches
between two sequences, find seeds between them, employ rules to find more seeds of varying length, and
then employ a new stitching algorithm, and weighted seeds to solve the problem.
LOW POWER CLASS AB SI POWER AMPLIFIER FOR WIRELESS MEDICAL SENSOR NETWORK bioejjournal
The objective of this research was to design a 2.4 GHz class AB Power Amplifier (PA), with 0.18um
Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation (SMIC) CMOS technology by using Cadence
software, for health care applications. The ultimate goal for such application is to minimize the trade-offs
between performance and cost, and between performance and low power consumption design. This paper
introduces the design of a 2.4GHz class AB power amplifier which consists of two stage amplifiers. This
power amplifier can transmit 10dBm output power to a 50Ω load. The power added efficiency is 7.5% at
1dB compression point and the power gain is 10dB, the total power consumption is 0.135W. The
performance of the power amplifier meets the specification requirements of the desired.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
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Hiranandani Hospital in Powai, Mumbai, is a premier healthcare institution that has been serving the community with exceptional medical care since its establishment. As a part of the renowned Hiranandani Group, the hospital is committed to delivering world-class healthcare services across a wide range of specialties, including kidney transplantation. With its state-of-the-art facilities, advanced medical technology, and a team of highly skilled healthcare professionals, Hiranandani Hospital has earned a reputation as a trusted name in the healthcare industry. The hospital's patient-centric approach, coupled with its focus on innovation and excellence, ensures that patients receive the highest standard of care in a compassionate and supportive environment.
NANO BIONIC SWIMMING ROBOTICS ANDAPPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING
1. Bioscience & Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ), December 2022, Volume 9, Number 1/2/3/4
DOI: 10.5121/bioej.2022.9401 1
NANO BIONIC SWIMMING ROBOTICS AND
APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL
ENGINEERING
Tianying Li1
1
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University,
London, Ontario, Canada.
ABSTRACT
As microscopic swimmers survive in nature, they have evolved unique structures and swimming
patterns under the water, which has special advantages. The movement of bacteria at low
Reynolds number (Re) environment has aroused extensive research interest. The two typical
swimming methods of bacteria are introduced in this paper.
Based on this, we are inspired to design the bionic robot on a micro-scale, which is an artificial
structure that imitates the external shape, movement principle and behavior mode of organisms in
nature. Compared with traditional robots, nano bionic robots are easier to miniaturize[1]. They
also have higher maneuverability so that they can move continuously and flexibly. We expect to
simulate its motion at low Reynolds number (Re) fluids and explore complex future applications
in different fields.
KEYWORDS
Microscopic swimmers, Low Re, Bionic robots, Applications
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background and Goals
The Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman puts forward the concept of nano bionic robots. It is
based on the biological principle at the molecular level as the prototype to design a "molecular
device" that can operate in the nano space, also known as the molecular robot[2]. Nano robot is
the most attractive content of biomedicine, and the extreme environment is its main working
environment.
Some major applications of nano bionic robots will be widely implemented in a variety of fields,
from information technology to biotechnology, from medicine to aerospace and so on. Nowadays,
a number of previous research projects have explored the use of nano bionic robotics in the
medical field[3]. Those tiny nanoparticles have the ability to change the body’s dynamics with
minimal side effects, allowing them to perform specific tasks inside the body, including the
development of the nano robot assisted fertilization and the nano spider robot composed of DNA
molecules that move along membrane surface [4][5]. However, they are still in the research and
development stage, and some technical barriers remain to be solved. We are inspired by the
previous research and try to design the artificial nano bionic robot in order to apply it to the
wastewater control technology in the field of environmental engineering in this paper.
2. Bioscience & Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ), December 2022, Volume 9, Number 1/2/3/4
2
Fluid mechanics plays an important role in Environmental Engineering. In this field, we study the
static/ dynamic state of the fluid itself as well as the interaction when the fluid and solid boundary
are in relative motion under various forces. Here we introduce the definition of Reynolds number
(Re), a similarity criterion constant in fluid mechanics to characterize the influence of viscosity,
which is defined as the ratio of the inertial forces to the viscous forces.
