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LESSON-1-CULTURE-AND-CULTURAL-CONDITIONG.ppt
- 1. LESSON 1: CULTURE AND CULTURAL CONDITIONING
- 2. INTRODUCTION 2 Culture is increasingly an important element in the tourism workplaces in which it creates distinctiveness and authenticity of diversity and cultural differences does not matters. In this lesson, you will learn about the culture and its impact in the multicultural diversity in workplaces of tourism sectors.
- 3. Hello! I am Sir Raven! 3
- 4. “The crucial differences which distinguish human societies and human beings are not biological. They are cultural.” by Ruth Benedict. 4
- 5. Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, you should able to: ✘ recognize the elements of culture and how cultural conditioning comes about; ✘ identify some of your own cultural values and biases; ✘ identify the age issue in workplace diversity ✘ identify the gender issue in workplace diversity ✘ identify the generation issue in workplace diversity ✘ identify the social class issue in workplace diversity ✘ identify how cultural values and conditioning can affect your interpretation of events and behaviors; ✘ discuss the seven model of cultures; and ✘ classify more about other cultures and the impact on behavior. 5
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- 7. Culture is an integral part of all human societies. With the advent of globalization, the notion of culture has taken on a broader meaning and has come to be an important element of organizations. What is Culture? Culture is defined as the collective programming of individuals’ minds that determines how a group of individuals perceives reality. 7 Culture is also the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. The culture serves to be an important element in diversity in tourism workplaces.
- 8. Characteristics of Culture Culture has five basic characteristics: It is learned, shared, based on symbols, integrated, and dynamic. All cultures share these basic features. 1. Culture is learned 2. Culture is shared 3. Culture is based on symbols 4. Culture is integrated 5. Culture is dynamic 8
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- 17. Cultural Elements Cultural Elements- All the elements of culture underlie how the people in a major culture decide to handle their families, schools, churches, government, housing, business, and science. Value- An enduring belief that one way of acting or being is preferable to another. Heroes/Heroines Role Models / Champions / Stars They’re often seen as fearless leaders or courageous adventurers. 17
- 18. Myth A story or saying whose function is to bind together the thoughts of a group and promote coordinated social action. It may be a legend that symbolizes a central belief of the culture. 18
- 19. Rituals ✘ The “way we do things around here.” They include the customary day-to- day actions people take, their expected actions and responses. ✘ Rituals meet people’s need to belong. They help establish and maintain some common values and goals that connect people in the group. 19
- 20. Networks- They tie together all parts of the company without respect to the organization chart. In most organizations, only about 10 percent of its business takes place in formal meetings and event. Symbols- Are shortcuts that remind people of those cultural elements that bind them together. A song, banner, flag, logo, picture, motto, or brand name may bring up corporate values. 20
- 21. Multiple Cultural Worlds Most individuals are members of multiple cultural worlds. Culture exists at several levels. We typically refer to smaller cultures within a larger culture as subcultures. Some of the diversity we see across subcultures is based on class, race, ethnicity, age, and gender. Social stratification is often the result of our recognition of these worlds as different and a belief that they are somehow inferior to our own or to the larger culture. 21
- 22. Class is a social category based on people’s economic position in society. Race Is the socially constructed meanings assigned to the perceived differences between people based on physical traits (skin color, facial features, hair types) Ethnic Group Refers to people who identify themselves as a distinct group based on cultural features such as common origins, language, customs and beliefs. 22
- 23. Indigenous People “Are groups who have a long- standing connection with some territory that predates colonial or outside societies prevailing in the territory.” Gender Refers to the cultural meanings assigned to the biological differences between the sexes. Age is both a biological fact as well as being culturally constructed. 23
- 24. GENDER ISSUE IN WORKPLACE DIVERISTY ✘ The issue of discrimination in work is commonplace in most part of the world. This comes quite often when women are considered as part of today’s workforce. ✘ At the political level, the representation of women is limited with few clichés of great ladies like Indra Gandhi (India), Golda Meir (Israel), Margaret Thatcher (UK). ✘ Unlike men, the success of women in society can be said to be countable in number terms while it is all too difficult to account for the contribution of men at work. 24
- 25. Traditional Roles in Society 1. Women as a basic unit of society 2. Women’s movement 3. Feminism 4. Gender Equality 5. Women’s emancipation 25
- 26. AGE ISSUE IN WORKPLACE ✘ An organization comprises an array of individual with differences in age. This is common for established or the said “mature” organizations that boast their long-term existence to a combination of both young and old workers. ✘ Next comes the recruitment. In a situation of high unemployment, younger workers are given better chances to come back to work compared with the older ones. ✘ The issue of age discrimination can also affect promotion in organization. If the First In, First Out (FIFO) concept is widely applied, it means that the older worker logically leaves the firm first due to age. 26
- 27. 1. Young Employees in Diversity Young firms disproportionately employ young workers, controlling for firm size, industry, geography, and time. 2. Middle Aged Worker in Diversity Another important component is the middle-aged worker which can comprise a substantial part of the company. 27 3. The Old Worker in Diversity A third category of worker is the old worker. A research paper from EEO Trust (2008) comments that employers define “older” in a range ways for firm size, industry, geography, and time.