�� =
��������������
�������������
=
���
�
=
��
�
(1)
Where:ρ and η: density and viscosity of the fluid;
ν: kinematic viscosity, ν = 10−2
cm2
/sec (for water);
a: dimension.
People, fish, and microbes, also swim in water, but the physical behavior and Re numbers of
various creatures are also quite different because of the huge differences in length scales. The
Renumber for a man swimming in a liquid may be 104
. However, when it comes to the microbial
world, the Re number for the animals that we're going to be talking about may get down to only
10-4
or 10-5
.
Normally, the force is proportional to the acceleration, but when the Re number is extremely low,
the viscous forces dominate, which means inertial force plays no role and the force is
proportional to the velocity only. We aim to find out why swimming at the micro-scaleis so
difficult and then try to design an artificial nano robot that can overcome the difficulties when
they swim at a low-Re number.
In summary, the objectives of the research were:
(1) Studying the physics of swimming problems at low-Re numbers;
(2) Designing the artificial micro-swimmer based on the theory part by analyzing,
programming, modeling, etc.;
Discussingfuture prospects of Nano Bionic Swimming Robotics.
2. THEORY AND METHOD
2.1. Scallop Theorem
The most significant difference in microbial movement is the reversibility in time, that is, any
motion is the result of the forces that are exerted on them currently and has nothing to do with the
past at a low Re number. Under this circumstance, we can even move backward by exerting
reverse forces. This makes it clear what a low Re number implies. Imagining scallops, they swim
by the shock of slowly opening their shells in the water and then quickly closing them together.
Finding that they have been doing reciprocating motion and the shells open and close
symmetrically in time, so they cannot swim at a low Re number unluckily[6]. Only if microbes
break time reversibility, can they swim at a low Re number. This is what we called the Scallop
Theorem. Based on this, we will explore how bacteria with micro-scale swim in a liquid
environment.
According to E.M. Purcell, an American physicist who shared, with Felix Bloch of the United
States, the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952, there are two main methods to the problem of
swimming in the microbe world[6]. One way we may call flexible oar (fig.1), the fluttering of
their flexible flagella, like sperm. Another one might be a corkscrew (fig.1), rotating their helical
flagella filaments and helical cell bodies[6]. For example, the most common E. coli rotates its
3. Bioscience & Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ), December 2022, Volume 9, Number 1/2/3/4
3
flagella like a screw, and other microorganisms have their own special structures to meet their
swimming needs.
Figure 1. Solutions to the problem of swimming at a low Re number[6]
In the following part, we are going to talk about how a rotating corkscrew propels something first.
Remember everything is linear at a low Re number, so we see matrices come in.
2.2. Matrix Method
For low-Re number swimmer:
F=Av+BΩ (2)
N=Cv+DΩ (3)
Here we regard this matrix as a propulsion matrix, known as its elements A, B, C and D, which is
applicable to the motion of any shape of the object at a low Re number. The respective number of
A, B, C and D depends on the shape of the object. The total matrix of the system can be equal to
the sum of each individual in a series.
We aim to develop a mathematical explanation of bacterial swimming speed with viscosity in
linear-polymer solutions, therefore the traditional hydrodynamic solutions do not apply to the
motion of microorganisms in solutions containing viscous components[7]. Here we see a
mathematical expression of force theory comes in.
2.3. Mathematical Expression of Force Theory
Equations of motion.
�� + �� = 0 (4)
�� + �� = 0 (5)
Where:Fc and Tc: Hydrodynamic force and torque acting on cell body;
Ff and Tf: Hydrodynamic force and torque acting on flagella filament;
Drag force and torque act on a cell body.
�� = �� (6)
�� = ���� (7)
Where:αc and βc: Drag coefficients of cell body;
ωc: Rotation rates of cell body;
V: Swimming speed;
Drag force and torque on a flagella filament.
4. Bioscience & Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ), December 2022, Volume 9, Number 1/2/3/4
4
�� = ��� + ���� (8)
�� = ��� + ���� (9)
where:αf , βf and γf: Drag coefficients of flagella filament;
ωf: Rotation rates of flagella filament.