- 28. The Importance of Age Diversity With the ageing population, it is now more important than ever to encouraged experienced workers to remain in the workforce and to pass their skills and knowledge onto others. Matured age workers have built up knowledge and skills during their time in the workforce, and using these skills in workplace mentoring programmer can reduce staff turnover, train other employees and increase staff morale. Mature-age workers can save your business money on absenteeism, training and recruitment. 28
- 29. Age Discrimination 1. Direct Discrimination Measures targeted at older workers based solely on grounds of age, and no other factors, such as abilities or health. 2. Indirect Discrimination measures which are not directly age-specific, but which have a disproportionately negative impact on older workers, compared with other age groups. 29
- 30. GENERATION ISSUE IN WORKPLACE DIVERSITY Veterans (1925-1942) In the workplace, Veterans respect authority, accepting the traditional executive decision making command model of management believing its effectiveness. Baby Boomers (1943- 1964) Boomers are fiercely competitive having had to fight for everything due to the sheer number of their peers competing against them. 30 A knowledge of generational issues is important today at work.
- 31. Generation X (1965- 1981) Pragmatic, hardworking, ambitious, selfish, and determined to succeed financially. As a generation they are collectively saying “no” to traditional management approaches in the workplace. Generation Y (1982- 1994) Youngest in the generation in the workforce today. Highly educated and technologically savvy seeing work that is not a learning experience leading to something better as a dead end and to be avoided. 31
- 32. SOCIAL CLASS IN WORKPLACE DIVERSITY As every individual wants to move up the ladder in his life in quest for a better living, he seeks moving to a higher social class. The class concept is common to any society and is marked with inequalities are high in certain societies. 32 Types of Classes in Society The Lower Class is typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment. The Working Class are those minimally educated people who engage in manual labour with little or no prestige The Lower Class The Working Class The Middle Class The Upper Class
- 33. 33 Types of Classes in Society 1. The Lower Class Is typified by poverty, homelessness, and unemployment. 1. The Working Class Are those minimally educated people who engage in manual labor with little or no prestige 3. The Middle Class Are the sandwich class. These are white collar workers have more money than those below them on the social ladder but less than above them. 3. The Upper Class Made with new money or money made from investments, business ventures, and so forth.
- 34. SEVEN DIMENSIONS OF CULTURES The Seven Dimensions of Culture were identified by management consultants Fons Trompenaars and Charles Hampden-Turner, and the model was published in their 1997 book, "Riding the Waves of Culture." 1. Universalism versus particularism. 2. Individualism versus communitarianism. 3. Specific versus diffuse. 4. Neutral versus emotional. 5. Achievement versus ascription. 6. Sequential time versus synchronous time. 7. Internal direction versus outer direction. 34
- 35. 35 These are new classes defined as: 1. Elite – the most privileged group and have highest levels of capitals. . 2. Established Middle Class – second wealthiest 3. Technical Middle Class – small, distinctive new class group which is prosperous but scores low for social and cultural impact. 4. New Affluent Workers – a young class group which is socially and culturally active, with middling levels of economic capital. 5. Traditional Working Class – scores low on all forms of capital, but it is not completely deprived
- 36. Understanding Culture When working across different cultures it's critical that you understand the rules and cultural expectations of others. 36 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES Cultural groups can differ widely in their beliefs about what is true, good, and efficient. The study of cultural differences combines perspectives in psychology and anthropology to understand a society’s signature pattern of beliefs, behavior, and social institutions and how these patterns compare and contrast to those of other cultural groups.