Drag coefficients αc,βc; αf , βf and γf were written as follows[8]
:
�� =− 6��� 1 −
1
5
1 −
�
�
(10)
�� =− 8���3
1 −
3
5
1 −
�
�
(11)
�� =
2���
��
�
2�
+
1
2
4�2�2+�2
(8�2
�2
+ �2
) (12)
�� =
2���
��
�
2�
+
1
2
4�2�2+�2
(4�2�2 + 2�2
)�2
(13)
�� =
2���
��
�
2�
+
1
2
4�2�2+�2
( − 2�2�2
�) (14)
Where:μ: Viscosity, μ = 0.8973 × 10−3pa. s (under 25℃);
2a, 2b: Cell width and cell length;
2d: Diameter of flagella filament;
L: Length of flagella filament.;
R: Radius of flagella filament;
P: pitch angle, tan θ =
p
2πr
.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Programming Part
Our purpose is to implement the theory by programming method. So here we use Matlab to
program the calculations mentioned above. The known micro swimmer(fig.2), as an example:
Figure 2. The schematic of the example
The relation between velocity versus pitch angle is shown in the figure below (fig.3).
When the pitch angle changes from 0 to
π
4
, the velocity increases with the increase of the
pitch angle and reaches the maximum value at
π
4
. When pitch angle changes from
π
4
to
π
2
, the
velocity decreases with the change of the pitch angle
5. Bioscience & Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ), December 2022, Volume 9, Number 1/2/3/4
5
Figure 3. The plot of velocity versus pitch angle
After this work, we still use Matlab to simulate the swimming process of an E. coli with 2D,
which swims following a run-and-tumble process. Knowing the run speed of E. coli is 25μm/s,
the average run time is 1s and follows an exponential distribution, average tumble time is 0.1s,
which also follows an exponential distribution. In short, there is a tumble event between two run
events in the swimming process of E. coli. Using two random arrays for run and tumble to plot
the speed vs time as well as the Vy vs Vx (add white noises language). From this work, we
finally plotted the swimming trajectory with 2D. The results (random) are as followed (fig.4-
fig.6):
Figure 4. The plot between speed (um/s) versus Time (s)
Figure 5. The plot between Vy (um/s) versus Vx (um/s)
6. Bioscience & Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ), December 2022, Volume 9, Number 1/2/3/4
6
Figure 6. The plot between Y (um) versus X (um)
Based on all the work mentioned above, we finally come to the most challenging but interesting
part, the design of artificial micro-swimmers, which is also known as bionic swimming robotics
design. Two of the most common models for doing this are 3D printouts and 3D modeling to
simulate the animation of its trajectory. Here we are going to talk about the way of 3D modeling.
3.2. Modeling Part
Using Pro engineering to Model E. coli in 3D (fig.7), the cilium on its cell body and its flagella
should be flexible, but Pro engineering cannot manage as vivid as the real thing. Then, based on
the plot of Y vs X drawn by Matlab, we could simulate its swimming trajectory as is shown in the
video . The screenshot of its swimming trajectory in the video is shown below (fig.8). The cell
body rotates in the opposite direction to the flagellum, and the difference in speed should be large
even though it is not obvious in the video.
Figure 7. The 3D modeling of E. coli
Please check this link at https://youtu.be/W-lNw1iWHU4 for your convenience.
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Figure 8. Swimming trajectory of E. coli modeled by Pro Engineering
4. DISCUSSION
4.1. Nanotechnology and Nano Bionic Robotics
With the development of technology, nano-scale substances are widely used in human life.
Nanotechnology turns underwater bionic robots to enter a flexible era instead of the traditional
rigid era. We intend to design a nano bionic robot by using E. coli as a model in this paper. The
combination of these two enables the nano bionic robot to move continuously and flexibly, better
mimicking the movement of bacteria at low Re number fluids.