- 37. How do culture differ? Cultures differ in thousands of ways, and categorizing the major differences gives us a practical basis for comparison. These categories deal with the ways people view themselves in relation to others and to the world and how they act out those viewpoints. Cultural Difference #1: I’m Controlled or I Control Cultural Difference #2: Us-First or Me-First Cultural Difference #3: Achievement- First or People-First 37
- 38. Cultural Difference #4: Equality or Inequality Cultural Difference #5: Take Cultural Difference #6: Dive-Right-In or Step- by-Step Cultural Difference #7: Come-Close or Back-Off Cultural Difference #8: Communicate Directly or Indirectly 38
- 39. CULTURAL CONDITIONING Is how people acquire their culture, how they learn all the behaviors that are regarded as right and wrong in their society 39 Figure 4.1 Cultural Conditioning Process
- 40. WORKPLACE EXCLUSION Stereotype- Refers to labeling and categorizing things or people, which can be necessary and useful in making sense of complex reality, but harmful when “people categories” become too rigid to allow for individual differences. Stereotypes are beliefs based on generalizations made about another group of people or their individual members. 40
- 41. MAPPING STEREOTYPING Prejudice- Refers to the systematic tendency to pre-judge people who are different as somehow deficient or to view a whole category of people as better or worse than another 41
- 42. Some Types of Prejudice Sexism- Prejudice based on gender and is said by some to be the root of all prejudice and discrimination Racism- Prejudice based on racial group and is typically a problem in societies where there is predominant majority group and one or more cultural subgroups. 42
- 43. Ethnic Prejudice- This is based on a person’s membership in an ethnic sub-culture, which is a segment of a larger culture or society. Other ISM’S- Includes ageism, classism or class snobbery, and homophobia, or antigay prejudice. Besides ethnic minorities and women, groups that experience discrimination in the workplace include persons with disabilities, gay persons, older employees, and obese persons. 43
- 44. Becoming a Diversity-Savvy Person 44 Become aware of culture Learn about your own culture Recognize your own biases Learn about other cultures Build interaction skills
- 45. Diversity can refer to the collection of groups who form the organization: groups differentiated in terms of gender, mother tongue, education, as well as their position or salary. Moore (1999: 212) analyzed the attitudes of organizations towards diversity generally and identified four different perspectives: 45 ✘ Diversity blindness: ✘ Diversity hostility ✘ Diversity naïveté ✘ Diversity integration
Notas do Editor
- Folkways are behaviors that are learned and shared by a social group that we often refer to as “customs” in a group that are not morally significant, but they can be important for social acceptance. Each group can develop different customs, but there can be customs that are embraced at a larger, societal level. Mores are customs that cultures use to determine how to behave in society. For example, it is custom in India for people to take off their shoes before entering homes or places of worship.
- Indoctrination means teaching someone to accept a set of beliefs without questioning them. Cultural conditioning is a process through which we absorb and interpret the influences, norms, and messaging from our environment and translate them into what we believe to be acceptable behaviors. Each of us operates within an environment that consists of many types of cultures and subcultures, some of which overlap.
- Myths answer timeless questions and serve as a compass to each generation. The myths of lost paradise, for example, give people hope that by living a virtuous life, they can earn a better life in the hereafter. The myths of a golden age give people hope that there are great leaders who will improve their lives. Myth fulfills in primitive culture an indispensable function: it expresses, enhances, and codifies belief; it safeguards and enforces morality; it vouches for the efficiency of ritual and contains practical rules for the guidance of man.
- Myths answer timeless questions and serve as a compass to each generation. The myths of lost paradise, for example, give people hope that by living a virtuous life, they can earn a better life in the hereafter. The myths of a golden age give people hope that there are great leaders who will improve their lives. Myth fulfills in primitive culture an indispensable function: it expresses, enhances, and codifies belief; it safeguards and enforces morality; it vouches for the efficiency of ritual and contains practical rules for the guidance of man.
- Social, ritual and festive practices may help to mark the passing of the seasons, events in the agricultural calendar or the stages of a person's life. They are closely linked to a community's worldview and perception of its own history and memory. The function of ritual in the community is that of providing the proper rules for action in the realm of the sacred as well as supplying a bridge for passing into the realm of the profane.
- Networking is not merely about exchanging business cards or connecting on social media platforms. It's about building genuine relationships, fostering meaningful connections, and finding common ground with others who share our passion for creativity and culture. Cultures use symbols to create and communicate values and traditions to the cultural group. Symbols are used by a culture to identify other people who are part of the same culture and are a way to connect and relate to one another in a culture.
- Multiculturalism refers to (1) the state of a society or the world in which there exists numerous distinct ethnic and cultural groups seen to be politically relevant; and (2) a program or policy promoting such a society. What is cultural worlds? Every region, nation, language group may comprise a culture that is held in common. It would include commonly shared language, idioms, religions, norms, attitudes, prejudices, and expectations. These groupings could be accurately characterized as 'cultural worlds'.