4.2. Prospects of Nano Bionic Robotics in Wastewater Treatment Engineering
Generally speaking, there are two kinds of water pollution sources: human factors and natural
factors. Water pollution caused by human activities accounts for two-thirds of the total due to the
development of urbanization and Industry. Urban and industrial wastewater is a serious threat to
the ecological environment, so it is very important to accurately monitor and quickly target the
pollutants in polluted water bodies. We are inspired to apply nano bionic robots to wastewater
control engineering, which do not need to have extremely complicated structures but need to have
the ability to receive radio wave signals. They can still move around as well as monitor
contaminants in poor condition fluids without creating additional pollution by self-propelling,
just like those microscopic swimmers in nature. By conveying the information they detect to the
nearest robot through radio waves, the detection information will be transmitted to the central
control system in the end. In this way, The bionic robot only acts as a medium for information
transmission, so that we are able to treat polluted water bodies quickly.
4.3. Improvement and Innovation
The future development trend of nano bionic robots using in wastewater control engineering will
be more flexible, efficient, stable, and will be applied to more aspects of the wastewater treatment
process. Currently, wastewater testing mainly uses the sampling method, then is analyzed in the
laboratory, which is still mainly based on chemical agents for a variety of experimental data
comparisons. Therefore, the process is generally complex, time-consuming, and not flexible
enough. However, the new technology supports the collection and analysis of data directly,
especially in extremely viscous fluid bodies, offering the advantages of faster calculations,
reducing device requirements, and allowing for remote control as well.
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In addition to obtaining inspiration from the physical characteristics and propulsion of the
creature, it is also necessary to emphasize the self-perception, self-control and other performance
characteristics, positioning in the water and environmental perception for example, much closer
to the micro creatures in nature[9][10][11].
However, due to the complexity of the wastewater environment, the material requirements of
nano bionic robotics are very strict, we may have to add antibodies to their surfaces to prevent
them from being eroded by contaminants.
Finally, considering they are nano-scale devices, their computing power is still limited. Therefore,
our aim is to reduce their manufacturing costs and produce them on a large scale in order to let
them work together. On this basis, we then need to establish a complete information transmission
system, which can be controlled by a small programmable logic controller (PLC) that can detect
various parameters instantly and adjust the operation status of each part automatically. Once this
design is successful, it will bring a great breakthrough in the fight against water pollution.
However further research is still needed to pursue sustainability along the way to make this
technology more mature.
As for the innovation, I think we may study the bionic robot with two tails and the rotation of two
tails, arranged at each end of the robot body. I think the design enables the robot to have multiple
degrees of freedom such as forward, backward and turning. By optimizing the structure of the
spiral tail, the shape of the robot body and the distance between the two spiral tails, in order to
achieve good performance. We may figure it out in the future research work.
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, E. coli was used as the model of a nano bionic swimming robot to analyze each
characteristic value of the artificial nano bionic robot by programming, and the final result was
presented by modeling animation. In conclusion, the following points need to be highlighted:
(1)The overall design is based on the physics of micro-organism swimming mechanisms at low-
Re number;
(2)When the pitch angle of the tail is about 45 degrees, its swimming speed reaches the maximum;
(3)The whole process follows a run-and-tumble process. We programmed it with random arrays,
the pattern shown above is just one of those random cases;
(4)In order to put the design into practice, we discussed the possibility of using nano bionic
swimming robots in sewage treatment engineering.
In the twenty-first century, research in the fields of nanotechnology, biology and environmental
engineering should be developed in conjunction with social development. In this way, we can get
a deeper understanding of the integrate field and put forward more innovative ideas, so as to
always have hope for a “artificial nano bionic robotics revolution” in the future.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Jason, Qu, who has
given me this valuable research opportunity and his selfless support. With his sincere help and
useful advice, I had a certain understanding of computer programming, such as MATLAB, and
overcame various difficulties. Thanks to his guidance, it has gradually become possible for me to
do further research on a series of properties and applications of nano bionic robots in Wastewater
9. Bioscience & Engineering: An International Journal (BIOEJ), December 2022, Volume 9, Number 1/2/3/4
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Treatment Engineering. My gratitude also goes to everyone who helped me, shared with me my
worries and was always be patient with me.
True talents always shine through. I will always cherish this valuable experience as it led me into
a challenging yet fascinating field of academic research, which was, is and will be of great
significant to my whole studying life.
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AUTHORS
Tianying Li, M.Eng., Civil & Environmental Engineering, Western University, ON
Canada. Bachelor of Engineering, Environmental Protection Equipment Engineering,
Yantai University, China.