- Gender diversity in the workplace means that women and men are hired at a similar and consistent rate, are paid equally, and are given the same opportunities, be that access to resources, promotions, or pay. Gender diversity is having equal opportunities available to you that aren't limited by your gender. How does gender affect workplace diversity? Organizations that do not have sufficient female employees lack diverse opinions, innovation, and even profits. An organization that values diversity is more likely to have financial returns beyond their national industry medians What are the issues related to gender diversity? In addition to limited access to contraception, women overall receive lower-quality medical care than men. This is linked to other gender inequality reasons such as a lack of education and job opportunities, which results in more women being in poverty. They are less likely to be able to afford good healthcare.
- Throughout history, women have been healers and caretakers, playing multiple roles as pharmacists, nurses, midwives, abortionists, counselors, physicians, and 'wise women,' as well as witches. Women are the backbone of families and communities. They provide care, support, and nurturing to their families and are essential to the development of children. Women also play a significant role in community building and often take on leadership roles in community organizations. Women’s emancipation It involves liberation from any form of gender subordination and violence, thereby achieving equal footing with men, both at the private and the public spheres of everyday life. This concept of women'S emancipation was popularized by the U.S. feminist movement at a women'S convention at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.
- What is ageism in the workplace? Ageism in the workplace is when a candidate or employee is discriminated against because of their age. Although ageism can be experienced by both younger and older workers, it most commonly impacts those who are over 45 years of age.
- The benefit of age diversity is that it enables workers of different ages to collaborate, share knowledge and support each other in complementary ways. Age diversity has the potential to make a firm's productivity greater than what the sum of its workers' individual productivities would suggest. How important is age diversity in the workplace? Embracing both younger and older workers creates a positive, inclusive culture, empowering a range of people to contribute their unique skills and perspectives. Additionally, there is the ethical importance of promoting age diversity in the workforce.
- What is social class diversity in workplace? Social class is an area of diversity that organizations pay less attention to. But, people treat employees differently at work, depending on their social class. When someone comes from a lower social class, they can face stigma from others at work. How does social class matter in terms of the workplace? Social class has an outsized yet insidious impact on organizational life. Studies have shown, for example, that candidates with resumés that contain cues of an upper social class background have significant advantages when applying for entry-level and management positions.
- Universalism vs particularism Universalism is the belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere without modification, while particularism is the belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied. Broadly speaking, we might say that individualism is the view that each individual (but only individuals) has, and should regard himself as having, moral significance and inalienable rights. Communitarianism is the view that communities also have moral significance and certain rights. Specific cultures tend to keep their personal and professional lives completely separate, as the relationships they have with people should be clearly defined and not intermingled. In contrast, Diffuse cultures have relations that are intermingled, so personal and professional lives will mix with each other. Neutral vs emotionalA neutral culture is a culture in which emotions are held in check whereas an emotional culture is a culture in which emotions are expressed openly and naturally. Neutral cultures that come rapidly to mind are those of the Japanese and British. Achievement vs ascriptionIn an achievement culture, people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions. In an ascription culture, status is based on who or what a person is. In sequential, time is uncompromising and controlling. On the other hand, synchronic culture views time serves as a guideline and is flexible. Internal direction means that people believe they can control their environment and nature. This means that people are empowered to take control, and conflict is sometimes inevitable.
- Why is it important to understand my culture? Self-awareness is an integral component to navigating the world more comfortably. By taking some time to think about and understand your own culture and where you come from you will be better able to address difficult questions from people who might see you and the world differently than you do.
- Cultural conditioning is a process through which we absorb and interpret the influences, norms, and messaging from our environment and translate them into what we believe to be acceptable behaviors.
- The word "blind" means not being able to see. This means that in terms of racial colorblindness, a person is also choosing to not just see race or skin color, but also the racial disparities, inequities, history of violence and current trauma perpetuated within a racist society. Cultural hostility is primarily a result of lack of understanding of other people's beliefs and cultures, as well as ethnic stereotyping. Additionally, favoritism for one group of people by the manager or supervisor may also cause other employees to express hostilities toward the favored group. Essentially, when asked to make several choices at once, people tend to diversify more than when making the same type of decision sequentially. Diversity integration short, diversity is about respecting and celebrating our differences, and integration is about bringing those differences together to form a cohesive whole.